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Koch M, Hoese M, Bharadwaj V, Lang J, Hadden JP, Ramponi R, Jelezko F, Eaton SM, Kubanek A. Super-Poissonian Light Statistics from Individual Silicon Vacancy Centers Coupled to a Laser-Written Diamond Waveguide. ACS Photonics 2022; 9:3366-3373. [PMID: 36281332 PMCID: PMC9585639 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Modifying light fields at the single-photon level is a key challenge for upcoming quantum technologies and can be realized in a scalable manner through integrated quantum photonics. Laser-written diamond photonics offers 3D fabrication capabilities and large mode-field diameters matched to fiber optic technology, though limiting the cooperativity at the single-emitter level. To realize large coupling efficiencies, we combine excitation of single shallow-implanted silicon vacancy centers via high numerical aperture optics with detection assisted by laser-written type-II waveguides. We demonstrate single-emitter extinction measurements with a cooperativity of 0.0050 and a relative beta factor of 13%. The transmission of resonant photons reveals single-photon subtraction from a quasi-coherent field resulting in super-Poissonian light statistics. Our architecture enables light field engineering in an integrated design on the single quantum level although the intrinsic cooperativity is low. Laser-written structures can be fabricated in three dimensions and with a natural connectivity to optical fiber arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
K. Koch
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
- Center
for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQst), Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
| | - Michael Hoese
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
| | - Vibhav Bharadwaj
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
- Institute
for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN)—CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano20133, Italy
| | - Johannes Lang
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
- Diatope
GmbH, UmmendorfD-88444, Germany
| | - John P. Hadden
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, CardiffCF24 3AA, U.K.
| | - Roberta Ramponi
- Institute
for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN)—CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano20133, Italy
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
- Center for
Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQst), Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
| | - Shane M. Eaton
- Institute
for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN)—CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano20133, Italy
| | - Alexander Kubanek
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
- Center for
Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQst), Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
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2
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Abdelmalek A, Giakoumaki AN, Bharadwaj V, Sotillo B, Le Phu T, Bollani M, Bedrane Z, Ramponi R, Eaton SM, Maaza M. Morphological Study of Nanostructures Induced by Direct Femtosecond Laser Ablation on Diamond. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:mi12050583. [PMID: 34065403 PMCID: PMC8160903 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High spatial frequency laser induced periodic surface structure (HSFL) morphology induced by femtosecond laser with 230 fs pulse duration, 250 kHz repetition rate at 1030 nm wavelength on CVD diamond surface is investigated and discussed. The spatial modification was characterized and analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and 2D-Fast Fourier Transform (2D-FFT). We studied the effect of pulse number and laser power on the spatial development of nanostructures, and also deduced the impact of thermal accumulation effect on their morphology. A generalized plasmonic model has been used to follow the optical evolution of the irradiated surface and to determine the periodic value of the nanostructures. We suggest that non-thermal melting and plasmonic excitation are the main processes responsible for the formation of HSFL-type nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelmalek
- Physics Department, Theoretical Physics Laboratory, Tlemcen University, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria; (A.A.); (Z.B.)
| | - Argyro N. Giakoumaki
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.N.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.R.)
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies—CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.E.)
| | - Vibhav Bharadwaj
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.N.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.R.)
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies—CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Belén Sotillo
- Materials Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Thien Le Phu
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.N.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.R.)
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies—CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.E.)
| | - Monica Bollani
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies—CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.E.)
| | - Zeyneb Bedrane
- Physics Department, Theoretical Physics Laboratory, Tlemcen University, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria; (A.A.); (Z.B.)
| | - Roberta Ramponi
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.N.G.); (T.L.P.); (R.R.)
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies—CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.E.)
| | - Shane M. Eaton
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies—CNR-IFN, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.E.)
| | - Malik Maaza
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, 1 Old Faure Road, P.O. Box 722, Somerset West, Western Cape 7129, South Africa
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3
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Coccia G, Giakoumaki AN, Bharadwaj V, Jedrkiewicz O, Ramponi R, Eaton SM. Femtosecond laser writing of integrated photonic circuits in diamond. EPJ Web Conf 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202125512006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated photonic circuits pave the way for next generation technologies for quantum information and sensing applications. Femtosecond laser writing has emerged as a valuable technique for fabricating such devices when combined with diamond’s properties and its nitrogen vacancy color center. Such color centers are fundamental for sensing applications, being possible to excite them and read them out optically through the fabrication of optical waveguides in the bulk of diamond. We show how to integrate these building blocks in diamond, to develop proof-of-concept devices with unprecedented electric and magnetic field sensitivities.
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4
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Italia V, Giakoumaki AN, Bonfadini S, Bharadwaj V, Le Phu T, Eaton SM, Ramponi R, Bergamini G, Lanzani G, Criante L. Laser-Inscribed Glass Microfluidic Device for Non-Mixing Flow of Miscible Solvents. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 10:mi10010023. [PMID: 30597992 PMCID: PMC6356550 DOI: 10.3390/mi10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been significant research on integrated microfluidic devices. Microfluidics offer an advantageous platform for the parallel laminar flow of adjacent solvents of potential use in modern chemistry and biology. To reach that aim, we worked towards the realization of a buried microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip which enables the separation of the two components by exploiting the non-mixing properties of laminar flow. To fabricate the aforementioned chip, we employed a femtosecond laser irradiation technique followed by chemical etching. To optimize the configuration of the chip, several geometrical and structural parameters were taken into account. The diffusive mass transfer between the two fluids was estimated and the optimal chip configuration for low diffusion rate of the components was defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Italia
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Argyro N Giakoumaki
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Silvio Bonfadini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Vibhav Bharadwaj
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Thien Le Phu
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Shane M Eaton
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Roberta Ramponi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Bergamini
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician University of Bologna Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luigino Criante
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Hadden JP, Bharadwaj V, Sotillo B, Rampini S, Osellame R, Witmer JD, Jayakumar H, Fernandez TT, Chiappini A, Armellini C, Ferrari M, Ramponi R, Barclay PE, Eaton SM. Integrated waveguides and deterministically positioned nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond created by femtosecond laser writing. Opt Lett 2018; 43:3586-3589. [PMID: 30067630 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diamond's nitrogen vacancy (NV) center is an optically active defect with long spin coherence times, showing great potential for both efficient nanoscale magnetometry and quantum information processing schemes. Recently, both the formation of buried 3D optical waveguides and high-quality single NVs in diamond were demonstrated using the versatile femtosecond laser-writing technique. However, until now, combining these technologies has been an outstanding challenge. In this Letter, we fabricate laser-written photonic waveguides in quantum grade diamond which are aligned to within micron resolution to single laser-written NVs, enabling an integrated platform providing deterministically positioned waveguide-coupled NVs. This fabrication technology opens the way toward on-chip optical routing of single photons between NVs and optically integrated spin-based sensing.
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6
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Çirkinoğlu HO, Bayer MM, Gökay US, Serpengüzel A, Sotillo B, Bharadwaj V, Ramponi R, Eaton SM. Silicon microsphere whispering gallery modes excited by femtosecond-laser-inscribed glass waveguides. Appl Opt 2018; 57:3687-3692. [PMID: 29791328 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.003687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the coupling of whispering gallery modes in a 500-μm-radius silicon microsphere to a femtosecond-laser-inscribed glass optical waveguide. The shallow glass waveguide with a large mode field diameter in the near-infrared is written at a depth of 25 μm below the glass surface, resulting in a high excitation impact parameter of 525 μm for the microsphere. The excited whispering gallery modes of the silicon microsphere have quality factors of approximately 105 in the 90° elastic scattering and 0° transmission. Integration of such spherical silicon microresonators on femtosecond-laser-inscribed glass waveguides is promising for photonic communication, computation, and sensing applications.
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7
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Vázquez MR, Bharadwaj V, Sotillo B, Lo SZA, Ramponi R, Zheludev NI, Lanzani G, Eaton SM, Soci C. Optical NP problem solver on laser-written waveguide platform. Opt Express 2018; 26:702-710. [PMID: 29401952 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive photonic networks are researched to efficiently solve computationally hard problems. Flexible fabrication techniques for the implementation of such networks into compact and scalable chips are desirable for the study of new optical computing schemes and algorithm optimization. Here we demonstrate a femtosecond laser-written optical oracle based on cascaded directional couplers in glass, for the solution of the Hamiltonian path problem. By interrogating the integrated photonic chip with ultrashort laser pulses, we were able to distinguish the different paths traveled by light pulses, and thus infer the existence or the absence of the Hamiltonian path in the network by using an optical correlator. This work proves that graph theory problems may be easily implemented in integrated photonic networks, down scaling the net size and speeding up execution times.
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8
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Bharadwaj V, Courvoisier A, Fernandez TT, Ramponi R, Galzerano G, Nunn J, Booth MJ, Osellame R, Eaton SM, Salter PS. Femtosecond laser inscription of Bragg grating waveguides in bulk diamond. Opt Lett 2017; 42:3451-3453. [PMID: 28957060 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser writing is applied to form Bragg grating waveguides in the diamond bulk. Type II waveguides are integrated with a single pulse point-by-point periodic laser modification positioned toward the edge of the waveguide core. These photonic devices, operating in the telecommunications band, allow for simultaneous optical waveguiding and narrowband reflection from a fourth-order grating. This fabrication technology opens the way toward advanced 3D photonic networks in diamond for a range of applications.
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9
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Bauer JM, Bharadwaj V, Brogonia H, Brugger M, Kerimbaev M, Liu JC, Mallows S, Prinz AA, Roesler S, Rokni SH, Sanami T, Santana-Leitner M, Sheppard J, Vincke H, Vollaire J. Benchmark Study of Induced Radioactivity at a High-Energy Electron Accelerator. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt09-a9283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Bauer
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - V. Bharadwaj
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - H. Brogonia
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | | | - M. Kerimbaev
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - J. C. Liu
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | | | - A. A. Prinz
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | | | - S. H. Rokni
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - T. Sanami
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | | | - J. Sheppard
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - H. Vincke
- CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - J. Vollaire
- SLAC, M.S.48, 2725 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025
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Sotillo B, Bharadwaj V, Hadden JP, Rampini S, Chiappini A, Fernandez TT, Armellini C, Serpengüzel A, Ferrari M, Barclay PE, Ramponi R, Eaton SM. Visible to Infrared Diamond Photonics Enabled by Focused Femtosecond Laser Pulses. Micromachines 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190110 DOI: 10.3390/mi8020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diamond’s nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers show great promise in sensing applications and quantum computing due to their long electron spin coherence time and because they can be found, manipulated, and read out optically. An important step forward for diamond photonics would be connecting multiple diamond NVs together using optical waveguides. However, the inertness of diamond is a significant hurdle for the fabrication of integrated optics similar to those that revolutionized silicon photonics. In this work, we show the fabrication of optical waveguides in diamond, enabled by focused femtosecond high repetition rate laser pulses. By optimizing the geometry of the waveguide, we obtain single mode waveguides from the visible to the infrared. Additionally, we show the laser writing of individual NV centers within the bulk of diamond. We use µ-Raman spectroscopy to gain better insight on the stress and the refractive index profile of the optical waveguides. Using optically detected magnetic resonance and confocal photoluminescence characterization, high quality NV properties are observed in waveguides formed in various grades of diamond, making them promising for applications such as magnetometry, quantum information systems, and evanescent field sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Sotillo
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy; (B.S.); (V.B.); (T.T.F.); (R.R.)
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy;
| | - Vibhav Bharadwaj
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy; (B.S.); (V.B.); (T.T.F.); (R.R.)
| | - John Patrick Hadden
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (J.P.H.); (P.E.B.)
| | - Stefano Rampini
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy;
| | - Andrea Chiappini
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology of the National Research Council (IFN-CNR), Characterization and Development of Materials for Photonics and Optoelectronics (CSMFO) and The Centre for Materials and Microsystems (FBK-CMM), Trento 38123, Italy; (A.C.); (C.A.); (M.F.)
| | - Toney T. Fernandez
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy; (B.S.); (V.B.); (T.T.F.); (R.R.)
| | - Cristina Armellini
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology of the National Research Council (IFN-CNR), Characterization and Development of Materials for Photonics and Optoelectronics (CSMFO) and The Centre for Materials and Microsystems (FBK-CMM), Trento 38123, Italy; (A.C.); (C.A.); (M.F.)
| | - Ali Serpengüzel
- Microphotonics Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - Maurizio Ferrari
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology of the National Research Council (IFN-CNR), Characterization and Development of Materials for Photonics and Optoelectronics (CSMFO) and The Centre for Materials and Microsystems (FBK-CMM), Trento 38123, Italy; (A.C.); (C.A.); (M.F.)
| | - Paul E. Barclay
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (J.P.H.); (P.E.B.)
| | - Roberta Ramponi
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy; (B.S.); (V.B.); (T.T.F.); (R.R.)
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy;
| | - Shane M. Eaton
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy; (B.S.); (V.B.); (T.T.F.); (R.R.)
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-2399-6123
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11
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Sotillo B, Bharadwaj V, Hadden JP, Sakakura M, Chiappini A, Fernandez TT, Longhi S, Jedrkiewicz O, Shimotsuma Y, Criante L, Osellame R, Galzerano G, Ferrari M, Miura K, Ramponi R, Barclay PE, Eaton SM. Diamond photonics platform enabled by femtosecond laser writing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35566. [PMID: 27748428 PMCID: PMC5066270 DOI: 10.1038/srep35566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond is a promising platform for sensing and quantum processing owing to the remarkable properties of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) impurity. The electrons of the NV center, largely localized at the vacancy site, combine to form a spin triplet, which can be polarized with 532 nm laser light, even at room temperature. The NV's states are isolated from environmental perturbations making their spin coherence comparable to trapped ions. An important breakthrough would be in connecting, using waveguides, multiple diamond NVs together optically. However, still lacking is an efficient photonic fabrication method for diamond akin to the photolithographic methods that have revolutionized silicon photonics. Here, we report the first demonstration of three dimensional buried optical waveguides in diamond, inscribed by focused femtosecond high repetition rate laser pulses. Within the waveguides, high quality NV properties are observed, making them promising for integrated magnetometer or quantum information systems on a diamond chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Sotillo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - J. P. Hadden
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Masaaki Sakakura
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation and Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andrea Chiappini
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR, CSMFO and FBK-CMM, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Longhi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Yasuhiko Shimotsuma
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation and Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Luigino Criante
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Maurizio Ferrari
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR, CSMFO and FBK-CMM, Trento, Italy
| | - Kiyotaka Miura
- Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation and Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Paul E. Barclay
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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12
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Tomar V, Yadav A, Rathore RKS, Verma S, Awasthi R, Bharadwaj V, Ojha BK, Prasad KN, Gupta RK. Apparent diffusion coefficient with higher b-value correlates better with viable cell count quantified from the cavity of brain abscess. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32:2120-5. [PMID: 21903917 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE DWI by using higher b-values provides tissue diffusivity with less T2 shinethrough effect. VCD in the abscess cavity correlates with ADC values. The purpose of this study was to investigate which b-value-derived ADC correlates better with VCD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty patients with brain abscess underwent conventional MR imaging and DWI with b = 1000, 2000, and 3000 s/mm(2) on a 3T MR imaging scanner. ADC values were quantified by placing regions of interest inside the abscess cavity in all sections where the lesion was apparent on coregistered ADC maps derived from different b-values. VCD was measured on pus aspirated. RESULTS An increase in b-value was associated with a decrease in ADC values in normal parenchyma as well as in the abscess cavity. The most significant negative correlation of VCD was observed with b = 3000 s/mm(2) (r = -0.98, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS VCD in the abscess cavity can be best assessed at b = 3000 s/mm(2) secondary to the reduction in the T2 shinethrough effect. DWI with b = 3000 s/mm(2) is of promising value in the assessment of the therapeutic response of brain abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tomar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Alexander G, Barley J, Batygin Y, Berridge S, Bharadwaj V, Bower G, Bugg W, Decker FJ, Dollan R, Efremenko Y, Gharibyan V, Hast C, Iverson R, Kolanoski H, Kovermann J, Laihem K, Lohse T, McDonald KT, Mikhailichenko AA, Moortgat-Pick GA, Pahl P, Pitthan R, Pöschl R, Reinherz-Aronis E, Riemann S, Schälicke A, Schüler KP, Schweizer T, Scott D, Sheppard JC, Stahl A, Szalata ZM, Walz D, Weidemann AW. Observation of polarized positrons from an undulator-based source. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:210801. [PMID: 18518594 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.210801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An experiment (E166) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center has demonstrated a scheme in which a multi-GeV electron beam passed through a helical undulator to generate multi-MeV, circularly polarized photons which were then converted in a thin target to produce positrons (and electrons) with longitudinal polarization above 80% at 6 MeV. The results are in agreement with GEANT4 simulations that include the dominant polarization-dependent interactions of electrons, positrons, and photons in matter.
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Bharadwaj V, Somani K, Kansara S. THE EFFECT OF CHAIN LENGTH OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL ON PROPERTIES OF CASTOR OIL BASED POLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-120006522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Prasad C, Gautam A, Bharadwaj V, Parimoo P. Differential derivative spectrophotometric determination of phenobarbitone and phenytoin sodium in combined tablet preparations. Talanta 1997; 44:917-22. [PMID: 18966820 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-9140(96)02139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/1996] [Revised: 10/16/1996] [Accepted: 10/18/1996] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Armstrong TA, Bettoni D, Bharadwaj V, Biino C, Borreani G, Broemmelsiek D, Buzzo A, Calabrese R, Ceccucci A, Cester R, Church M, Dalpiaz P, Dalpiaz PF, Dimitroyannis D, Fabbri M, Fast J, Gianoli A, Ginsburg CM, Gollwitzer K, Govi G, Hahn A, Hasan M, Hsueh S, Lewis R, Luppi E, Macrí M, Majewska AM, Mandelkern M, Marchetto F, Marinelli M, Marques J, Marsh W, Martini M, Masuzawa M, Menichetti E, Migliori A, Mussa R, Palestini S, Pallavicini M, Passaggio S, Pastrone N, Patrignani C, Peoples J, Petrucci F, Pia MG, Pordes S, Rapidis P, Ray R, Reid J, Rinaudo G, Roccuzzo B, Rosen J, Santroni A, Sarmiento M, Savriè M, Schultz J, Seth KK, Smith AJ, Smith GA, Sozzi M, Trokenheim S, Weber MF, Werkema S, Zhang Y. Observation of the radiative decay J/ psi -->e+e- gamma. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1996; 54:7067-7070. [PMID: 10020715 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.54.7067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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17
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Armstrong TA, Bettoni D, Bharadwaj V, Biino C, Blanford G, Borreani G, Broemmelsiek D, Buzzo A, Calabrese R, Ceccucci A, Cester R, Church M, Dalpiaz P, Dalpiaz PF, Dimitroyannis D, Fabbri M, Fast J, Gianoli A, Ginsburg CM, Gollwitzer K, Govi G, Hahn A, Hasan M, Hsueh S, Lewis R, Luppi E, Macrí M, Majewska AM, Mandelkern M, Marchetto F, Marinelli M, Marques J, Marsh W, Martini M, Masuzawa M, Menichetti E, Migliori A, Mussa R, Palestini S, Pallavicini M, Passaggio S, Pastrone N, Patrignani C, Peoples J, Petrucci F, Pia MG, Pordes S, Rapidis P, Ray R, Reid J, Rinaudo G, Roccuzzo B, Rosen J, Santroni A, Sarmiento M, Savrré M, Schultz J, Seth KK, Smith A, Smith GA, Sozzi M, Trokenheim S, Weber MF, Werkema S. Study of the eta c(1 (1)S0) state of charmonium formed in p-barp annihilations and a search for the eta c'(2 (1)S0). Phys Rev D Part Fields 1995; 52:4839-4854. [PMID: 10019708 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.52.4839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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18
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Verma AK, Vohra A, Maitra A, Banerjee M, Singh R, Mittal SK, Bharadwaj V, Batra V, Bhatia A, Aggarwal P. Epidemiology of chronic suppurative otitis media and deafness in a rural area and developing an intervention strategy. Indian J Pediatr 1995; 62:725-9. [PMID: 10829951 DOI: 10.1007/bf02825128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Of 613 children evaluated in a village in Haryana 94 (15.3%) were observed to have chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). Fifty eight (61.7%) children had hearing impairment. CSOM contributed to 71.6% of the hearing impaired (58/81). On analysis of association of CSOM with literacy and socio-economic status of mothers, and age, sex, and upper respiratory tract infections (URI) in children positive correlation was observed only with URIs (P < 0.001). Literacy and socio-economic status of the mothers did not correlate significantly with knowledge about treatment seeking, and ear cleaning practices, probably due to the narrow range of incomes and literacy levels. An intervention program consisting of play, demonstrations, health charts and slogans, and aural cleaning and antibiotic drops was introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Verma
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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Balakin V, Alexandrov VA, Mikhailichenko A, Flöttmann K, Peters F, Voss G, Bharadwaj V, Halling M, Holt JA, Buon J, Jeanjean J, LeDiberder F, Lepeltier V, Puzo P, Heimlinger G, Settles R, Stierlin U, Hayano H, Ishihara N, Nakayama H, Oide K, Shintake T, Takeuchi Y, Yamamoto N, Bulos F, Burke D, Field R, Hartman S, Helm R, Irwin J, Iverson R, Rokni S, Roy G, Spence W, Tenenbaum P, Wagner SR, Walz D, Williams S. Focusing of submicron beams for TeV-scale e+e- linear colliders. Phys Rev Lett 1995; 74:2479-2482. [PMID: 10057938 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Mathur DR, Bharadwaj V, Vaishnav K, Ramdeo IN. Red grain mycetoma caused by Actinomadura pelletieri in western Rajasthan: report of two cases. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 1993; 36:486-8. [PMID: 8157323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D R Mathur
- Department of Pathology Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
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Armstrong TA, Bettoni D, Bharadwaj V, Biino C, Borreani G, Broemmelsiek D, Buzzo A, Calabrese R, Ceccucci A, Cester R, Church MD, Dalpiaz P, Dalpiaz PF, Dibenedetto R, Dimitroyannis D, Fabbri MG, Fast JE, Gianoli A, Ginsburg CM, Gollwitzer KE, Hahn AA, Hasan MA, Hsueh SY, Lewis RA, Luppi E, Macrí M, Majewska AM, Mandelkern MA, Marchetto F, Marinelli M, Marques JL, Marsh W, Martini M, Masuzawa M, Menichetti E, Migliori A, Mussa R, Palestini S, Pallavicini M, Pastrone N, Patrignani C, Peoples J, Pesando L, Petrucci F, Pia MG, Pordes S, Rapidis PA, Ray RE, Reid JD, Rinaudo G, Roccuzzo B, Rosen JL, Santroni A, Sarmiento M, Savrié M, Scalisi A, Schultz J, Seth KK, Smith A, Smith GA, Sozzi M, Trokenheim S, Weber MF, Werkema SJ. Study of the angular distribution of the reaction p-barp--> chi c2-->J/ psi gamma -->e+e- gamma. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1993; 48:3037-3044. [PMID: 10016557 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.48.3037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Armstrong TA, Bettoni D, Bharadwaj V, Biino C, Borreani G, Broemmelsiek D, Buzzo A, Calabrese R, Ceccucci A, Cester R, Church M, Dalpiaz P, Dalpiaz PF, Dibenedetto R, Dimitroyannis D, Fabbri M, Fast J, Gianoli A, Ginsburg CM, Gollwitzer K, Hahn A, Hasan MA, Hsueh S, Lewis R, Luppi E, Macrí M, Majewska AM, Mandelkern M, Marchetto F, Marinelli M, Marques J, Marsh W, Martini M, Masuzawa M, Menichetti E, Migliori A, Mussa R, Palestini S, Pallavicini M, Pastrone N, Patrignani C, Peoples J, Pesando L, Petrucci F, Pia MG, Rapidis PA, Ray R, Reid J, Rinaudo G, Roccuzzo B, Rosen J, Santroni A, Sarmiento M, Savrié M, Scalisi A, Schultz J, Seth KK, Smith A, Smith GA, Sozzi M, Trokenheim S, Weber MF, Werkema S, Zhang Y. Measurement of the gamma gamma partial width of the chi 2 charmonium resonance. Phys Rev Lett 1993; 70:2988-2991. [PMID: 10053747 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Armstrong TA, Bettoni D, Bharadwaj V, Biino C, Borreani G, Broemmelsiek D, Buzzo A, Calabrese R, Ceccucci A, Cester R, Church MD, Dalpiaz P, Dalpiaz PF, Dibenedetto R, Dimitroyannis D, Fabbri MG, Fast JE, Gianoli A, Ginsburg CM, Gollwitzer KE, Hahn AA, Hasan MA, Hsueh SY, Lewis RA, Luppi E, Macrí M, Majewska A, Mandelkern MA, Marchetto F, Marinelli M, Marques JL, Marsh W, Martini M, Masuzawa M, Menichetti E, Migliori A, Mussa R, Palestini S, Pallavicini M, Pastrone N, Patrignani C, Peoples J, Pesando L, Petrucci F, Pia MG, Pordes S, Rapidis PA, Ray RE, Reid JD, Rinaudo G, Roccuzzo B, Rosen JL, Santroni A, Sarmiento M, Savriè M, Scalisi A, Schultz J, Seth KK, Smith A, Smith GA, Sozzi M, Trokenheim S, Weber MF, Werkema SJ. Proton electromagnetic form factors in the timelike region from 8.9 to 13.0 GeV2. Phys Rev Lett 1993; 70:1212-1215. [PMID: 10054319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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24
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Armstrong TA, Bettoni D, Bharadwaj V, Biino C, Borreani G, Broemmelsiek D, Buzzo A, Calabrese R, Ceccucci A, Cester R, Church MD, Dalpiaz P, Dalpiaz PF, Dibenedetto R, Dimitroyannis D, Fabbri MG, Fast JE, Gianoli A, Ginsburg CM, Gollwitzer KE, Hahn AA, Hasan MA, Hsueh SY, Lewis RA, Luppi E, Macrí M, Majewska A, Mandelkern MA, Marchetto F, Marinelli M, Marques JL, Marsh W, Martini M, Masuzawa M, Menichetti E, Migliori A, Mussa R, Palestini S, Pallavicini M, Passaggio S, Pastrone N, Patrignani C, Peoples J, Pesando L, Petrucci F, Pia MG, Pordes S, Rapidis PA, Ray RE, Reid JD, Rinaudo G, Roccuzzo B, Rosen JL, Sarmiento M, Savriè M, Scalisi A, Schultz J, Seth KK, Smith A, Smith GA, Sozzi M, Tecchio L, Trokenheim S, Weber MF. Measurement of the J/ psi and psi ' resonance parameters in p-barp annihilation. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1993; 47:772-783. [PMID: 10015638 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.47.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Armstrong TA, Bettoni D, Bharadwaj V, Biino C, Borreani G, Broemmelsiek D, Buzzo A, Calabrese R, Ceccucci A, Cester R, Church M, Dalpiaz P, Dalpiaz PF, Dibenedetto R, Dimitroyannis D, Fabbri MG, Fast J, Gianoli A, Ginsburg CM, Gollwitzer K, Hahn A, Hasan M, Hsueh S, Lewis R, Luppi E, Macrí M, Majewska AM, Mandelkern M, Marchetto F, Marinelli M, Marques J, Marsh W, Martini M, Masuzawa M, Menichetti E, Migliori A, Mussa R, Palestini S, Pallavicini M, Pastrone N, Patrignani C, Peoples J, Pesando L, Petrucci F, Pia MG, Pordes S, Rapidis P, Ray R, Reid J, Rinaudo G, Roccuzzo B, Rosen J, Santroni A, Sarmiento M, Savrie M, Scalisi A, Schultz J, Seth KK, Smith A, Smith GA, Sozzi M, Trokenheim S, Weber MF, Werkema S. Observation of the 1P1 state of charmonium. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 69:2337-2340. [PMID: 10046459 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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26
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Armstrong TA, Bettoni D, Bharadwaj V, Biino C, Borreani G, Broemmelsiek D, Buzzo A, Calabrese R, Ceccucci A, Cester R, Church MD, Dalpiaz P, Dalpiaz PF, Fast JE, Ferroni S, Ginsburg CM, Gollwitzer KE, Hahn AA, Hasan MA, Hsueh SY, Lewis RA, Luppi E, Macr M, Majewska A, Mandelkern MA, Marchetto F, Marinelli M, Marques JL, Marsh W, Martini M, Masuzawa M, Menichetti E, Migliori A, Mussa R, Palestini S, Pastrone N, Patrignani C, Peoples J, Pesando L, Petrucci F, Pia MG, Pordes S, Rapidis PA, Ray RE, Reid JD, Rinaudo G, Rosen JL, Santroni A, Sarmiento M, Savrié M, Schultz J, Seth KK, Smith GA, Tecchio L, Tommasini F, Trokenheim S, Weber MF, Werkema SJ, Zhao JL, Zito M. Precision measurements of charmonium states formed in pp-bar annihilation. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 68:1468-1471. [PMID: 10045139 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Allen RC, Bharadwaj V, Brooks GA, Chen HH, Doe PJ, Hausammann R, Lee WP, Mahler HJ, Potter ME, Rushton AM, Wang KC, Bowles TJ, Burman RL, Carlini RD, Cochran DR, Frank JS, Piasetzky E, Sandberg VD, Krakauer DA, Talaga RL. First observation and cross-section measurement of nu e+e---> nu e+e-. Phys Rev Lett 1985; 55:2401-2404. [PMID: 10032135 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.55.2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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