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Parker AS, Hill KA, Steffes BC, Mangaoang D, O’Flynn E, Bachheta N, Bates MF, Bitta C, Carter NH, Davis RE, Dressler JA, Eisenhut DA, Fadipe AE, Kanyi JK, Kauffmann RM, Kazal F, Kyamanywa P, Lando JO, Many HR, Mbithi VC, McCoy AJ, Meade PC, Ndegwa WY, Nkusi EA, Ooko PB, Osilli DJ, Parker ME, Rankeeti S, Shafer K, Smith JD, Snyder D, Sylvester KR, Wakeley ME, Wekesa MK, Torbeck L, White RE, Bekele A, Parker RK. Design of a Novel Online, Modular, Flipped-classroom Surgical Curriculum for East, Central, and Southern Africa. Ann Surg Open 2022; 3:e141. [PMID: 37600110 PMCID: PMC10431259 DOI: 10.1097/as9.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We describe a structured approach to developing a standardized curriculum for surgical trainees in East, Central, and Southern Africa (ECSA). Summary Background Data Surgical education is essential to closing the surgical access gap in ECSA. Given its importance for surgical education, the development of a standardized curriculum was deemed necessary. Methods We utilized Kern's 6-step approach to curriculum development to design an online, modular, flipped-classroom surgical curriculum. Steps included global and targeted needs assessments, determination of goals and objectives, the establishment of educational strategies, implementation, and evaluation. Results Global needs assessment identified the development of a standardized curriculum as an essential next step in the growth of surgical education programs in ECSA. Targeted needs assessment of stakeholders found medical knowledge challenges, regulatory requirements, language variance, content gaps, expense and availability of resources, faculty numbers, and content delivery method to be factors to inform curriculum design. Goals emerged to increase uniformity and consistency in training, create contextually relevant material, incorporate best educational practices, reduce faculty burden, and ease content delivery and updates. Educational strategies centered on developing an online, flipped-classroom, modular curriculum emphasizing textual simplicity, multimedia components, and incorporation of active learning strategies. The implementation process involved establishing thematic topics and subtopics, the content of which was authored by regional surgeon educators and edited by content experts. Evaluation was performed by recording participation, soliciting user feedback, and evaluating scores on a certification examination. Conclusions We present the systematic design of a large-scale, context-relevant, data-driven surgical curriculum for the ECSA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S. Parker
- From the Department of Surgery, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet, Kenya
- Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Katherine A. Hill
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Deirdre Mangaoang
- Institute of Global Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eric O’Flynn
- Institute of Global Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niraj Bachheta
- College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Maria F. Bates
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Caesar Bitta
- Department of Surgery, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John K. Kanyi
- Department of Surgery, AIC Litein Hospital, Litein, Kenya
| | - Rondi M. Kauffmann
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Oncologic and Endocrine Surgery, Nashville, TN
| | - Frances Kazal
- Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Patrick Kyamanywa
- Department of Surgery, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Justus O. Lando
- From the Department of Surgery, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet, Kenya
| | - Heath R. Many
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN
| | | | - Amanda J. McCoy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Wairimu Y.B. Ndegwa
- Department of Surgery, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emmy A. Nkusi
- Department of Surgery, Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Philip B. Ooko
- Department of Surgery, AIC Litein Hospital, Litein, Kenya
| | - Dixon J.S. Osilli
- Department of Surgery, Barking, Havering, and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Romford, England, UK
| | | | | | | | - James D. Smith
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - David Snyder
- Pan-African Academy of Christian Surgeons, Palatine, Illinois
| | | | - Michelle E. Wakeley
- Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Laura Torbeck
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Russell E. White
- From the Department of Surgery, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet, Kenya
- Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Abebe Bekele
- College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa, Arusha, Tanzania
- University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
- Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Robert K. Parker
- From the Department of Surgery, Tenwek Hospital, Bomet, Kenya
- Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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