Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes

INTRODUCTION

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to take exceptional measures to minimize its spread, imposing lockdown policies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of lockdown on type 1 diabetes (T1D) glycemic control.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

People with T1D using flash glucose monitoring were included. Data from the 14 days before lockdown were compared with data from the last 14 days after 8 weeks of lockdown.

RESULTS

A total of 307 patients were included (age 45.8 ± 12.6 years, 50.2% male, diabetes duration 21.1 ± 12.3 years). Only one patient had COVID-19 infection. Mean glucose decreased from 166.89 ± 29.4 to 158.0 ± 29.0 mg/dL and estimated HbA1c declined from 7.4 ± 1.0 to 7.1 ± 1.0% (54 ± 10.9 vs 57 ± 10.9 mmol/mol; p < 0.001). Time in range increased from 57.8 ± 15.8 to 62.46 ± 16.1%. Time in hyperglycemia > 180 mg/dL and >250 mg/dL decreased from 37.3 ± 1.9% to 32.0 ± 17.1% and from 13.0 ± 11.3 to 10.3 ± 10.6%, respectively; (p < 0.001). Time in hypoglycaemia <70 mg/dL increased from 4.9 ± 4.0% to 5.5 ± 4.4% (p < 0.001). No differences in time <54 mg/dl, coefficient of variation (CV%) or number of scans per day were found.

CONCLUSION

Despite the limitations of lockdown, glycemic control improved in patients with T1D. These results suggest that having more time for self-management may help improve glycemic control in the short term.

Comparison of Basal-Bolus and Premixed Insulin Regimens in Hospitalized Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE

Premixed insulin is a commonly prescribed formulation for the outpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes. The safety and efficacy of premixed insulin formulations in the hospital setting is not known.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In a prospective, open-label trial, we randomized general medicine and surgery patients to receive a basal-bolus regimen with glargine once daily and glulisine before meals (n = 33) or premixed human insulin (30% regular insulin and 70% NPH insulin) twice daily (n = 39). Major outcomes included differences in daily blood glucose (BG) levels and frequency of hypoglycemic events (<70 mg/dL) between treatment groups.

RESULTS

At the first prespecified interim analysis, the study was stopped early because of an increased frequency of hypoglycemia >50% in patients treated with premixed human insulin. A total of 64% of patients treated with premixed insulin experienced one or more episodes of hypoglycemia compared with 24% in the basal-bolus group (P < 0.001). There were no differences in mean daily BG level after the first day of insulin treatment (175 ± 32 vs. 179 ± 43 mg/dL, P = 0.64) between groups. A BG target between 80 and 180 mg/dL before meals was achieved in 55.9% of BG readings in the basal-bolus group and 54.3% of BG readings in the premixed insulin group (P = 0.23). There was no difference in the length of hospital stay or mortality between treatment groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Inpatient treatment with premixed human insulin resulted in similar glycemic control but in significantly higher frequency of hypoglycemia compared with treatment with basal-bolus insulin regimen in hospitalized patients with diabetes.

Neutrophils from allergic asthmatic patients produce and release metalloproteinase-9 upon direct exposure to allergens

BACKGROUND

Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and remodelling in which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role. MMP-9 is the major MMP found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and bronchial biopsies from patients with allergic asthma after allergen challenge, where it correlates with the count of neutrophils and macrophages. However, the cellular sources of MMP-9 in this inflammatory condition have not yet been clearly identified. This work was undertaken to analyse whether neutrophils may be a source of MMP-9 in the allergic asthma condition upon allergen challenge.

METHODS

Neutrophils from allergic asthmatic patients were in vitro stimulated, and the levels of MMP-9 release were measured in the cell culture supernatants using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and zymography.

RESULTS

We show that MMP-9 is released by neutrophils, but not by eosinophils from allergic asthmatic patients in response to allergens to which the patients were sensitized. Neutrophils also released MMP-9 in response to anti-IgE Abs, and agonist Abs against FcεRI, FcεRII/CD23 and galectin-3. Inhibitors of transcription and translation, actinomycin D and cycloheximide, partially cancelled this process, suggesting that MMP-9 is also de novo synthesized in response to stimuli. We also show evidence that the MAPKs, p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, as well as the transcription factor NF-κB, are involved, as specific chemical inhibitors of these cell-signalling pathways abolished the anti-IgE/allergen-dependent MMP-9 release.

CONCLUSIONS

These data demonstrate that the exposure of neutrophils to allergens leads to generation of MMP-9, which may then lead to remodelling in asthma.

Effector cell signature in peripheral blood following nasal allergen challenge in grass pollen allergic individuals

BACKGROUND

Several studies have demonstrated the time course of inflammatory mediators in nasal fluids following nasal allergen challenge (NAC), whereas the effects of NAC on cells in the periphery are unknown. We examined the time course of effector cell markers (for basophils, dendritic cells and T cells) in peripheral blood after nasal grass pollen allergen challenge.

METHODS

Twelve participants with seasonal allergic rhinitis underwent a control (diluent) challenge followed by NAC after an interval of 14 days. Nasal symptoms and peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) were recorded along with peripheral basophil, T-cell and dendritic cell responses (flow cytometry), T-cell proliferative responses (thymidine incorporation), and cytokine expression (FluoroSpot assay).

RESULTS

Robust increases in nasal symptoms and decreases in PNIF were observed during the early (0-1 h) response and modest significant changes during the late (1-24 h) response. Sequential peaks in peripheral blood basophil activation markers were observed (CD107a at 3 h, CD63 at 6 h, and CD203c(bright) at 24 h). T effector/memory cells (CD4(+) CD25(lo) ) were increased at 6 h and accompanied by increases in CD80(+) and CD86(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Ex vivo grass antigen-driven T-cell proliferative responses and the frequency of IL-4(+) CD4(+) T cells were significantly increased at 6 h after NAC when compared to the control day.

CONCLUSION

Basophil, T-cell, and dendritic cell activation increased the frequency of allergen-driven IL-4(+) CD4(+) T cells, and T-cell proliferative responses are detectable in the periphery after NAC. These data confirm systemic cellular activation following a local nasal provocation.

Time-in-range for monitoring glucose control: Is it time for a change?

The HbA1c value has been the gold standard for evaluating glucose control for decades. However, it has limitations such as the lack of information on glycemic variability or the risk of hypoglycemia. The increasing use of continuous glucose monitoring has provided patients and healthcare professionals with a range of useful metrics for the management of diabetes. Among them, Time in Range (TIR) is a simple and intuitive metric that gives information regarding the quality of glucose control. It is defined as the time spent in an individual's target glucose range. TIR is strongly correlated with HbA1c, and it has been linked to the risk of developing microvascular and macrovascular complications. The International Consensus on Time in Range has recently set targets for different diabetes populations. For the majority of people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, a TIR (70-180 mg/dL or 3.9-10.0 mmol/L) of >70%, a time below range (TBR) <70 mg/dL (<3.9 mmol/L) of <4% and a TBR <54 (<3.0 mmol/L) of <1% are recommended. In this review, we address the latest evidence for the use of TIR as an essential parameter in the management of diabetes.

Cost analysis of the flash monitoring system (FreeStyle Libre 2) in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus

INTRODUCTION

Compare cost of the interstitial liquid glucose flash monitoring (FM) system (FreeStyle Libre 2) versus self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Spain.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A model was developed to estimate, with the perspective of the Spanish health system, the annual costs associated with glucose monitoring and hypoglycemic events management in T1DM population, with multiple insulin daily doses (MDI). According to published evidence, rate of severe hypoglycemia (SHE) of 4.90 episodes per patient-year was applied. Reduction of SHE (58.6%) was modeled associated with FM use. Published rates of hospital care (20.2%) and subsequent admission (16%) were assumed for SHE. The daily consumption of strips and lancets was 9 in patients with SMBG (before and after 4 daily intakes and at bedtime) and 0.5 for FM users (according to IMPACT trial findings). Annual consumption of 26 FM sensors was considered (1 every 14 days). Unit costs (in € of 2019, excluding VAT) were obtained from literature and national databases. Sensitivity analyses (SA) were carried out to evaluate the model robustness.

RESULTS

The total annual cost/patient was €4437 for SMBG and €2526 for FM. The use of FM would be associated with an annual savings in the costs of monitoring and managing hypoglycemic events of €1911 per patient-year. In a hypothetical cohort of 1000 patients with T1DM MDI, FM could avoid in 1 year 4900 SHE, 93 hospitalizations for SHE. In addition, the use of FM would generate total savings of up to €1 910 000 per year. In the SA with alternative hypoglycemia events rates and use of strips and lancets, and including non-SHE episodes, savings from €370 000 to €1 760 000 were observed with FM.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of the FM system to monitor glucose in adults with T1DM treated with MDI, would reduce hypoglycemic events and would result in cost savings for the health system.

The Challenge of Sustainable Access to Telemonitoring Tools for People with Diabetes in Europe: Lessons from COVID-19 and Beyond

Telemedicine in diabetes care has been evolving over several years, particularly since the advent of cloud-connected technologies for diabetes management, such as glucose monitoring devices, including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, that facilitate sharing of glucose data between people with diabetes and their healthcare professionals in near-real time. Extreme social distancing and shielding in place for vulnerable patients during the COVID-19 pandemic has created both the challenge and the opportunity to provide care at a distance on a large scale. Available evidence suggests that glucose control has in fact improved during this period for people with diabetes who are able to use CGM devices for remote glucose monitoring. The development of telemedicine as part of the standard of care in diabetes faces significant challenges in the European context, particularly in terms of providing consistent and effective care at a distance to large populations of patients while using robust systems that can be supported by large regional and national healthcare services. These challenges include a fragmented approach to healthcare technology assessment and reimbursement, lack of eHealth education and literacy, particularly amongst healthcare professionals, lack of data integration, as well as concerns about electronic health records, patient consent and privacy. Here we review the benefits of and challenges to wider application of telemedicine and telemonitoring in the post-pandemic future, with the aim to ensure that the value of these eHealth services is provided to patients, healthcare providers and health systems.

Expert Consensus on Morphofunctional Assessment in Disease-Related Malnutrition. Grade Review and Delphi Study

Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) affects approximately a third of hospitalized patients and is associated with an increased risk of morbimortality. However, DRM is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Our aim is to evaluate the prognostic value of morphofunctional tools and tests for nutritional assessment in clinical practice. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies relating to the morphofunctional assessment of nutritional status and mortality or complications. Evidence was evaluated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) method. Twelve GRADE recommendations were made and divided into seven topics: food intake and nutrient assimilation, anthropometry, biochemical analysis, hand grip strength, phase angle, muscle imaging, and functional status and quality of life. From these recommendations, 37 statements were developed and scored in a two-survey Delphi method by 183 experts. A consensus was reached on accepting 26/37 statements. Surveys had high internal consistency and high inter-rater reliability. In conclusion, evidence-based recommendations were made on the prognostic value of morphofunctional assessment tools and tests to assess malnutrition, most of which were found to be feasible in routine clinical practice, according to expert opinions.

Inpatient Hyperglycemia Management and COVID-19

Diabetes is one of the most common comorbidities in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Inpatient hyperglycemia during this pandemic has been associated with worse outcomes, so it is mandatory to implement effective glycemic control treatment approaches for inpatients with COVID-19. The shortage of personal protective equipment, the need to prevent staff exposure, or the fact that many of the healthcare professionals might be relatively unfamiliar with the management of hyperglycemia may lead to worse glycemic control and, consequently, a worse prognosis. In order to reduce these barriers, we intend to adapt established recommendations to manage hyperglycemia during this pandemic in critical and noncritical care settings.

Accuracy and Potential Interferences of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors in the Hospital

For years, the standard of care for monitoring dysglycemia in hospitalized patients was capillary blood glucose (CBG) testing with point-of-care glucose meters. Recently, there has been a revolution in novel factory-calibrated continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems. Newer CGMs are smaller and less expensive, have improved accuracy and longer wear time, and do not require fingerstick CBG for calibration, resulting in increased utilization in ambulatory settings. Consequently, hospitals have noticed increased usability of CGMs among hospitalized patients and expect a progressive continued increase. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a critical need for innovative approaches to glycemic monitoring, with several pilot implementation projects using CGM in the intensive care unit and non-intensive care unit settings, further boosting the evidence in this area. Hence, recent guidelines have provided recommendations for the use of CGM in specific hospital scenarios and highlighted the potential of CGM to overcome CBG limitations for glucose monitoring in the inpatient setting. In this review, we provide the following: 1) an up-to-date review of the accuracy of the newer CGMs in hospitalized patients, 2) a discussion of standards for CGM accuracy metrics, 3) a contemporary overview of potential interferences that may cause inaccuracies or poor CGM performance, and 4) required steps for full regulatory approval of CGMs in the hospital and future research steps to advance the field forward.

A Novel Mutation in a Patient with Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumour Syndrome

Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome (HPT-JT) is a rare variant of familial hyperparathyroidism, characterized by primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) due to one or multiple parathyroid adenomas, and benign tumours of the mandible and maxilla. It has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, and is associated with mutations that deactivate the cell division cycle protein 73 homolog (CDC73) gene, also known as hyperparathyroidism 2 (HRPT2), located on the long arm of chromosome 1, that encodes for the tumour suppressor protein parafibromin. In the majority of cases, PHPT is the presenting symptom, but up to 30 % of HPT-JT cases initially present with an ossifying fibroma of the maxillofacial bones. HPT-JT may result in severe hypercalcemia-related complications and an elevated risk of parathyroid carcinoma. For this reason, early identification of the disease is important. We present the case of a 23-year-old woman who was found to have jaw tumours and was later diagnosed with PHPT. Genetic analysis revealed a novel mutation in exon 1 of CDC73. This report contributes to the understanding of the genetics of this rare syndrome. It also highlights the fact that HPT-JT should be considered and CDC73 mutation analysis should be performed in cases of early-onset PHPT associated with ossifying fibromas of the jaw.

[Anthropometric measures of central abdominal fat and discriminant capacity for metabolic syndrome in a Spanish population]

INTRODUCTION

The metabolic syndrome (MS) carries an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance is probably the mechanism underlying the changes detected in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in these patients, who have, as a common anthropometric feature, a predominantly increased abdominal fat distribution.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 3316 patients were studied, of whom 63.40% were female and 36.60 male, with a mean age of 42.36±14.63 years, and a body mass index (BMI) of 32.76±6.81kg/m(2). Weight, height and waist circumference (CC) were measured using standard techniques. The waist/height (ICA) was calculated using two indicators, expressed as waist in cm divided by height in m(2), and as waist divided by height, both in cm. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the sample was 33.70%. In order to assess the predictive ability of BMI, ICA and CC to detect the existence of MS, receiver operating curves (ROC) were constructed and the areas under the curve (AUC) calculated for each anthropometric parameter.

RESULTS

An AUC of 0.724 (95%CI: 0.706 to 0.742), P<.001, was obtained for CC, 0.709 (95%CI: 0.691 to 0.728), P<.001 for ICA with height in m(2), and 0.729 (95%CI: 0.711 to 0.747), P<.001 for ICA with height in cm, and for the BMI it was 0.680 (95%CI 0.661-0.699), P<.001.

CONCLUSIONS

Anthropometric indices that assess abdominal fat distribution have a better predictive capacity for detecting MS, compared to total adiposity indicators such as BMI.

Description of a Cohort of Type 1 Diabetes Patients: Analysis of Comorbidities, Prevalence of Complications and Risk of Hypoglycemia

BACKGROUND

Despite major medical advances, Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) patients still have greater morbimortality than the general population. Our aim was to describe our cohort of T1D patients and identify potential risk factors susceptible to prevention strategies.

METHODS

Cross-sectional, observational study, including T1D patients treated at our center, from 1 March 2017 to 31 March 2020.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

T1D, age > 14 years and signed informed consent.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

diabetes other than T1D, age < 14 years and/or refusal to participate.

RESULTS

Study population n = 2181 (49.8% females, median age at enrollment 41 years, median HbA1c 7.7%; 38.24% had at least one comorbidity). Roughly 7.45% had severe hypoglycemia (SH) within the prior year. Macro/microvascular complications were present in 42.09% (5.83% and 41.14%, respectively). The most frequent microvascular complication was diabetic retinopathy (38.02%), and coronary disease (3.21%) was the most frequent macrovascular complication. The risk of complications was higher in males than in females, mainly macrovascular. Patients with SH had a higher risk of complications (OR 1.42; 1.43 in males versus 1.42 in females).

CONCLUSIONS

Our T1D population is similar to other T1D populations. We should minimize the risk of SH, and male patients should perhaps be treated more aggressively regarding cardiovascular risk factors.

Intensification of Basal Insulin Therapy with Lixisenatide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in a Real-World Setting: The BASAL-LIXI Study

•

Adding lixisenatide to basal insulin was effective for uncontrolled type 2 diabetes.

•

Glycemic control improved and body weight lowered during 24 weeks of treatment.

•

These benefits were achieved with a low risk of hypoglycemia in clinical practice.

•

These findings in the clinical practice setting support those of clinical trials.

Background

Basal insulin reduces fasting blood glucose levels, but postprandial blood glucose levels may remain higher. Traditional strategies with rapid insulin intensification can cause hypoglycemic episodes and weight gain. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, such as the short-acting lixisenatide, are able to control postprandial excursions, without weight gain, and with a low risk of hypoglycemic events.

Objective

Due to the limited data on the combination of lixisenatide with basal insulin (with or without oral antidiabetes drugs) in clinical practice, this study evaluated changes in parameters associated with glycemic control and anthropometric data after 24 weeks of this therapy intensification.

Methods

This was a multicenter, retrospective observational study of 129 patients with type 2 diabetes that was uncontrolled by basal insulin. Their treatment was intensified by the addition of lixisenatide at least 24 weeks before being included in the study. Data were retrospectively collected to determine changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, blood glucose levels, weight, and body mass index. Adverse reactions and hypoglycemic events were also recorded.

Results

After 24 weeks of therapy intensification with lixisenatide, a significant reduction in HbA1c levels was observed (–1.1%; P < 0.001). An HbA1c <7% was achieved in 30.2% of patients, and 17.1% reached an HbA1c <6.5%. There was a reduction in fasting blood glucose (31.8 [60.3] mg/dL; P < 0.001) and postprandial blood glucose (55.0 [49] mg/dL; P < 0.001) levels, as well as body weight (4.0 [5.4] kg; P < 0.001) and body mass index (1.5 [1.9]; P < 0.001). The most commonly observed adverse reactions were nausea (n = 9), in line with previous studies. Hypoglycemia events were rare; only reported in 2 patients.

Conclusions

Intensification strategy based on lixisenatide added to basal insulin (with or without oral antidiabetes drugs) can be an effective treatment option in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. In this small, selected population, glycemic control was significantly improved in terms of HbA1, fasting blood glucose levels, and postprandial glucose levels, with a reduction of body weight and low risk of hypoglycemic events. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2018; 79:XXX–XXX)

Expert Recommendations for Using Time-in-Range and Other Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics to Achieve Patient-Centered Glycemic Control in People With Diabetes

New metrics for assessing glycemic control beyond HbA1c have recently emerged due to the increasing use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in diabetes clinical practice. Among them, time in range (TIR) has appeared as a simple and intuitive metric that correlates inversely with HbA1c and has also been newly linked to the risk of long-term diabetes complications. The International Consensus on Time in Range established a series of target glucose ranges (TIR, time below range and time above range) and recommendations for time spent within these ranges for different diabetes populations. These parameters should be evaluated together with the ambulatory glucose profile (AGP). Using standardized visual reporting may help people with diabetes and healthcare professionals in the evaluation of glucose control in frequent clinical situations. The objective of the present review is to provide practical insights to quick interpretation of patient-centered metrics based on flash glucose monitoring data, as well as showing some visual examples of common clinical situations and giving practical recommendations for their management.

Beyond the Glycaemic Control of Dapagliflozin: Microangiopathy and Non-classical Complications

Dapagliflozin is a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (EF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In monotherapy or as an additive therapy, dapagliflozin aids glycaemic control, is associated with reductions in blood pressure and weight, and promotes a favourable lipid profile. In this review, we address the impact of dapagliflozin on cardiovascular risk factors and common microangiopathic complications such as kidney disease and retinopathy in patients with T2DM. Furthermore, we evaluate its potential beneficial effects on other less frequent complications of diabetes, such as macular oedema, cognitive impairment, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and respiratory disorders during sleep. Moreover, the underuse of SGLT2i in clinical practice is discussed. Our goal is to help translate this evidence into clinical practice.

Effectiveness and Safety of an Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System in Adolescents and Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Previously Treated with Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion and Flash Glucose Monitoring

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the MiniMed™ 780G advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) system in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) previously treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion combined with flash glucose monitoring in a real-life setting. A total of 47 subjects (mean age 41 ± 13.6 years, 60% females, diabetes duration 28 ± 11 years) were included and switched to an AHCL system. Baseline and 6-month data were analyzed. Time in range 70-180 mg/dL increased from 65.3% at baseline to 73.8% at 6 months. Time in hyperglycemia >180 mg/dL decreased from 26.6% to 19.3%. Time in hypoglycemia <70 mg/dL decreased from 4.6% to 2.3%. The coefficient of variation also decreased from 36% to 31.6%. No episodes of severe hypoglycemia, diabetes ketoacidosis, or diabetes-related hospital admissions occurred. In conclusion, the MiniMed 780G AHCL system enables the safe achievement of recommended glycemic targets in people with T1D after 6 months of use.

DAPA-RWE: a retrospective multicenter study comparing dapagliflozin and sitagliptin in patients with Type 2 diabetes treated under routine clinical practice in Spain

Background: Weight reduction and glycemic control are key goals during Type 2 diabetes management. However, there are few country-specific, real-world data on cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Materials & methods: DAPA-RWE was a retrospective, multicenter study comparing the efficacy of dapagliflozin versus sitagliptin in Type 2 diabetes patients in Spain. Results: The study population comprised 1046 patients (594 with dapagliflozin, 452 with sitagliptin). Age was 61.8 ± 10.0 and 66.2 ± 11.4 years and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 8.9 and 8.8%, respectively. The main end point (reduction in weight and HbA1c) was reached by 24.4 and 56.1% of patients, respectively; p < 0.05. This was confirmed with a propensity score matching analysis balanced for obesity-related variables at baseline. Conclusion: DAPA-RWE confirmed dapagliflozin to be more effective than sitagliptin in reducing HbA1c and weight.

Flash Glucose Monitoring and Diabetes Mellitus Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: An Approach to Clinical Practice

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to investigate in depth diabetes mellitus associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (DM-ICIs) by analysing a case series. We also evaluated the clinical impact of flash glucose monitoring (FGM) systems in the management of this entity.

METHODS

We conducted an observational cohort study of DM-ICIs diagnosed in two hospitals in Seville (Spain). Patients with a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) or with sudden worsening of preexisting DM after starting treatment with ICIs, with a random 5 hour-postprandial C-peptide value of <0.6 nmol/L and without possibility of subsequent withdrawal of insulin treatment, were included.

RESULTS

A total of 7 cases were identified, mostly males (n = 6; 85.7%), with a mean age of 64.9 years. The mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) upon diagnosis was 8.1%, with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) observed in 6 cases (85.7%). Subcutaneous flash glucose monitoring (FGM) systems were used in six cases, with a mean follow-up period of 42.7 weeks. During the first 90 days of use, mean average glucose was 167.5 mg/dL, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 34.6%. The mean time in the range 70-180 mg/dL (TIR) was 59.7%, with a mean time above range (TAR) 181-250 mg/dL of 27.8% and a mean TAR > 250 mg/dL of 10.2%. The mean time below range (TBR) 54-69 mg/dL was 2%, while the mean TBR < 54 mg/dL was 0.3%. The mean glucose management indicator (GMI) was 7.3%. No significant differences were observed in FGM values for the following 90 days of follow-up. A progressive improvement in all parameters of glycaemic control was observed between the first month of FGM use and the sixth month of FGM use. Of note, there was a decrease in mean CV (40.6% to 34.1%, p = 0.25), mean TAR 181-250 (30.3% to 26%, p = 0.49), mean TAR > 250 mg/dL (16.3% to 7.7%, p = 0.09), mean TBR 54-69 mg/dL (5.2% to 2%, p = 0.16), and mean TBR < 54 mg/dL (1.8% to 0.2%, p = 0.31), along with an increase in mean values of TIR 70-180 mg/dL (46.5% to 60.5%, p = 0.09). The lack of statistical significance in the differences observed in the mean FGM values over the follow-up period may be related to the small sample size.

CONCLUSION

DM-ICI is recognised by a state of sudden-onset insulinopenia, often associated with DKA. The use of FGM systems may be a valid option for the effective management of DM-ICIs and for the prevention of severe hyperglycaemic and hypoglycaemic episodes in this condition.

Comprehensive approach to people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Knowledge Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition

OBJECTIVE

To provide practical recommendations for the comprehensive approach of people with type 2 diabetes according to evidence-based medicine.

PARTICIPANTS

Members of the Diabetes Knowledge Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition.

METHODS

The recommendations were formulated according to the degrees of evidence of the Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. After reviewing the available evidence and formulating recommendations by the authors of each section, several rounds of comments were developed incorporating the contributions and voting on controversial points. Finally, the final document was sent to the rest of the members of the area for review and incorporation of contributions, to finally carry out the same process with the members of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition Board of Directors.

CONCLUSIONS

The document establishes practical recommendations based on the latest available evidence for the management of people with type 2 diabetes.

Niveles de glucemia en pacientes no diabéticos. ¿Es un factor pronóstico en el síndrome coronario agudo?

INTRODUCTION

The role of glucose elevation above levels considered normal in non- diabetic patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is not adequately defined. The aim of this study was to determine the association between serum glucose at admission and 1-year mortality in this type of patients.

METHODS

We studied 648 non diabetic patients admitted consecutively with ACS. Serum glucose was determined at admission, together with classical risk factors, biochemical and inflammatory markers. The primary endpoint was all cause mortality at one year follow-up.

RESULTS

Patients with normal glucose had lower mortality than patients with impaired fasting glucose (14.1% vs 5.7% 1-year mortality) or with glucose levels in diabetic range (24.7% vs 5.7% 1-year mortality).

CONCLUSIONS

In non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes, elevated levels of glucose in non-diabetic patients are strong predictors of all cause death at one year follow-up. This prognostic value is independent of other risk factors biochemical and inflammatory markers.

Descriptive study of a clinical and educational telemedicine intervention in patients with diabetes receiving glargine 300 U/ml (Toujeo) in Spain: results of the T-Coach programme

Background

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, and innovative patient support programmes can help and inform patients about their disease and improve their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the T-Coach programme in terms of improvement of disease knowledge, self-management and adherence to treatment in a real-world setting in Spain between July 2016 and October 2018.

Methods

We analyzed data from the T-Coach programme, a telephone platform that gives support to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin glargine 300 U/ml (Gla-300). Support was provided by diabetes care nurses. Patients followed their treatment and aimed to achieve fasting blood glucose targets through diabetes education.

Results

A total of 479 patients were included in the programme. The mean (SD) dose of Gla-300 was 28.5 (16.3) U at baseline and 31.8 (16.1) U, 31.4 (16.4) U and 32.2 (16.3) U, respectively, at 3, 6 and 12 months. A satisfaction survey was completed by 240 (50.1%) patients, who, on average, were very highly satisfied with the programme, general assistance provided, recommendations received, and calls from nurses.

Conclusions

T-Coach could be an effective tool to help patients achieve their optimal dose of Gla-300 insulin and manage their blood glucose levels. It could also act as an effective support for diabetes education.