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On the relevance of thrombomodulin variants in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Kidney Int 2023; 104:851-855. [PMID: 37567446 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
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Clinical Profiles and Patterns of Kidney Disease Progression in C3 Glomerulopathy. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:659-672. [PMID: 36996481 PMCID: PMC10278771 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Key Points Kidney survival in C3 glomerulopathy is significantly higher in patients with a disease chronicity score <4 and proteinuria <3.5 g/d, regardless of baseline eGFR. A faster eGFR decline in C3 glomerulopathy is associated with higher probability of kidney failure. Patients with glomerulopathy with a progressive reduction in proteinuria over time did not reach kidney failure. Background C3 glomerulopathy is a rare kidney disease, which makes it difficult to collect large cohorts of patients to better understand its variability. The aims of this study were to describe the clinical profiles and patterns of progression of kidney disease. Methods This was a retrospective, observational cohort study. Patients diagnosed with C3 glomerulopathy between 1995 and 2020 were enrolled. Study population was divided into clinical profiles by combining the following predictors: eGFR under/above 30 ml/min per 1.73 m2, proteinuria under/above 3.5 g/d, and histologic chronicity score under/above 4. The change in eGFR and proteinuria over time was evaluated in a subgroup with consecutive measurements of eGFR and proteinuria. Results One hundred and fifteen patients with a median age of 30 years (interquartile range 19–50) were included. Patients were divided into eight clinical profiles. Kidney survival was significantly higher in patients with a chronicity score <4 and proteinuria <3.5 g/d, both in those presenting with an eGFR under/above 30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The median eGFR slope of patients who reached kidney failure was −6.5 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year (interquartile range −1.6 to −17). Patients who showed a reduction in proteinuria over time did not reach kidney failure. On the basis of the rate of eGFR decline, patients were classified as faster eGFR decline (≥5 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year), slower (<5 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year), and those without decline. A faster eGFR decline was associated with higher probability of kidney failure. Conclusions Kidney survival is significantly higher in patients with a chronicity score <4 and proteinuria <3.5 g/d regardless of baseline eGFR, and a faster rate of decline in eGFR is associated with higher probability of kidney failure.
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Thrombotic microangiopathy in patients with malignant hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 38:1217-1226. [PMID: 36002030 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a complication of malignant hypertension (mHTN) attributed to the high levels of blood pressure (BP). However, no studies have investigated in patients with mHTN of different etiologies whether the presence of TMA is associated with specific causes of mHTN. METHODS We investigate the presence of TMA (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia) in a large and well characterized cohort of 199 patients with mHTN of different etiologies (primary HTN 44%, glomerular diseases 16.6%, primary atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) 13.1%, renovascular HTN 9.5%, drug-related HTN 7%, systemic diseases 5.5%, endocrine diseases 4.5%). Outcomes of the study were kidney recovery and kidney failure. RESULTS Patients with TMA (40 cases, 20.1%) were younger, had a lower proportion of males, lower BP levels and worse kidney function at presentation. Their underlying diseases were primary aHUS (60%), drug-related mHTN (15%), glomerular diseases (all of them IgA nephropathy) (10%), systemic diseases (10%) and primary HTN (5%). The presence of TMA was 92.3% in primary aHUS, 42.9% in drug-related HTN, 36.4% in systemic diseases, 12.1% in glomerular diseases and 2.3% in primary HTN. No patient with renovascular HTN or mHTN caused by endocrine diseases developed TMA, despite BP levels as severe as patients with TMA. A higher proportion of TMA patients developed kidney failure as compared to patients without TMA (56.4% versus 38.9%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The presence of TMA in patients with mHTN should guide the diagnosis towards primary aHUS, drug-related mHTN, some systemic diseases and IgA nephropathy, while it is exceptional in other causes of mHTN.
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Development and validation of a nomogram to predict kidney survival at baseline in patients with C3 glomerulopathy. Clin Kidney J 2022; 15:1737-1746. [PMID: 36003665 PMCID: PMC9394716 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C3 glomerulopathy is a rare and heterogeneous complement-driven disease. It is often challenging to accurately predict in clinical practice the individual kidney prognosis at baseline. We herein sought to develop and validate a prognostic nomogram to predict long-term kidney survival. Methods We conducted a retrospective, multicenter observational cohort study in 35 nephrology departments belonging to the Spanish Group for the Study of Glomerular Diseases. The dataset was randomly divided into a training group (n = 87) and a validation group (n = 28). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to screen the main predictors of kidney outcome and to build the nomogram. The accuracy of the nomogram was assessed by discrimination and risk calibration in the training and validation sets. Results The study group comprised 115 patients, of whom 46 (40%) reached kidney failure in a median follow-up of 49 months (range 24–112). No significant differences were observed in baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria or total chronicity score of kidney biopsies, between patients in the training versus those in the validation set. The selected variables by LASSO were eGFR, proteinuria and total chronicity score. Based on a Cox model, a nomogram was developed for the prediction of kidney survival at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years from diagnosis. The C-index of the nomogram was 0.860 (95% confidence interval 0.834–0.887) and calibration plots showed optimal agreement between predicted and observed outcomes. Conclusions We constructed and validated a practical nomogram with good discrimination and calibration to predict the risk of kidney failure in C3 glomerulopathy patients at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years.
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IgA nephropathy is the most common underlying disease in patients with anticoagulant-related nephropathy. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7:831-840. [PMID: 35497792 PMCID: PMC9039479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.01.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anticoagulant-related nephropathy (ARN) is a relatively novel recognized entity characterized by hematuria-associated acute kidney injury (AKI) in the context of overanticoagulation. Preexisting or underlying kidney disease seems to be a predisposing factor; however, few studies have described histologic findings in patients with ARN. We aimed to evaluate underlying kidney pathology in patients on oral anticoagulation who presented an episode of AKI with hematuria in whom a kidney biopsy was performed. Methods Retrospective observational multicenter case study in patients treated with oral anticoagulants who developed macroscopic or intense hematuria followed by AKI. Only patients with available kidney biopsy specimens were included. Histologic findings and clinical data throughout follow-up were analyzed. Results A total of 26 patients were included with a median age of 75 years (62–80) and a follow-up period of 10.1 months. Of the patients, 80% were male, and most cases (92%) were on anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). At admission, median serum creatinine (SCr) level was 4.2 mg/dl (2.8–8.2), median international normalized ratio (INR) 2.4 (1.5–3.4), and 11 patients (42%) required acute dialysis during hospitalization. Kidney biopsy results revealed that all patients except 1 had an underlying nephropathy: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in 19, probable IgAN in 1, diabetic nephropathy in 3, nephrosclerosis in 1, and idiopathic nodular glomerulosclerosis in 1. At 12 weeks after discharge, only 6 subjects (24%) attained complete kidney recovery whereas 7 (28%) remained on chronic dialysis. Conclusion IgAN was the most common underlying kidney disease in our biopsy-proven series of ARN, in which a significant percentage of patients did not achieve kidney function recovery.
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C3 glomerulopathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy: impact of chronic histologic lesions and beneficial effects of clone-targeted therapies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 37:2128-2137. [PMID: 34677610 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION C3 glomerulopathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy (C3G-MIg) is a rare entity. Herein, we analyzed the clinical and histologic features of a cohort of C3G-MIg patients. METHODS Retrospective, multicenter, observational study. Patients diagnosed with C3G-MIg between 1995-2021 were enrolled. All had genetic studies of the alternative complement pathway. The degree of disease activity and chronicity was analyzed using the C3G histologic index. Descriptive statistics and propensity-score matching (PSM) analysis were used to evaluate the main outcome of the study (kidney failure [KF]). RESULTS The study group included 23 patients: median age 63 years (IQR 48-70), 57% males. IgG kappa was the most frequent MIg (65%). The diagnosis of C3G-MIg was made in transplanted kidneys in 7 patients (30%). Five (22%) had C3 nephritic factor and 5 (22%) anti-factor H antibodies. One patient carried a pathogenic variant in CFH gene.During a follow-up of 40 months (IQR 14-69), 9 patients (39%) reached KF, and these patients had a significant higher total chronicity score in kidney biopsy. Patients who received clone-targeted therapy had a significant higher survival compared to other management. Those who achieved hematological response had a significant higher kidney survival. Outcome was remarkably poor in kidney transplant recipients, 5 of them (71%) reaching KF.By PSM (adjusting for age, kidney function, proteinuria and chronicity score), no significant differences were observed in kidney survival between C3G patients with/without MIg. CONCLUSIONS The C3G histologic index can be used in patients with C3G-MIg to predict kidney prognosis, with higher chronicity scores being associated with worse outcomes. Clone-targeted therapies and the development of hematological response, are associated with better kidney prognosis.
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Longitudinal change in proteinuria and kidney outcomes in C3 glomerulopathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 37:1270-1280. [PMID: 33779754 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between a change in proteinuria over time and its impact in kidney prognosis has not been analyzed in C3 glomerulopathy. This study aims to investigate the association between the longitudinal change in proteinuria and the risk of kidney failure. METHODS Retrospective, multicenter observational cohort study in 35 nephrology departments belonging to the Spanish Group for the Study of Glomerular Diseases (GLOSEN). Patients diagnosed with C3 glomerulopathy between 1995 and 2020 were enrolled. A joint modeling of linear mixed-effects models was applied to assess the underlying trajectory of a repeatedly measured proteinuria, and a Cox model to evaluate the association of this trajectory with the risk of kidney failure. RESULTS The study group consisted of 85 patients, 70 C3 glomerulonephritis and 15 dense deposit disease, with a median age of 26 years (range 13-41). During a median follow-up of 42 months, 25 patients reached kidney failure. The longitudinal change in proteinuria showed a strong association with the risk of this outcome, with a doubling of proteinuria levels resulting in a 2.5-fold increase of the risk. A second model showed that a ≥ 50% proteinuria reduction over time was significantly associated with a lower risk of kidney failure (HR: 0.79; 95% CI : 0.56-0.97; p < 0.001). This association was also found when the ≥50% proteinuria reduction was observed within the first 6 and 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION The longitudinal change in proteinuria is strongly associated with the risk of kidney failure. The change in proteinuria over time can provide clinicians a dynamic prediction of kidney outcomes.
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Validation of a Histologic Scoring Index for C3 Glomerulopathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 77:684-695.e1. [PMID: 33359150 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE A previous study that evaluated associations of kidney biopsy findings with disease progression in patients with C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) proposed a prognostic histologic index (C3G-HI) that has not yet been validated. Our objective was to validate the performance of the C3G-HI in a new patient population. STUDY DESIGN Multicenter, retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 111 patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria of C3G between January 1995 and December 2019, from 33 nephrology departments belonging to the Spanish Group for the Study of Glomerular Diseases (GLOSEN). PREDICTORS Demographic, clinical parameters, C3G-HI total activity score, and the C3G-HI total chronicity score. OUTCOME Time to kidney failure. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Intraclass correlation coefficients and κ statistic were used to summarize inter-rater reproducibility for assessment of histopathology in kidney biopsies. The nonlinear relationships of risk of kidney failure with the total activity score and total chronicity score were modeled using Cox proportional hazards analysis that incorporated cubic splines. RESULTS The study group included 93 patients with C3 glomerulonephritis and 18 with dense-deposit disease. Participants had an overall meanage of 35±22 (SD) years. Forty-eight patients (43%) developed kidney failure after a mean follow-up of 65±27 months. The overall inter-rater reproducibility was very good for the total activity score (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]=0.63) and excellent for total chronicity score (ICC=0.89). Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), 24-hour proteinuria, and treatment with immunosuppression were the main determinants of kidney failure in a model with only clinical variables. Only tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis were identified as predictors in a model with histological variables. When the total activity score and total chronicity score were added to the model, only the latter was identified as an independent predictor of kidney failure. LIMITATIONS Only a subset of the kidney biopsies was centrally reviewed. Residual confounding. CONCLUSIONS We validated the performance of C3G-HI as a predictor of kidney failure in patients with C3G. The total chronicity score was the principal histologic correlate of kidney failure.
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The STARMEN trial indicates that alternating treatment with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide is superior to sequential treatment with tacrolimus and rituximab in primary membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2020; 99:986-998. [PMID: 33166580 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A cyclical corticosteroid-cyclophosphamide regimen is recommended for patients with primary membranous nephropathy at high risk of progression. We hypothesized that sequential therapy with tacrolimus and rituximab is superior to cyclical alternating treatment with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide in inducing persistent remission in these patients. This was tested in a randomized, open-label controlled trial of 86 patients with primary membranous nephropathy and persistent nephrotic syndrome after six-months observation and assigned 43 each to receive six-month cyclical treatment with corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide or sequential treatment with tacrolimus (full-dose for six months and tapering for another three months) and rituximab (one gram at month six). The primary outcome was complete or partial remission of nephrotic syndrome at 24 months. This composite outcome occurred in 36 patients (83.7%) in the corticosteroid-cyclophosphamide group and in 25 patients (58.1%) in the tacrolimus-rituximab group (relative risk 1.44; 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 1.92). Complete remission at 24 months occurred in 26 patients (60%) in the corticosteroid-cyclophosphamide group and in 11 patients (26%) in the tacrolimus-rituximab group (2.36; 1.34 to 4.16). Anti-PLA2R titers showed a significant decrease in both groups but the proportion of anti-PLA2R-positive patients who achieved immunological response (depletion of anti-PLA2R antibodies) was significantly higher at three and six months in the corticosteroid-cyclophosphamide group (77% and 92%, respectively), as compared to the tacrolimus-rituximab group (45% and 70%, respectively). Relapses occurred in one patient in the corticosteroid-cyclophosphamide group, and three patients in the tacrolimus-rituximab group. Serious adverse events were similar in both groups. Thus, treatment with corticosteroid-cyclophosphamide induced remission in a significantly greater number of patients with primary membranous nephropathy than tacrolimus-rituximab.
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Mycophenolate Mofetil in C3 Glomerulopathy and Pathogenic Drivers of the Disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 15:1287-1298. [PMID: 32816888 PMCID: PMC7480558 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.15241219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES C3 glomerulopathy is a complement-mediated disease arising from abnormalities in complement genes and/or antibodies against complement components. Previous studies showed that treatment with corticosteroids plus mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was associated with improved outcomes, although the genetic profile of these patients was not systematically analyzed. This study aims to analyze the main determinants of disease progression and response to this therapeutic regimen. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We conducted a retrospective, multicenter, observational cohort study in 35 nephrology departments belonging to the Spanish Group for the Study of Glomerular Diseases. Patients diagnosed with C3 glomerulopathy (n=81) or dense deposit disease (n=16) between January 1995 and March 2018 were enrolled. Multivariable and propensity score matching analyses were used to evaluate the association of clinical and genetic factors with response to treatment with corticosteroids and MMF as measured by proportion of patients with disease remission and kidney survival (status free of kidney failure). RESULTS The study group comprised 97 patients (84% C3 glomerulopathy, 16% dense deposit disease). Forty-two patients were treated with corticosteroids plus MMF, and this treatment was associated with a higher rate of remission and lower probability of kidney failure (79% and 14%, respectively) compared with patients treated with other immunosuppressives (24% and 59%, respectively), or ecluzimab (33% and 67%, respectively), or conservative management (18% and 65%, respectively). The therapeutic superiority of corticosteroids plus MMF was observed both in patients with complement abnormalities and with autoantibodies. However, patients with pathogenic variants in complement genes only achieved partial remission, whereas complete remissions were common among patients with autoantibody-mediated forms. The main determinant of no remission was baseline proteinuria. Relapses occurred after treatment discontinuation in 33% of the patients who had achieved remission with corticosteroids plus MMF, and a longer treatment length of MMF was associated with a lower risk of relapse. CONCLUSIONS The beneficial response to corticosteroids plus MMF treatment in C3 glomerulopathy appears independent of the pathogenic drivers analyzed in this study.
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Complement Activation and Thrombotic Microangiopathies. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 14:1719-1732. [PMID: 31694864 PMCID: PMC6895490 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.05830519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome is a form of thrombotic microangiopathy caused by dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. There is evidence showing complement activation in other thrombotic microangiopathies. The aim of this study was to evaluate complement activation in different thrombotic microangiopathies and to monitor treatment response. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Complement activation was assessed by exposing endothelial cells to sera or activated-patient plasma-citrated plasma mixed with a control sera pool (1:1)-to analyze C5b-9 deposits by immunofluorescence. Patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (n=34) at different stages of the disease, HELLP syndrome (a pregnancy complication characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) or severe preeclampsia (n=10), and malignant hypertension (n=5) were included. RESULTS Acute phase atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome-activated plasma induced an increased C5b-9 deposition on endothelial cells. Standard and lower doses of eculizumab inhibited C5b-9 deposition in all patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, except in two who showed partial remission and clinical relapse. Significant fibrin formation was observed together with C5b-9 deposition. Results obtained using activated-plasma samples were more marked and reproducible than those obtained with sera. C5b-9 deposition was also increased with samples from patients with HELLP (all cases) and preeclampsia (90%) at disease onset. This increase was sustained in those with HELLP after 40 days, and levels normalized in patients with both HELLP and preeclampsia after 6-9 months. Complement activation in those with malignant hypertension was at control levels. CONCLUSIONS The proposed methodology identifies complement overactivation in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome at acute phase and in other diseases such as HELLP syndrome and preeclampsia. Moreover, it is sensitive enough to individually assess the efficiency of the C5 inhibition treatment.
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Severe and malignant hypertension are common in primary atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Kidney Int 2019; 96:995-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract P4-02-09: Breast cancer and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p4-02-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: To assess the association of MRI BPE and pathological response in women diagnosed with stage II/III breast cancer submitted to NAC. Methods: This observational and cross-sectional retrospective study was performed in consecutive women who underwent NAC and had MRI exams before and after chemotherapy. The MRI was done before and after 2 weeks of completing NAC. BPE was classified according to ACR-BIRADS 5th edition. The type of BPE before NAC, its changes and the relationship to total pathologic complete response (TpCR) were evaluated. Data were paired with patient age, size on MRI before and after NAC, features of clinical response according to the RECIST criteria, tumor grade and immunohistochemical (IHC) subtypes. MRI assessment included amount of fibroglandular tissue, symmetry of BPE and measurement of tumor at the longest diameter. All images were blinded reviewed by a radiologist. We used for the changes of the BPE the Bowker symmetry test or the McNemar test and to analyze the factors related to the clinical and pathologic responses, logistic regression analysis. The level of significance adopted was 5% (p<0.05). Results: We studied 71 women between 2009 and 2016. The medium age was 37 years old. BPE was symmetrical in 68 women (95.8%). Moderate and marked BPE was present in 28 (39.4%) of the affected breasts and in 25 (34.2%) of the contralateral breasts. After NAC all BPE were symmetrical and just 3% of them were moderate or marked. Regarding the IHC subtype, 40 women (56.3%) were triple negative or HER2 positive, and these women had a higher frequency of TpCR (55% for each, compared to 12.9% in patients with luminal subtypes). We found to be independently associated with pCR: the reduction of BPE (in the affected or contralateral breast) and the molecular subtypes triple negative and HER2 positive
Table 1. Multivariate Analysis related to TpCR (n=71).VariableCategoryP-ValueO.R.*CI 95% O.R.*Tumor Size on MR pre-MAC (cm) 0.1710,8590.691-1.068Luminal subtypeLuminal B (ref.)---1.00--- Luminal A0.3120.450.10-2.11 HER2pos/ Luminal B HER20.0055.781.71-19.58 Triple negative0.0493.271.01-10.64Age (years) 0.3870.9820.942-1.023Nottingham grade1 (ref.)---1.00--- 20.0817.830.78-79.16 30.0967.100.71-71.31BPE pre-NAC (S or A)Asymmetric (ref.)---1.00--- Symmetric0.3273.030.33-27.76BPE pre-NAC affected breastMinimal (ref.)---1.00--- Mild0.8120.860.24-3.09 Moderate0.3711.890.47-7.64 Marked0.5911.570.30-8.17BPE pre-NAC contralateral breastMinimal (ref.)---1.00--- Mild0.7130.790.22-2.81 Moderate0.2502.330.55-9.77 Marked0.4701.880.34-10.43BPE ChangeSame/increased (ref.)---1.00--- Reduction0.0263.011.14-7.96* OR (Odds Ratio) = Risk ratio to pCR; (n=26 pCR, n=7 DpCR, n=31 PR e n=7 ED, where Total pCR is pathological complete response (without invasive and DCIS in the breast and axilla) DpCR is pathological response with just DCIS, PR is partial response and ED is stable disease – we haven't progression disease). CI 95% OR = Confidence interval of 95% to risk ratio. Ref.: reference level. Proportional risk models.
Conclusion: BPE reduction was significantly associated with TpCR. Nevertheless, patterns of BPE pre-NAC have no association with pathological response.
Citation Format: Teixeira SRC, Camargo HSAd, Ramalho S, Natal R, Machado HdC, Camargo MMAd, Azevedo J, Arruda MdS, Negrão EMS, Almeida NR, Teixeira AL, Cabello V, Cabello C. Breast cancer and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-09.
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Abstract P4-10-15: Impact of delay in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment according to health insurance status in southwest Brazil and Houston, Texas. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p4-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Access to medical care vary across the world and is related to different health systems with an impact in recurrence.Objective: To evaluate disparities in breast cancer(BC) diagnosis and treatment between public and private services in southwest Brazil and at two public safety net hospitals in Houston, Texas.Methods: Women diagnosed with BC stages I-III between 2009 to 2011, and treated at the four hospitals in Brazil and two health centers in US were included. All statistical analyses were performed in R studio software, and p<0.05 was considered significant.Results: 1245 women were included: 967 from public health system (PHS) (20.3% from Houston, Texas) and 274 from private system(PS). Recurrence rate was higher in PHS (14.6% vs. 2.6%, p<0.001)
Table 1. Clinical and demographic characteristics of the patientsCharacteristicsPublic (%), n=967Private (%), n=274pDiscovery of BC By patient530 (54.8)92 (33.5) Routine exam87 (9)109 (39.8) Screening mammography270 (27.9)23 (8.4) Other80 (8.3)50 (18.3)<0.001Initial treatment Surgery687 (71)241 (88) Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy224 (23.2)27 (9.8) Neo-adjuvant hormone therapy23 (2.3)27 (9.8) Not available33 (3.4)3 (1.1)<0.001Clinical Stage I293 (30.3)113 (41.2) II342 (35.4)52 (19) III271 (28)15 (5.5) Unknown61 (6.3)94 (34.3)<0.001Subtype HR+/HER2 -561 (58)192 (70.1) HR-/HER2+108 (11.1)29 (10.6) HR-/HER2+76 (7.9)14 (5.1) Triple negative149 (15.4)28 (10.2) Unknown73 (7.6)11 (4)0.012Symptomatic at Diagnosis Yes591 (61.1)100 (36.5) No306 (31.6)97 (35.4) Unknown70 (7.2)77 (28.1)<0.001Recurencen=772n=146 No719 (74.4)193 (70.4) Yes142 (14.6)7 (2.6) Unknown106 (11)74 (27)<0.001
. Considering the interval in weeks: symptoms to diagnosis, diagnosis to first treatment (either surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy), diagnosis to first systemic treatment, diagnosis to surgical treatment and diagnosis to radiotherapy were longer in public patients (24.1 vs. 8.7; 11.1 vs. 3.5; 18.6 vs. 9.8; 16.9 vs. 5.6; 51.4 vs. 26.1; p<0.001).
Table 2. Delay disparities between public and private health system PublicPrivatepSymptoms to diagnosis Number of patients575146 Time (weeks)24.1 (0.4-104.9)8.7 (0.0-43.7)<0.001Diagnosis to first treatment Number of patients663180 Time (weeks)11.1 (2.0-31.5)3.5 (0.0-11.0)<0.001Diagnosis to first systemic treatment Number of patients526106 Time (weeks)18.6 (2.6-44.7)9.8 (1.9-29.3)<0.001Diagnosis to surgical treatment Number of patients657178 Time (weeks)16.9 (3.4-45.6)5.6 (0.0-32.9)<0.001Diagnosis to radiotherapy Number of patients465127 Time (weeks)51.4 (18.7-88.4)26.1 (5.6-66.4)<0.001
In multivariate analysis, PHS (HR 1.72; 95% CI 1.34-1.88; p adj=0.003), presence of symptoms (HR 2.29; 95% CI 1.39-3.78; p adj=0.001), clinical stage III (HR 1.62; 95% CI 1.35-1.93; p adj<0.001), and triple negativity and HER2neu positivity (1.18; 95% CI 1.03-1.35; p adj=0.021) were all associated with a higher recurrence rate.Conclusions: There were significant disparities between PHS and PS. Women in the PHS presented higher rates of recurrence, advanced clinical stages at diagnosis, symptoms and more aggressive subtypes by IHC. additionally, the interval between symptoms to diagnosis and diagnosis to treatments was longer in PHS.
Citation Format: NematiShafaee M, Natal RA, Ramalho S, Dória MT, Conz L, Cabello V, Pavanello M, Mano MS, Linck RDM, Batista LS, Pedro EP, Bines J, de Paula BH, Zucca-Matthes G, Bondy ML, Ellis MJ, Podany E, Debord L, Makawita S, Stewart K, Cabello C. Impact of delay in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment according to health insurance status in southwest Brazil and Houston, Texas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-10-15.
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Eculizumab treatment of acute antibody-mediated rejection in renal transplantation: case reports. Transplant Proc 2013; 44:2690-4. [PMID: 23146495 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), especially in more severe cases, continues to be associated with a poor prognosis for implant survival. Here, we have reported the results of treatment of two patients who developed AMR associated with thrombotic microangiopathy immediately after transplantation. We used a single dose of eculizumab at an early stage jointly with conventional modalities of steroid boluses, plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab. In both cases, the clinical course was favorable. Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody with a high affinity for complement protein C5, prevents generation of the final membrane attack complex, blocking this cascade. To date, there are a few reports of the usefulness of eculizumab in AMR. Eculizumab can help to stop endothelial damage, especially in severe cases that show a risk of progression to cortical necrosis, by providing a therapeutic window until the other modalities begin to control the immune response. In our experience, the use of eculizumab can be beneficial in the treatment of AMR.
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Development of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with solid organ transplant. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1191-3. [PMID: 22407904 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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17
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Cadmium tolerance and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from waste stabilization ponds. INDIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:300-307. [PMID: 22611919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The incidence pattern of cadmium tolerance and antibiotics resistance by Escherichia coli was examined periodically from the samples of water, sludge and intestine of fish raised in waste stabilization ponds in a sewage treatment plant. Samples of water and sludge were collected from all the selected ponds and were monitored for total counts of fecal coliform (FC), total coliform (TC) and the population of Escherichia coli, which was also obtained from the intestine of fishes. Total counts of both FC and TC as well as counts of E. coli were markedly reduced from the facultative pond to the last maturation pond. Tolerance limit to cadmium by E. coli tended to decline as the distance of the sewage effluent from the source increased; the effective lethal concentration of cadmium ranged from 0.1 mM in split chamber to 0.05 mM in first maturation pond. E. coli isolated from water, sludge and fish gut were sensitive to seven out of ten antibiotics tested. It appears that holistic functions mediated through the mutualistic growth of micro algae and heterotrophic bacteria in the waste stabilization ponds were responsible for the promotion of water quality and significant reduction of coliform along the sewage effluent gradient.
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Asymptomatic and symptomatic respiratory virus infection detected in naso-pharyngeal swabs from solid organ transplant recipients early after transplantation. J Clin Virol 2011; 52:276-7. [PMID: 21803649 PMCID: PMC7128304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Abstract
BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVN) has become recognized as an important cause of allograft dysfunction among transplant recipients. Despite reduction in immunosuppression, 30%-40% of recipients progress to allograft loss. Cidofovir is an antiviral agent that has been proposed for treatment of BKVN. We describe the clinical course, renal function, and blood viral measurement in 6 renal transplant recipients with BKVN who were treated with low doses of cidofovir. Administration of cidofovir was associated with clearance of BK virus DNA from blood and stabilization of renal function in 5 cases. These data suggest that cidofovir may be useful as adjuvant therapy for BKVN.
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Complicaciones infecciosas en 159 receptores de trasplante renal consecutivos. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2009; 27:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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52-P: Anti-GSTT1 antibodies in patients with humoral kidney allograft rejection; its association with C4d deposition on renal biopsies. Hum Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) remains a significant cause of infectious complications in renal transplant recipients. We evaluated prospectively all the UTIs in 161 kidney recipients transplanted between July 2003 and July 2005. All patients received prophylaxis with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. We excluded asymptomatic bacteriuria. Forty-one patients (25%) suffered at least one UTI episode. Ninety-two episodes of infection were confirmed with an incidence rate of 97 UTI episodes per 100 patient-years. The most common clinical features were uncomplicated acute bacterial cystitis, 71 episodes (77%), and acute pyelonephritis, 21 episodes (23%). Microbiological isolation was confirmed in 58 episodes (63%). Bacterial infections were the most frequent etiologies: gram-negative bacilli in 52 (90%), gram-positive cocci in 4 (7%), fungal in 2 (3%), and one viral BK virus (2%) infection. The causative microorganisms were E. coli as the principal isolated agent in 41 cases (71%), including 10 (24%) that were extended-spectrum betalactamases (ESBLEC). All episodes showed a favorable course. The survival rate of the graft at the end of the study period was 90.7%, and the survival rate of the transplant recipients was 97.5%. The incidence of UTI in transplant patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis was high. E. coli (ESBLEC) was the main agent isolated. Uncomplicated UTI, the most frequent post transplantation infection, showed a good prognosis.
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Influence of the Current Management of Renal Transplant Recipients on the Prevalence of Anemia and Related Costs. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:3823-4. [PMID: 16386551 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and renin-angiotensin system blockers (RAB) to prevent and treat chronic graft nephropathy may affect the incidence of anemia in renal transplant recipients. We compared 2 sets of cadaver-donor recipients, namely those followed at the end of 1995 (group 1; n = 252) versus 2003 (group 2; n = 530) in terms of general characteristics, incidence of anemia (hemoglobin [Hb] < or =13 g/L males, 12 g/L females) or severe anemia (Hb < or =11 g/L males, 10 g/L females) and use cost of treatment with erythropoietin (EPO). Group 2 was significantly older, heavier and longer since grafting. Fifty-seven percent received MMF, 21% received azathioprine, and 5% received rapamycin. In group 1, 83% were given azathioprine. RAB were administered to 35.1% in group 2 versus 14.7% in group 1 (P < .001). Mean blood pressure was identical in the 2 groups, but graft function was worse in group 2 (Cockroft, 62 vs 74 mL/min; P < .001). Mean Hb levels (13.66 + - 3.1 vs 13.82 + - 1.7 g/L) and prevalence of anemia (36.9% vs 34.5%) for groups 1 and 2, respectively, were similar. The rate of severe anemia, however, was lower in group 2 (2.3% vs 8.7%; P < .001). The use of EPO increased from 2.8% (group 1) to 8.7% (group 2; P < .01). In 2003, the cost of EPO was calculated at 1982 Euros/patient-year and 91,150 Euros per year for the whole patient group. Despite accumulation of predisposing factors, the control of anemia in our patients has improved due to the expanded use of EPO. Along with its high cost, EPO therapy has potential positive repercussions on the quality of life and patient prognosis. Therefore, we need to precisely define the optimal use of EPO in renal transplant recipients.
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Abstract
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressant that is widely used for prophylaxis of rejection in solid organ transplantation. In this study, we examined the effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of MMF, particularly on the free fraction of drug in renal transplant patients. Our study was performed on 10 patients with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance [CrCl] <30 mL/min), and 10 control patients with preserved renal function (CrCl >90 mL/min). All the patients had received a cadaveric donor graft at least 1 year prior and were clinically stable under treatment with MMF and cyclosporine. For each patient, we determined 12-hour areas under the curve (AUC(0-12 h)) for the metabolites: mycophenolic acid (MPA), 7-O-mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG), and the free non-protein-bound fraction of MPA (f-MPA). The two groups were matched for age, sex, and MMF dose. Mean AUC(0-12 h) values for MPA were similar in both groups. The renal insufficiency group showed a significantly increased AUC(0-12 h) for MPAG (1550 +/- 392 vs 3527 +/- 1130 microg.h/mL, P < .001) and increased trough and AUC(0-12 h) values for f-MPA (0.023 +/- 0.02 vs 0.094 +/- 0.07 microg/mL, P = .003, and 0.87 +/- 0.3 vs 1.52 +/- 0.8 microg . h/mL, P = .016, respectively). We proposed that these differences should be taken into account when deciding upon the dose of this drug for the subset of patients with impaired transplant function.
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Plasmapheresis for the prophylaxis and treatment of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis following renal transplant. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:1473-4. [PMID: 15866644 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated 10 patients with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) treated with plasmapheresis (PS) following renal transplantation. Three patients lost their first graft due to FSGS recurrence. In seven patients, PS was indicated as treatment for probable recurrence defined as the onset of proteinuria above 1 g/24 hours. In the remaining three patients, treatment was started in the first week posttransplant as prophylaxis against recurrence. The PS protocol was 17 sessions with the exchange of 2.5 L of plasma for 5% albumin over 10 to 12 weeks. Losartan (25 to 100 mg/d) was given to most patients at the end of PS treatment. The mean follow-up time after PS was 10 months. All patients currently have a functioning graft. A full response to treatment, defined as persistently reduced proteinuria to less than 500 mg/24 hours or the lack of recurrence in prophylactic treatment, was achieved in six patients. Three patients showed a partial decrease in proteinuria (to less than 1 g/24 hours). One patient failed to respond and still has nephrotic range proteinuria. No adverse effects of PS were recorded. A prompt start of PS combined with the use of losartan yields good results in the prophylaxis and treatment of recurrent FSGS following renal transplant in terms of quickly reduced proteinuria. Given the natural course of FSGS, a longer follow-up is needed to estimate the impact of PS on graft survival.
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Continuous intravenous intradialysis versus intravenous postdialysis erythropoietin therapy in chronic haemodialysis patients: a randomized, controlled, crossover study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:89-92. [PMID: 9481721 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/13.1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin seems to be more effective than intravenous administration. Local pain, however, may diminish patient compliance with the subcutaneous route. Recently continuous intravenous intradialysis administration of rHuEpo has been reported to be more efficacious in stimulating erythropoiesis than the usual postdialysis intravenous bolus. METHODS We conducted a randomized, controlled, crossover study on stable chronic haemodialysis patients to compare the efficacy of continuous intradialysis rHuEpo therapy with intravenous postdialysis administration. Twenty patients were selected and randomly assigned to receive rHuEpo either postdialysis (control phase) or by continuous intradialysis perfusion (slow Epo phase) for 12 weeks. After this period, patients were switched to the alternative method for 12 additional weeks. The erythropoietin dose remained unchanged during the study. Haematocrit was monitored weekly and iron metabolism, serum Epo, and vitamins were measured monthly. Urea kinetics and iPTH measurements were performed every 3 months. RESULTS Three patients were excluded because of unrelated problems. The final mean haematocrit was unchanged from previous basal values in both phases and no statistical differences were found for any parameter between the groups. No differences were found in iron metabolism nor in urea kinetic parameters. CONCLUSIONS Continuous intravenous intradialysis administration of rHuEpo is not more effective than an intravenous postdialysis bolus as rHuEpo maintenance therapy in stable chronic haemodialysis patients.
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Peripheral vascular disease in CAPD. ARCH ESP UROL 1996; 16:529-31. [PMID: 8914184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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