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Espitia-Corredor JA, Boza P, Espinoza-Pérez C, Lillo JM, Rimassa-Taré C, Machuca V, Osorio-Sandoval JM, Vivar R, Bolivar S, Pardo-Jiménez V, Sánchez-Ferrer CF, Peiró C, Díaz-Araya G. Angiotensin II Triggers NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by a Ca 2+ Signaling-Dependent Pathway in Rat Cardiac Fibroblast Ang-II by a Ca 2+-Dependent Mechanism Triggers NLRP3 Inflammasome in CF. Inflammation 2022; 45:2498-2512. [PMID: 35867264 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang-II) is a widely studied hypertensive, profibrotic, and pro-inflammatory peptide. In the heart, cardiac fibroblasts (CF) express type 1 angiotensin II receptors (AT1R), Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), and the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, which play important roles in pro-inflammatory processes. When activated, the NLRP3 inflammasome triggers proteolytic cleavage of pro-IL-1, resulting in its activation. However, in CF the mechanism by which Ang-II assembles and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome remains not fully known. To elucidate this important point, we stimulated TLR4 receptors in CF and evaluated the signaling pathways by which Ang-II triggers the assembly and activity. In cultured rat CF, pro-IL-1β levels, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 expression levels were determined by Western blot. NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly was analyzed by immunocytochemistry, whereas by ELISA, we analyzed NLRP3 inflammasome activity and [Formula: see text] release. In CF, Ang-II triggered NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activity; and in LPS-pretreated CF, Ang-II also triggered [Formula: see text] secretion. These effects were blocked by losartan (AT1R antagonist), U73221 (PLC inhibitor), 2-APB (IP3R antagonist), and BAPTA-AM (Ca2+ chelator) indicating that the AT1R/PLC/IP3R/Ca2+ pathway is involved. Finally, bafilomycin A1 prevented Ang-II-induced [Formula: see text] secretion, indicating that a non-classical protein secretion mechanism is involved. These findings suggest that in CF, Ang-II by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism triggers NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation leading to [Formula: see text] secretion through a non-conventional protein secretion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenaro Antonio Espitia-Corredor
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,PhD Programme in Pharmacology and Physiology, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pía Boza
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Espinoza-Pérez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Miguel Lillo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Rimassa-Taré
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Machuca
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Miguel Osorio-Sandoval
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Vivar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samir Bolivar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Viviana Pardo-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Félix Sánchez-Ferrer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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2
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Parra-Flores P, Espitia-Corredor J, Espinoza-Pérez C, Queirolo C, Ayala P, Brüggendieck F, Salas-Hernández A, Pardo-Jiménez V, Díaz-Araya G. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Activation Prevents Rat Cardiac Fibroblast Death Induced by Simulated Ischemia/Reperfusion. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:660197. [PMID: 34169098 PMCID: PMC8217466 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.660197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Death of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) has major implications for cardiac wound healing. In in vivo models of myocardial infarction, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation has been reported as a cardioprotector; however, it remains unknown whether TLR4 activation can prevent CF death triggered by simulated I/R (sI/R). In this study, we analyzed TLR4 activation in neonate CFs exposed to an in vitro model of sI/R and explored the participation of the pro-survival kinases Akt and ERK1/2. Simulated ischemia was performed in a free oxygen chamber in an ischemic medium, whereas reperfusion was carried out in normal culture conditions. Cell viability was analyzed by trypan blue exclusion and the MTT assay. Necrotic and apoptotic cell populations were evaluated by flow cytometry. Protein levels of phosphorylated forms of Akt and ERK1/2 were analyzed by Western blot. We showed that sI/R triggers CF death by necrosis and apoptosis. In CFs exposed only to simulated ischemia or only to sI/R, blockade of the TLR4 with TAK-242 further reduced cell viability and the activation of Akt and ERK1/2. Preconditioning with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or treatment with LPS in ischemia or reperfusion was not protective. However, LPS incubation during both ischemia and reperfusion periods prevented CF viability loss induced by sI/R. Furthermore, LPS treatment reduced the sub-G1 population, but not necrosis of CFs exposed to sI/R. On the other hand, the protective effects exhibited by LPS were abolished when TLR4 was blocked and Akt and ERK1/2 were inhibited. In conclusion, our results suggest that TLR4 activation protects CFs from apoptosis induced by sI/R through the activation of Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Parra-Flores
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenaro Espitia-Corredor
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio Espinoza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Queirolo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Ayala
- Departamento de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Brüggendieck
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aimee Salas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacodependence, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Viviana Pardo-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Olivares-Silva F, Espitia-Corredor J, Letelier A, Vivar R, Parra-Flores P, Olmedo I, Montenegro J, Pardo-Jiménez V, Díaz-Araya G. TGF-β1 decreases CHOP expression and prevents cardiac fibroblast apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 70:105041. [PMID: 33127435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a cytokine with marked pro-fibrotic action on cardiac fibroblasts (CF). TGF-β1 induces CF-to-cardiac myofibroblast (CMF) differentiation, defined by an increase in α-smooth muscle cells (α-SMA), collagen secretion and it has a cytoprotective effect against stimuli that induce apoptosis. In the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) lumen, misfolded protein accumulation triggers ER stress and induces apoptosis, and this process plays a critical role in cell death mediated by Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury and by ER stress inducers, such as Tunicamycin (Tn). Here, we studied the regulation of CHOP, a proapoptotic ER-stress-related transcription factor in CF under simulated I/R (sI/R) or exposed to Tn. Even though TGF-β1 has been shown to participate in ER stress, its regulatory effect on CF apoptosis and ER stress-induced by sI/R or TN has not been evaluated yet. CF from neonatal rats were exposed to sI/R, and cell death was evaluated by cell count and apoptosis by flow cytometry. ER stress was assessed by western blot against CHOP. Our results evidenced that sI/R (8/24) h or Tn triggers CF apoptosis and an increase in CHOP protein levels. TGF-β1 pre-treatment partially prevented apoptosis induced by sI/R or Tn. Furthermore, TGF-β1 pre-treatment completely prevented CHOP increase by sI/R or Tn. Additionally, we found a decrease in α-SMA expression induced by sI/R and in collagen secretion induced by Tn, which were not prevented by TGF-β1 treatment. In conclusion, TGF-β1 partially protects CF apoptosis induced by sI/R or Tn, through a mechanism that would involve ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Olivares-Silva
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Espitia-Corredor
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Letelier
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Vivar
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Parra-Flores
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - I Olmedo
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Montenegro
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - V Pardo-Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - G Díaz-Araya
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro FONDAP Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Bolivar S, Espitia-Corredor JA, Olivares-Silva F, Valenzuela P, Humeres C, Anfossi R, Castro E, Vivar R, Salas-Hernández A, Pardo-Jiménez V, Díaz-Araya G. In cardiac fibroblasts, interferon-beta attenuates differentiation, collagen synthesis, and TGF-β1-induced collagen gel contraction. Cytokine 2020; 138:155359. [PMID: 33160814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) play a key role in the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix in cardiac tissue and are newly recognized as inflammatory supporter cells. Besides, CF-to-Cardiac myofibroblast differentiation is commanded by TGF-b, through SMAD signaling pathways, and these last cells are strongly implicated in cardiac fibrosis. In the heart IFN-β is produced by CF; however, the role of IFN-β, STAT proteins, and STAT-homo or heterodimers in the regulation of CF function with or without a fibrotic environment is unknown. CF were isolated from hearts of adult rats, and by western blot analysis we studied STAT1, STAT2, and STAT3 phosphorylation and through specific siRNA against these proteins we analyzed their role in CF functions such as differentiation (α-SMA expression); and pro-collagen type-I synthesis and secretion expression levels; collagen gels contraction and CF migration. In cultured adult rats CF, IFN-β increases phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT2, and STAT3. Both STAT1 and STAT2 were involved in decreasing α-SMA and CF migration induced by TGF-β1. Also, IFN-β through STAT1 regulated pro-collagen type-I protein expression levels, and collagen gels contraction induced by TGF-β1. STAT3 was not involved in any effects of IFN-β studied. In conclusion, IFN-β through STAT1 and STAT2 shows antifibrotic effects on CF TGF-β1-treated, whereas STAT3 did not participate in such effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bolivar
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J A Espitia-Corredor
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Olivares-Silva
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Valenzuela
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Humeres
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Anfossi
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Castro
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Vivar
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Salas-Hernández
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - V Pardo-Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - G Díaz-Araya
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Pardo-Jiménez V, Navarrete-Encina P, Díaz-Araya G. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Thiazolyl-Coumarin Derivatives as Potent Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Antifibrotic Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040739. [PMID: 30791388 PMCID: PMC6412891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
New histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors with low toxicity to non-cancerous cells, are a prevalent issue at present because these enzymes are actively involved in fibrotic diseases. We designed and synthesized a novel series of thiazolyl-coumarins, substituted at position 6 (R = H, Br, OCH3), linked to classic zinc binding groups, such as hydroxamic and carboxylic acid moieties and alternative zinc binding groups such as disulfide and catechol. Their in vitro inhibitory activities against HDACs were evaluated. Disulfide and hydroxamic acid derivatives were the most potent ones. Assays with neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts demonstrated low cytotoxic effects for all compounds. Regarding the parameters associated to cardiac fibrosis development, the compounds showed antiproliferative effects, and triggered a strong decrease on the expression levels of both α-SMA and procollagen I. In conclusion, the new thiazolyl-coumarin derivatives inhibit HDAC activity and decrease profibrotic effects on cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Pardo-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Advanced Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Patricio Navarrete-Encina
- Laboratory of Advanced Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacological & Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
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Olivares-Silva F, Landaeta R, Aránguiz P, Bolivar S, Humeres C, Anfossi R, Vivar R, Boza P, Muñoz C, Pardo-Jiménez V, Peiró C, Sánchez-Ferrer CF, Díaz-Araya G. Heparan sulfate potentiates leukocyte adhesion on cardiac fibroblast by enhancing Vcam-1 and Icam-1 expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:831-842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Pardo-Jiménez V, Barrientos C, Pérez-Cruz K, Navarrete-Encina P, Olea-Azar C, Nuñez-Vergara LJ, Squella J. Synthesis and electrochemical oxidation of hybrid compounds: dihydropyridine-fused coumarins. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Salazar R, Navarrete-Encina P, Squella J, Barrientos C, Pardo-Jiménez V, Núñez-Vergara LJ. Study on the oxidation of C4-phenolic-1,4-dihydropyridines and its reactivity towards superoxide radical anion in dimethylsulfoxide. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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