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Kanathasan JS, Palanisamy UD, Radhakrishnan AK, Chakravarthi S, Thong TB, Swamy V. Protease-targeting peptide-functionalized porous silicon nanoparticles for cancer fluorescence imaging. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1511-1528. [PMID: 36382634 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Porous silicon (pSi) nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with suitable targeting ligands are now established cancer bioimaging agents and drug-delivery platforms. With growing interest in peptides as tumor-targeting ligands, much work has focused on the use of various peptides in combination with pSi NPs for cancer theranostics. Here, the authors investigated the targeting potential of pSi NPs functionalized with two types of peptide, a linear 10-mer peptide and its branched (Y-shaped) equivalent, that respond to legumain activity in tumor cells. Results: In vitro experiments established that the linear peptide-pSi NP conjugate had better aqueous stability under tumor conditions and higher binding efficiency (p < 0.001) toward legumain-expressing cells such as RAW 264.7 cells compared with that of its branched equivalent. In vivo studies (analyzed using ex vivo fluorescence) with the linear peptide-pSi NP formulation using a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer showed a higher accumulation (p > 0.05) of linear peptide-conjugated pSi NPs in the tumor site within 4 h compared with nonconjugated pSi NPs. These results suggest that the linear peptide-pSi NP formulation is a nontoxic, stable and efficient fluorescence bioimaging agent and potential drug-delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasree S Kanathasan
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Uma Devi Palanisamy
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ammu K Radhakrishnan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Srikumar Chakravarthi
- MAHSA University, Jalan SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom, Selangor, 42610, Malaysia
| | - Tan Boon Thong
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Varghese Swamy
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
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Kanathasan JS, Gunasagaram D, Khan SU, Palanisamy UD, Radhakrishnan AK, Ahemad N, Swamy V. Linear versus Branched Peptide with Same Amino Acid Sequence for Legumain‐Targeting in Macrophages: Targeting Efficiency and Bioimaging Potential. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayasree S. Kanathasan
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Diivananthan Gunasagaram
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shafi Ullah Khan
- School of Pharmacy Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Uma D. Palanisamy
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ammu Kutty Radhakrishnan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Varghese Swamy
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline School of Engineering Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500 Selangor Malaysia
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Dethan JFN, Swamy V. Tensile properties of hydrogenated hybrid graphene–hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a reactive force field study. Molecular Simulation 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2020.1810854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F. N. Dethan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Buddhi Dharma, Tangerang, Indonesia
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Varghese Swamy
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Leong A, Saha T, Swamy V, Ramakrishnan N. A Langasite Crystal Microbalance Coated with Graphene Oxide-Platinum Nanocomposite as a Volatile Organic Compound Sensor: Detection and Discrimination Characteristics. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E334. [PMID: 31936036 PMCID: PMC7013752 DOI: 10.3390/s20020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel langasite crystal microbalance (LCM) sensor with a graphene-based sensing medium to detect and discriminate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at room temperature. A thin film of graphene oxide embedded with Pt nanostructures (GO-Pt nanocomposite) was deposited on the electrode surface of the LCM, a thickness-shear acoustic wave resonator. Ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and ethanol were chosen as typical VOCs for this study. Sensitivity and selectivity of coated LCM were investigated for different concentrations of the VOCs by analysing the resonant properties of the sensor. When exposed to VOCs, a negative shift in series resonance frequency was observed due to the mass loading of VOC molecules. Simultaneously, changes in equivalent resistance and parallel resonance frequency of the sensor were also observed due to the interaction of VOCs with charge carriers on the GO-Pt nanocomposite film surface. This dual measurement of both series and parallel resonance frequencies allowed for detection and discrimination of VOCs. Moreover, the high thermal stability of langasite makes the proposed sensor suitable even for harsh environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainan Leong
- Discipline of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Tridib Saha
- Discipline of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.L.); (T.S.)
| | - Varghese Swamy
- Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Narayanan Ramakrishnan
- Discipline of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.L.); (T.S.)
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Obondi CO, Lim GN, Martinez P, Swamy V, D'Souza F. Controlling electron and energy transfer paths by selective excitation in a zinc porphyrin-BODIPY-C 60 multi-modular triad. Nanoscale 2017; 9:18054-18065. [PMID: 29131227 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06687b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A multi-modular donor-acceptor triad composed of zinc porphyrin, BF2-chelated dipyrromethene (BODIPY), and C60 was newly synthesized, with the BODIPY entity at the central position. Using absorbance and emission spectral, electrochemical redox, and computational optimization results, energy level diagrams for the ZnP-BODIPY dyad and ZnP-BODIPY-C60 triad were constructed to envision the different photochemical events upon selective excitation of the BODIPY and ZnP entities. By transient absorption spectral studies covering a wide femtosecond-to-millisecond time scale, evidence for the different photochemical events and their kinetic information was secured. Efficient singlet-singlet energy transfer from 1BODIPY* to ZnP with a rate constant kENT = 1.7 × 1010 s-1 in toluene was observed in the case of the ZnP-BODIPY dyad. Interestingly, in the case of the ZnP-BODIPY-C60 triad, the selective excitation of ZnP resulted in electron transfer leading to the formation of the ZnP˙+-BODIPY-C60˙- charge-separated state. Owing to the distal separation of the radical cation and radical anion species (edge-to-edge distance of 18.7 Å), the radical ion-pair persisted for microseconds. By contrast, the selective excitation of BODIPY resulted in an ultrafast energy transfer to yield ZnP-BODIPY-1C60* as the major product. The 1C60* populated the low-lying 3C60* via intersystem crossing prior to returning to the ground state. The present study successfully demonstrates the importance of supramolecular geometry and selection of excitation wavelength in regulating the different photoprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Obondi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
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Koh TM, Shanmugam V, Schlipf J, Oesinghaus L, Müller-Buschbaum P, Ramakrishnan N, Swamy V, Mathews N, Boix PP, Mhaisalkar SG. Nanostructuring Mixed-Dimensional Perovskites: A Route Toward Tunable, Efficient Photovoltaics. Adv Mater 2016; 28:3653-61. [PMID: 26990287 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
2D perovskites is one of the proposed strategies to enhance the moisture resistance, since the larger organic cations can act as a natural barrier. Nevertheless, 2D perovskites hinder the charge transport in certain directions, reducing the solar cell power conversion efficiency. A nanostructured mixed-dimensionality approach is presented to overcome the charge transport limitation, obtaining power conversion efficiencies over 9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck Ming Koh
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Vignesh Shanmugam
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Johannes Schlipf
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas Oesinghaus
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - N Ramakrishnan
- Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Varghese Swamy
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nripan Mathews
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pablo P Boix
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Subodh G Mhaisalkar
- Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N), Research Techno Plaza, X-Frontier Block Level 5, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Sudheer AP, Adusumilli PK, Swamy V, Parthasarathi G, Mothi S. Predictors For Mortality Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patients On Antiretroviral Therapy. Value Health 2014; 17:A667. [PMID: 27202441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V Swamy
- Asha Kirana hospital, Mysore, India
| | | | - S Mothi
- Asha Kirana hospital, Mysore, India
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Adusumilli PK, Parthasarathi G, Sudheer AP, Swamy V, Mothi S. Study on Clinical and Immunological Outcomes of Antiretroviral Therapy in Hiv Positive Adult Patients in a Community Care Hospital. Value Health 2014; 17:A664. [PMID: 27202421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - V Swamy
- Asha Kirana hospital, Mysore, India
| | - S Mothi
- Asha Kirana hospital, Mysore, India
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Holbig E, Dubrovinsky L, Steinle-Neumann G, Prakapenka V, Swamy V. Compression Behavior of Zr-doped Nanoanatase. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2006-1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The compression behavior of Zr-doped nano anatase Ti0.90Zr0.10O2 synthesized by the sol-gel method was studied using a diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to ~ 13 GPa. The compressibility parallel to the a axis decreases strongly at ~ 4 GPa and other structural parameters also change with pressure. The parameters of the third order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state were fitted to: V0 = 139.6(0) Å3, K0 = 213(9) GPa and K′ = 17.9(2). Ab initio electronic structure simulations indicate that the Zr atoms cluster in the crystal. The effects of chemical substitution as well as of microstructure, especially the crystallite size, on the mechanical properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Holbig
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | | | - Varghese Swamy
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, P.O. Box 69M, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Swamy V. The structural origin of the unusual compression behaviors in nanostructured TiO2: insights from first-principles calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:18156-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02033b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
First-principles calculations of anatase structured TiO2 and ZrO2 as well as of TiO2–B were carried up to 20 GPa in order to develop an understanding of the unusual compression and pressure-dependent phase transitions reported for nanocrystalline (nc) pure and Zr-doped anatase and nc TiO2–B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varghese Swamy
- Advanced Engineering Platform
- School of Engineering
- Monash University Malaysia
- Jalan Lagoon Selatan
- Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Swamy V, Kuznetsov AY, Dubrovinsky LS, Kurnosov A, Prakapenka VB. Unusual compression behavior of anatase TiO2 nanocrystals. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:075505. [PMID: 19792660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.075505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The size-dependent stiffness variations in nanocrystalline anatase, a leading material for applications in photovoltaics, photocatalysis, photoelectrochromics, sensors, and optical coatings, were determined using in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering. An unusual, abrupt change in the compression curve at approximately 10 GPa and subtle breaks in the pressure shifts of the intense E(g) Raman band at approximately 10 and approximately 15 GPa have been correlated with approximately 2 A-scale disordering of nanocrystalline anatase structure that fully amorphizes under high compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varghese Swamy
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Wu X, Steinle-Neumann G, Narygina O, Kantor I, McCammon C, Prakapenka V, Swamy V, Dubrovinsky L. High-pressure behavior of perovskite: FeTiO_{3} dissociation into (Fe_{1-delta},Ti_{delta})O and Fe_{1+delta}Ti_{2-delta}O_{5}. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:065503. [PMID: 19792582 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.065503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The stability of perovskite-structured materials at high pressure and temperature is of fundamental interest in solid-state physics, chemistry, and the geosciences. As an alternative to decomposition into oxides or transformation of the CaIrO_{3} postperovskite structure, we observe in situ the breakdown of FeTiO_{3} perovskite into a (Fe_{1-delta},Ti_{delta})O + Fe_{1+delta}Ti_{2-delta}O_{5} assemblage beyond 53 GPa and 2000 K. The high-pressure high-temperature phase of Fe_{1+delta}Ti_{2-delta}O_{5} with a new structure (space group C2/c) could be preserved on decompression to 9 GPa, and amorphizes under further pressure release. Our study demonstrates that perovskite-structured materials can undergo chemical changes and form complex oxides with new structures, rather than only transform to denser polymorphs or decompose to simple oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wu
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth D-95440, Germany
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Abstract
The crystal structures and compressibilities of fluorite- and pyrite-structured TiO2 under varying hydrostatic pressures are calculated using gradient-corrected density functional as well as hybrid density functional-Hartree-Fock formulations. The results suggest that fluorite TiO2 is a highly incompressible solid with a large bulk modulus value (K(0) approximately 395 GPa), approaching that of ultrahard cotunnite TiO2 (K(0)=431 GPa). The bulk modulus obtained for pyrite TiO2 is considerably smaller (K(0) approximately 220-260 GPa), nonetheless larger than the value determined experimentally for cubic TiO2. Calculated shear modulus values indicate that fluorite TiO2 has the potential to be an ultrahard material, if it could be stabilized under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varghese Swamy
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Swamy V, Kuznetsov A, Dubrovinsky LS, McMillan PF, Prakapenka VB, Shen G, Muddle BC. Size-dependent pressure-induced amorphization in nanoscale TiO2. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:135702. [PMID: 16712001 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.135702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the size-dependent high-pressure phase transition behavior of nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 with synchrotron x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy to 45 GPa at ambient temperature. Pressure-induced amorphization results in a high-density amorphous (HDA) form when the starting crystallite size is < 10 mm. The HDA-TiO2 transforms to a low-density amorphous form at lower pressures. Harnessing the nanometer length scale thus provides a new window for experimental investigation of amorphization in poor glass formers and a synthesis route for new amorphous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varghese Swamy
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, P.O. Box 69M, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Dubrovinsky LS, Dubrovinskaia NA, Swamy V, Muscat J, Harrison NM, Ahuja R, Holm B, Johansson B. Materials science. The hardest known oxide. Nature 2001; 410:653-4. [PMID: 11287944 DOI: 10.1038/35070650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A material as hard as diamond or cubic boron nitride has yet to be identified, but here we report the discovery of a cotunnite-structured titanium oxide which represents the hardest oxide known. This is a new polymorph of titanium dioxide, where titanium is nine-coordinated to oxygen in the cotunnite (PbCl2) structure. The phase is synthesized at pressures above 60 gigapascals (GPa) and temperatures above 1,000 K and is one of the least compressible and hardest polycrystalline materials to be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Dubrovinsky
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Rafferty T, Edwards B, Judd J, Swamy V, Workman R, Lippmann H, Harris S, Cohen I, Prokop E, Ezekowitz M. An integrated software system for quality assurance-related kappa coefficient analysis of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography interpretive skills. Clin Cardiol 1993; 16:745-52. [PMID: 8222390 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960161012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes the development of a quality assurance-oriented integrated software system designed for an anesthesiology-based intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography service. Entry data include patient and operation demographics, two-dimensional echocardiographic, saline-contrast, and color flow/pulsed Doppler assessments of the heart and great vessels, presented in a defined sequence. A statistical analysis component (kappa coefficient analysis) allows for comparison of intraoperative real-time interpretations with laboratory interpretations made by experienced full-time echocardiographers on a field-by-field basis. This provides a means of quantifying expertise in each individual aspect of the patient examination sequence. We believe that such self-appraisal data are essential for delineating the status and tracking the progress of service being provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rafferty
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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