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Morrigan L, Neville SP, Gregory M, Boguslavskiy AE, Forbes R, Wilkinson I, Lausten R, Stolow A, Schuurman MS, Hockett P, Makhija V. Ultrafast Molecular Frame Quantum Tomography. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:193001. [PMID: 38000424 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.193001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
We develop and experimentally demonstrate a methodology for a full molecular frame quantum tomography (MFQT) of dynamical polyatomic systems. We exemplify this approach through the complete characterization of an electronically nonadiabatic wave packet in ammonia (NH_{3}). The method exploits both energy and time-domain spectroscopic data, and yields the lab frame density matrix (LFDM) for the system, the elements of which are populations and coherences. The LFDM fully characterizes electronic and nuclear dynamics in the molecular frame, yielding the time- and orientation-angle dependent expectation values of any relevant operator. For example, the time-dependent molecular frame electronic probability density may be constructed, yielding information on electronic dynamics in the molecular frame. In NH_{3}, we observe that electronic coherences are induced by nuclear dynamics which nonadiabatically drive electronic motions (charge migration) in the molecular frame. Here, the nuclear dynamics are rotational and it is nonadiabatic Coriolis coupling which drives the coherences. Interestingly, the nuclear-driven electronic coherence is preserved over longer timescales. In general, MFQT can help quantify entanglement between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom, and provide new routes to the study of ultrafast molecular dynamics, charge migration, quantum information processing, and optimal control schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Morrigan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
| | - Simon P Neville
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Margaret Gregory
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
| | - Andrey E Boguslavskiy
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- NRC-uOttawa Joint Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics (JCEP), Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael S Schuurman
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Paul Hockett
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
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2
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Goudreau ES, Boguslavskiy AE, Moffatt DJ, Makhija V, Hemsworth M, Lausten R, Marceau C, Wilkinson I, Stolow A. Time-stretched multi-hit 3D velocity map imaging of photoelectrons. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:063002. [PMID: 37862509 DOI: 10.1063/5.0149897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The 2D photoelectron velocity map imaging (VMI) technique is commonly employed in gas-phase molecular spectroscopy and dynamics investigations due to its ability to efficiently extract photoelectron spectra and angular distributions in a single experiment. However, the standard technique is limited to specific light-source polarization geometries. This has led to significant interest in the development of 3D VMI techniques, which are capable of measuring individual electron positions and arrival times, obtaining the full 3D distribution without the need for inversion, forward-convolution, or tomographic reconstruction approaches. Here, we present and demonstrate a novel time-stretched, 13-lens 3D VMI photoelectron spectrometer, which has sub-camera-pixel spatial resolution and 210 ps (σ) time-of-flight (TOF) resolution (currently limited by trigger jitter). We employ a kHz CMOS camera to image a standard 40 mm diameter microchannel plate (MCP)/phosphor anode detector (providing x and y positions), combined with a digitizer pick-off from the MCP anode to obtain the electron TOF. We present a detailed analysis of time-space correlation under data acquisition conditions which generate multiple electrons per laser shot, and demonstrate a major advantage of this time-stretched 3D VMI approach: that the greater spread in electron TOFs permits for an accurate time- and position-stamping of up to six electrons per laser shot at a 1 kHz repetition rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scott Goudreau
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Andrey E Boguslavskiy
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
| | - Michael Hemsworth
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Claude Marceau
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz-1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- NRC-uOttawa Joint Centre for Extreme Photonics, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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3
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Gregory M, Neville S, Schuurman M, Makhija V. A laboratory frame density matrix for ultrafast quantum molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:164301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0109607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In most cases, the ultrafast dynamics of resonantly excited molecules are considered and almost always computed in the molecular frame, while experiments are carried out in the laboratory frame. Here, we provide a formalism in terms of a lab frame density matrix, which connects quantum dynamics in the molecular frame to those in the laboratory frame, providing a transparent link between computation and measurement. The formalism reveals that in any such experiment, the molecular frame dynamics vary for molecules in different orientations and that certain coherences, which are potentially experimentally accessible, are rejected by the orientation-averaged reduced vibronic density matrix. Instead, molecular angular distribution moments are introduced as a more accurate representation of experimentally accessible information. Furthermore, the formalism provides a clear definition of a molecular frame quantum tomography and specifies the requirements to perform such a measurement enabling the experimental imaging of molecular frame vibronic dynamics. Successful completion of such a measurement fully characterizes the molecular frame quantum dynamics for a molecule at any orientation in the laboratory frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Gregory
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, 1301 College Avenue, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
| | - Simon Neville
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael Schuurman
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, 1301 College Avenue, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, USA
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4
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Ashfold M, Chergui M, Fischer I, Ge L, Grell G, Ivanov M, Kirrander A, Kornilov O, Krishnan SR, Küpper J, Kuttner C, Makhija V, Martín F, Matsika S, Minns RS, Natan A, Neumark DM, Palacios A, Pratt S, Röder A, Rost JM, Ruberti M, Stolow A, Titov E, Young L. Time-resolved ultrafast spectroscopy: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:329-348. [PMID: 33982724 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd90024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Makhija V, Boguslavskiy AE, Forbes R, Veyrinas K, Wilkinson I, Lausten R, Schuurman MS, Grant ER, Stolow A. A quantum molecular movie: polyad predissociation dynamics in the VUV excited 3pσ 2Σ u state of NO 2. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:191-225. [PMID: 33629690 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00128g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The optical formation of coherent superposition states, a wavepacket, can allow the study of zeroth-order states, the evolution of which exhibit structural and electronic changes as a function of time: this leads to the notion of a molecular movie. Intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution, due to anharmonic coupling between modes, is the molecular movie considered here. There is no guarantee, however, that the formed superposition will behave semi-classically (e.g. Gaussian wavepacket dynamics) or even as an intuitively useful zeroth-order state. Here we present time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) studies of an electronically excited triatomic molecule wherein the vibrational dynamics must be treated quantum mechanically and the simple picture of population flow between coupled normal modes fails. Specifically, we report on vibronic wavepacket dynamics in the zeroth-order 3pσ2Σu Rydberg state of NO2. This wavepacket exemplifies two general features of excited state dynamics in polyatomic molecules: anharmonic multimodal vibrational coupling (forming polyads); nonadiabatic coupling between nuclear and electronic coordinates, leading to predissociation. The latter suggests that the polyad vibrational states in the zeroth-order 3p Rydberg manifold are quasi-bound and best understood to be scattering resonances. We observed a rapid dephasing of an initially prepared 'bright' valence state into the relatively long-lived 3p Rydberg state whose multimodal vibrational dynamics and decay we monitor as a function of time. Our quantum simulations, based on an effective spectroscopic Hamiltonian, describe the essential features of the multimodal Fermi resonance-driven vibrational dynamics in the 3p state. We also present evidence of polyad-specificity in the state-dependent predissociation rates, leading to free atomic and molecular fragments. We emphasize that a quantum molecular movie is required to visualize wavepacket dynamics in the 3pσ2Σu Rydberg state of NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Makhija
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, USA and Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Andrey E Boguslavskiy
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. and National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Kevin Veyrinas
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Locally-Sensitive & Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada
| | - Michael S Schuurman
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Edward R Grant
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. and National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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6
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Allum F, Amini K, Ashfold M, Bansal D, Berger RJF, Centurion M, Dixit G, Durham D, Fasshauer E, Figueira Nunes JP, Fischer I, Grell G, Ivanov M, Kirrander A, Kornilov O, Kuttner C, Lopata K, Ma L, Makhija V, Maxwell A, Moreno Carrascosa A, Natan A, Neumark D, Pratt S, Röder A, Rolles D, Rost JM, Sekikawa T, Simmermacher M, Stolow A, Titov E, Tremblay JC, Weber PM, Yong H, Young L. Time-resolved diffraction: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2021; 228:161-190. [PMID: 33982708 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd90023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Horton SL, Liu Y, Forbes R, Makhija V, Lausten R, Stolow A, Hockett P, Marquetand P, Rozgonyi T, Weinacht T. Excited state dynamics of CH 2I 2 and CH 2BrI studied with UV pump VUV probe photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:174201. [PMID: 31067867 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We compare the excited state dynamics of diiodomethane (CH2I2) and bromoiodomethane (CH2BrI) using time resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. A 4.65 eV UV pump pulse launches a dissociative wave packet on excited states of both molecules and the ensuing dynamics are probed via photoionization using a 7.75 eV probe pulse. The resulting photoelectrons are measured with the velocity map imaging technique for each pump-probe delay. Our measurements highlight differences in the dynamics for the two molecules, which are interpreted with high-level ab initio molecular dynamics (trajectory surface hopping) calculations. Our analysis allows us to associate features in the photoelectron spectrum with different portions of the excited state wave packet represented by different trajectories. The excited state dynamics in bromoiodomethane are simple and can be described in terms of direct dissociation along the C-I coordinate, whereas the dynamics in diiodomethane involve internal conversion and motion along multiple dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer L Horton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Yusong Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Paul Hockett
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Philipp Marquetand
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Tamás Rozgonyi
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Thomas Weinacht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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8
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Larsen MAB, Sølling TI, Forbes R, Boguslavskiy AE, Makhija V, Veyrinas K, Lausten R, Stolow A, Zawadzki MM, Saalbach L, Kotsina N, Paterson MJ, Townsend D. Vacuum ultraviolet excited state dynamics of small amides. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:054301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5079721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. B. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Theis I. Sølling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5,
Canada
| | - Andrey E. Boguslavskiy
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5,
Canada
- National Research Council Canada,
100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5A2, Canada
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5,
Canada
| | - Kévin Veyrinas
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5,
Canada
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council Canada,
100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5A2, Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5,
Canada
- National Research Council Canada,
100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5A2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5,
Canada
| | - Magdalena M. Zawadzki
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Saalbach
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Nikoleta Kotsina
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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9
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Makhija V, Tross J, Kumarappan V, Spanner M, Vozzi C, Trallero C, Stagira S. High-order Harmonic Field Retrieval in Ethylene. EPJ Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920502005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The XUV field emitted by impulsively aligned ethylene molecules during high-order harmonic generation is retrieved as a function of molecular orientation. The results can be ascribed to multielectron contributions to the harmonic emission.
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10
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Marceau C, Makhija V, Platzer D, Naumov AY, Corkum PB, Stolow A, Villeneuve DM, Hockett P. Molecular Frame Reconstruction Using Time-Domain Photoionization Interferometry. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:083401. [PMID: 28952763 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.083401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoionization of molecular species is, essentially, a multipath interferometer with both experimentally controllable and intrinsic molecular characteristics. In this work, XUV photoionization of impulsively aligned molecular targets (N_{2}) is used to provide a time-domain route to "complete" photoionization experiments, in which the rotational wave packet controls the geometric part of the photoionization interferometer. The data obtained is sufficient to determine the magnitudes and phases of the ionization matrix elements for all observed channels, and to reconstruct molecular frame interferograms from lab frame measurements. In principle, this methodology provides a time-domain route to complete photoionization experiments and the molecular frame, which is generally applicable to any molecule (no prerequisites), for all energies and ionization channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Marceau
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada and University of Ottawa, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Dominique Platzer
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada and University of Ottawa, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - A Yu Naumov
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada and University of Ottawa, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - P B Corkum
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada and University of Ottawa, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curies, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N6, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - D M Villeneuve
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada and University of Ottawa, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Paul Hockett
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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11
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Forbes R, Makhija V, Veyrinas K, Stolow A, Lee JWL, Burt M, Brouard M, Vallance C, Wilkinson I, Lausten R, Hockett P. Time-resolved multi-mass ion imaging: Femtosecond UV-VUV pump-probe spectroscopy with the PImMS camera. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:013911. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4978923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kévin Veyrinas
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jason W. L. Lee
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Burt
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Brouard
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Vallance
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Paul Hockett
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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12
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Rudenko A, Makhija V, Vajdi A, Ergler T, Schürholz M, Kushawaha RK, Ullrich J, Moshammer R, Kumarappan V. Strong-field-induced wave packet dynamics in carbon dioxide molecule. Faraday Discuss 2016; 194:463-478. [PMID: 27711853 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Temporal evolution of electronic and nuclear wave packets created in strong-field excitation of the carbon dioxide molecule is studied employing momentum-resolved ion spectroscopy and channel-selective Fourier analysis. Combining the data obtained with two different pump-probe set-ups, we observed signatures of vibrational dynamics in both, ionic and neutral states of the molecule. We consider far-off-resonance two-photon Raman scattering to be the most likely mechanism of vibrational excitation in the electronic ground state of the neutral CO2. Using the measured phase relation between the time-dependent yields of different fragmentation channels, which is consistent with the proposed mechanism, we suggest an intuitive picture of the underlying vibrational dynamics. For ionic states, we found signatures of both, electronic and vibrational excitations, which involve the ground and the first excited electronic states, depending on the particular final state of the fragmentation. While our results for ionic states are consistent with the recent observations by Erattupuzha et al. [J. Chem. Phys.144, 024306 (2016)], the neutral state contribution was not observed there, which we attribute to a larger bandwidth of the 8 fs pulses we used for this experiment. In a complementary measurement employing longer, 35 fs pulses in a 30 ps delay range, we study the influence of rotational excitation on our observables, and demonstrate how the coherent electronic wave packet created in the ground electronic state of the ion completely decays within 10 ps due to the coupling to rotational motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Rudenko
- J.R Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA. and Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Varun Makhija
- J.R Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA. and Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Aram Vajdi
- J.R Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA. and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Thorsten Ergler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Rajesh K Kushawaha
- J.R Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | - Joachim Ullrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Vinod Kumarappan
- J.R Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
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Yang J, Makhija V, Kumarappan V, Centurion M. Reconstruction of three-dimensional molecular structure from diffraction of laser-aligned molecules. Struct Dyn 2014; 1:044101. [PMID: 26798781 PMCID: PMC4711636 DOI: 10.1063/1.4889840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction from laser-aligned molecules has been proposed as a method for determining 3-D molecular structures in the gas phase. However, existing structural retrieval algorithms are limited by the imperfect alignment in experiments and the rotational averaging in 1-D alignment. Here, we demonstrate a two-step reconstruction comprising a genetic algorithm that corrects for the imperfect alignment followed by an iterative phase retrieval method in cylindrical coordinates. The algorithm was tested with simulated diffraction patterns. We show that the full 3-D structure of trifluorotoluene, an asymmetric-top molecule, can be reconstructed with atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Varun Makhija
- James R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Vinod Kumarappan
- James R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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14
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Abstract
We show, by computation and experiment, that a sequence of nonresonant and impulsive laser pulses with different ellipticities can effectively align asymmetric top molecules in three dimensions under field-free conditions. By solving the Schrödinger equation for the evolution of the rotational wave packet, we show that the 3D alignment of 3,5 difluoroiodobenzene molecules improves with each successive pulse. Experimentally, a sequence of three pulses is used to demonstrate these results, which extend the multipulse schemes used for 1D alignment to full 3D control of rotational motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ren
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Varun Makhija
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Vinod Kumarappan
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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15
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Leolukman M, Paoprasert P, Wang Y, Makhija V, McGee DJ, Gopalan P. Influence of Architecture, Concentration, and Thermal History on the Poling of Nonlinear Optical Chromophores in Block Copolymer Domains. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800318s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melvina Leolukman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physics, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940
| | - Peerasak Paoprasert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physics, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physics, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physics, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940
| | - David J. McGee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physics, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Department of Physics, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940
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16
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Mehta D, Saksena S, Krol RB, Makhija V. Comparison of clinical benefits and outcome in patients with programmable and nonprogrammable implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1992; 15:1279-90. [PMID: 1383988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1992.tb03139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) have provided a variety of programmable parameters and antitachycardia therapies whose utility and impact on clinical outcome is presently unknown. ICDs have capabilities for cardioversion defibrillation alone (first generation ICDs), or in conjunction with demand ventricular pacing (second generation ICDs), or with demand pacing and antitachycardia pacing (third generation ICDs). We examined the pattern of antitachycardia therapy use and long-term survival in 110 patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). Group I included 62 patients with nonprogrammable first generation ICDs that delivered committed shock therapy after ventricular tachyarrhythmia detection based on electrogram rate and/or morphology was satisfied. Group II included 48 patients with multiprogrammable ICDs (including second and third generation ICDs) that had programmable tachyarrhythmia detection based on rate and tachycardia confirmation prior to delivery of electrical treatment with either programmable shocks and/or, as in the third generation ICDs, antitachycardia pacing. Incidence and patterns of antitachycardia therapy use and long-term survival were compared in the two groups. The incidence of appropriate shocks in patients who completed 1 year of follow-up was significantly greater in group I (30 of 43 patients = 70% vs 11 of 26 patients = 42%; P less than 0.05). In the total follow-up period, a significantly larger proportion of group I patients as compared to group II patients used the shock therapies (46 of 62 patients = 74% vs 25 of 48 patients = 52%; P less than 0.01), with the majority doing so within the first year of implantation (96% and 92%, respectively). Although the frequency of antitachycardia therapy activation was similar, the number of shocks delivered per patient was lower in group II, particularly in the initial 3 months of follow-up (P = 0.06). No clinical variable aided in identifying users from nonusers of antitachycardia therapy. Arrhythmic mortality was virtually eliminated in both groups. Two-year actuarial cardiac survival in the two groups was similar (group I = 78% vs group II = 84%; P greater than 0.2). Survival from cardiac mortality in users and nonusers of antitachycardia therapies was also similar in both groups (P greater than 0.2) and in the total patient group (P greater than 0.2). We conclude that programmable ICDs continue to confer advantages in prevention of sudden death that were observed with nonprogrammable ICDs and can be expected to improve patient tolerance and physician acceptance of device therapy for VT/VF.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, UMDNJ-NJ Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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