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Narayan KB, Smith SJ, Fioletov VE, McLinden CA. Evaluation of Uncertainties in the Anthropogenic SO 2 Emissions in the USA from the OMI Point Source Catalog. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37467360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Satellite remote sensing is a promising method of monitoring emissions that may be missing in inventories, but the accuracy of these estimates is often not clear. We demonstrate here a comprehensive evaluation of errors in anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission estimates from NASA's OMI point source catalog for the contiguous US by comparing emissions from the catalog with high-quality emission inventory data over different dimensions including size of individual sources, aggregate vs individual source errors, and potential bias in individual source estimates over time. For sources that are included in the catalog, we find that errors in aggregate (sum of error for all included sources) are relatively low. Errors for individual sources in any given year can be substantial, however, with over- or underestimates in terms of total error ranging from -80 to 110 kt (roughly 10-90th percentile). We find that these errors are not necessarily random over time and that there can be consistently positive or negative biases for individual sources. We did not find any overall statistical relationship between the degree of isolation of a source and bias, either at a 40 or 70 km scales. For a sub-set of sources where inventory emissions over a radius of 70 km around an OMI detection are larger than twice the emissions within 40 km, the OMI value is consistently overestimated. We find, as expected, that emission sources not included in the catalog are the largest aggregate source of difference between the satellite estimates and inventories, especially in more recent years where source emission magnitudes have been decreasing and note that trends in satellite detections do not necessarily track trends in total emissions. We find that the OMI-based SO2 emissions are accurate in aggregate, when summed over a number of sources, but must be interpreted more cautiously at the individual source level. Similar analyses would be valuable for other satellite emission estimates; however, in many cases, the appropriate high-quality reference data may need to be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka B Narayan
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Washington D.C. 20740, United States
| | - Steven J Smith
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Washington D.C. 20740, United States
| | - Vitali E Fioletov
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Chris A McLinden
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto M3H5T4, Canada
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Bernhard GH, Fioletov VE, Grooß J, Ialongo I, Johnsen B, Lakkala K, Manney GL, Müller R, Svendby T. Record-Breaking Increases in Arctic Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Caused by Exceptionally Large Ozone Depletion in 2020. Geophys Res Lett 2020; 47:e2020GL090844. [PMID: 35860747 PMCID: PMC9285682 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl090844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) performed between January and June 2020 at 10 Arctic and subarctic locations are compared with historical observations. Differences between 2020 and prior years are also assessed with total ozone column and UVR data from satellites. Erythemal (sunburning) UVR is quantified with the UV Index (UVI) derived from these measurements. UVI data show unprecedently large anomalies, occurring mostly between early March and mid-April 2020. For several days, UVIs observed in 2020 exceeded measurements of previous years by up to 140%. Historical means were surpassed by more than six standard deviations at several locations in the Arctic. In northern Canada, the average UVI for March was about 75% larger than usual. UVIs in April 2020 were elevated on average by about 25% at all sites. However, absolute anomalies remained below 3.0 UVI units because the enhancements occurred during times when the solar elevation was still low.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gloria L. Manney
- NorthWest Research AssociatesSocorroNMUSA
- New Mexico Institute of Mining and TechnologySocorroNMUSA
| | | | - Tove Svendby
- NILU‐Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchKjellerNorway
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Brooks SPJ, Greene-Finestone L, Whiting S, Fioletov VE, Laffey P, Petronella N. An Analysis of Factors Associated with 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in White and Non-White Canadians. J AOAC Int 2017; 100:1345-1354. [PMID: 28776491 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.17-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D status was assessed in 19-79 year old whites (8351 participants of European ancestry) and non-whites (1840 participants encompassing all other ancestries) from cycles 1 to 3 (years 2007-2013) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Status was assessed using the U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] cut point values of 30 and 40 nmol/L. Overall, median 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly higher in whites [58.9 (28.6, 100.1) nmol/L; 5th and 95th percentile] compared with non-whites [43.5 (19.0, 83.2); P < 0.001]. Values were higher in females [58.5 (27.5, 101.3) nmol/L] when compared with males [53.5 (24.2, 92.7) nmol/L] and increased with age. Non-whites were more likely to have 25(OH)D values below IOM established cut points for optimum bone health with 20.1 (16.0, 24.2) and 42.2% (36.8, 47.7) of non-whites having serum 25(OH)D concentrations <30 and <40 nmol/L, respectively. The corresponding values for whites were 5.9 (4.6, 7.2) and 16.1% (14.0, 18.3). Values were lower during the first quarter when compared with the third quarter. Supplement intake was an important factor in determining 25(OH)D levels, but it did not alone account for the difference in status. Equivalent increases in 25(OH)D levels were observed in whites and non-whites during the summer months, suggesting there was no functional difference in sun exposure response. It is apparent that a complex interaction of factors affect 25(OH)D values in free-living Canadians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P J Brooks
- Health Canada, Health Products and Food Branch, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Linda Greene-Finestone
- Health Canada, Health Products and Food Branch, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Susan Whiting
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Vitali E Fioletov
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, 4905 Dufferin St, Toronto, ON, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - Patrick Laffey
- Health Canada, Health Products and Food Branch, Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Nicholas Petronella
- Health Canada, Health Products and Food Branch, Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
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Thompson JM, Fioletov VE, Marrett LD, Rosen CF, Weinstock MA. Vitamin D at the Expense of Skin Cancer Protection: Is It Worth the Risk? J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2104-2105. [PMID: 27344027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Thompson
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Vitali E Fioletov
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Loraine D Marrett
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl F Rosen
- Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin A Weinstock
- Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Center for Dermatoepidemiology, VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Dermatology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Department of Dermatology and Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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Fioletov VE, McArthur LJB, Mathews TW, Marrett L. Estimated ultraviolet exposure levels for a sufficient vitamin D status in North America. J Photochem Photobiol B 2010; 100:57-66. [PMID: 20554218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Solar UV radiation is a major provider of vitamin D for humans. This study examines the distribution of solar UV radiation weighted according to the vitamin D action spectrum over the USA and Canada. Hourly and daily doses of spectrally integrated UV irradiance using the vitamin D action spectrum were estimated using a statistical relationship between UV irradiance and global solar irradiance, total ozone, and dew point temperature for 45 sites in Canada and 52 in the USA. Brewer spectrophotometer measurements at 12 sites in Canada and 21 sites in the USA were used to validate the obtained results. Different characteristics of the vitamin D action spectrum-weighted UV irradiance distribution over North America are presented in the form of monthly maps and as a data file. The time required to obtain standard vitamin D dose is also calculated for six types of skin.
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Liu G, Tarasick DW, Fioletov VE, Sioris CE, Rochon YJ. Ozone correlation lengths and measurement uncertainties from analysis of historical ozonesonde data in North America and Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fioletov VE, McArthur LJB, Mathews TW, Marrett L. On the relationship between erythemal and vitamin D action spectrum weighted ultraviolet radiation. J Photochem Photobiol B 2008; 95:9-16. [PMID: 19150601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Erythemally weighted solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is often used to characterize the production of vitamin D in a human body. However, the vitamin D production action spectrum is different than that for erythemal UV. The vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV is more sensitive to UV-B, while the erythemal UV action spectrum has higher weighting coefficients than the vitamin D action spectrum in the UV-A part of the spectrum. Therefore, by using the erythemal UV as an estimate for the vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV can give results that differ by up to a factor of 5. This study examines the relationship between erythemal and vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV radiation using measurements of spectral UV at the surface by Brewer spectrophotometers that are part of the US and Canadian observational networks. It is shown that the ratio of vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV to erythemal UV is nearly constant for high levels of UV (UV Index greater than 5.5) and therefore vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV can be described in terms of erythemal UV. For lower levels of UV though this relationship should not be used. A simple formula that calculates vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV from UV Index is developed. An empirical formula that expresses the ratio of vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV to erythemal UV as a function of the solar zenith angle and column ozone is also suggested. The geographical distributions of vitamin D action spectrum weighted UV in the US and Canada are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Fioletov
- Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3H 5T4.
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Bojkov RD, Fioletov VE, Shalamjansky AM. Total ozone changes over Eurasia since 1973 based on reevaluated filter ozonometer data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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