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Chan BWGL, Lynch NB, Tran W, Joyce JM, Savage GP, Meutermans W, Montgomery AP, Kassiou M. Fragment-based drug discovery for disorders of the central nervous system: designing better drugs piece by piece. Front Chem 2024; 12:1379518. [PMID: 38698940 PMCID: PMC11063241 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1379518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) has emerged as a powerful strategy to confront the challenges faced by conventional drug development approaches, particularly in the context of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. FBDD involves the screening of libraries that comprise thousands of small molecular fragments, each no greater than 300 Da in size. Unlike the generally larger molecules from high-throughput screening that limit customisation, fragments offer a more strategic starting point. These fragments are inherently compact, providing a strong foundation with good binding affinity for the development of drug candidates. The minimal elaboration required to transition the hit into a drug-like molecule is not only accelerated, but also it allows for precise modifications to enhance both their activity and pharmacokinetic properties. This shift towards a fragment-centric approach has seen commercial success and holds considerable promise in the continued streamlining of the drug discovery and development process. In this review, we highlight how FBDD can be integrated into the CNS drug discovery process to enhance the exploration of a target. Furthermore, we provide recent examples where FBDD has been an integral component in CNS drug discovery programs, enabling the improvement of pharmacokinetic properties that have previously proven challenging. The FBDD optimisation process provides a systematic approach to explore this vast chemical space, facilitating the discovery and design of compounds piece by piece that are capable of modulating crucial CNS targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas B. Lynch
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wendy Tran
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jack M. Joyce
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Kuo A, Magiera J, Rethwan N, Andersson Å, Leen Lam A, Wyse B, Meutermans W, Lewis R, Smith M. In vitro profiling of opioid ligands using the cAMP formation inhibition assay and the β-arrestin2 recruitment assay: No two ligands have the same profile. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 872:172947. [PMID: 31991138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that no two of seven opioids administered by the intracerebroventricular route had the same potency rank order for evoking antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression in rats. To gain insight at the cellular level, this study was designed to systematically investigate the activity profiles of six commonly used opioid ligands using the forskolin-stimulated cAMP assay and a β-arrestin2 recruitment assay in cultured HEK-293 cells transfected with MOP(μ), DOP(δ) or KOP(κ) receptors(-r). Morphine was a potent agonist at the MOP-r in the cAMP assay whereas it was a weak agonist at the KOP-r and DOP-r. Oxycodone had moderate efficacy and low potency at the MOP-r. Buprenorphine was a potent MOP-r and DOP-r agonist; its efficacy rank order was DOP > MOP > KOP. Fentanyl was a potent agonist at the MOP-r; its efficacy rank order was MOP > DOP > KOP. For DPDPE, its agonist efficacy was confined to the DOP-r, whereas for U69593, its efficacy rank order was KOP>> MOP. For the β-arrestin2 assay, fentanyl had full efficacy at the MOP-r whereas morphine and oxycodone were weak with insignificant efficacy at DOP and KOP receptors. Buprenorphine did not recruit β-arrestin2 at all three opioid-receptors. DPDPE and U69593 had full efficacy for β-arrestin2 recruitment to the DOP-r and KOP-r respectively. Despite the low efficacy and potency of morphine, oxycodone and buprenorphine in recruiting β-arrestin2 to the MOP-r herein, these opioids all evoked respiratory depression and constipation in rats. Together, our findings discount a key role for β-arrestin2 recruitment at the MOP-r in evoking opioid-related side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Kuo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Julia Magiera
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nursyazwani Rethwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Åsa Andersson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ai Leen Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bruce Wyse
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wim Meutermans
- VAST Bioscience Pty Ltd, Toowong, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maree Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Mesleh MF, Rajaratnam P, Conrad M, Chandrasekaran V, Liu CM, Pandya BA, Hwang YS, Rye PT, Muldoon C, Becker B, Zuegg J, Meutermans W, Moy TI. Targeting Bacterial Cell Wall Peptidoglycan Synthesis by Inhibition of Glycosyltransferase Activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:190-9. [PMID: 26358369 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan requires glycosyltransferase enzymes that transfer the disaccharide-peptide from lipid II onto the growing glycan chain. The polymerization of the glycan chain precedes cross-linking by penicillin-binding proteins and is essential for growth for key bacterial pathogens. As such, bacterial cell wall glycosyltransferases are an attractive target for antibiotic drug discovery. However, significant challenges to the development of inhibitors for these targets include the development of suitable assays and chemical matter that is suited to the nature of the binding site. We developed glycosyltransferase enzymatic activity and binding assays using the natural products moenomycin and vancomycin as model inhibitors. In addition, we designed a library of disaccharide compounds based on the minimum moenomycin fragment with peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase inhibitory activity and based on a more drug-like and synthetically versatile disaccharide building block. A subset of these disaccharide compounds bound and inhibited the glycosyltransferase enzymes, and these compounds could serve as chemical entry points for antibiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Mesleh
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Premraj Rajaratnam
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld, 4113, Australia
| | - Mary Conrad
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Vasu Chandrasekaran
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Christopher M Liu
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Bhaumik A Pandya
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - You Seok Hwang
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Peter T Rye
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 11 Audubon Road, Wakefield, MA, 01880, USA
| | - Craig Muldoon
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld, 4113, Australia
| | - Bernd Becker
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld, 4113, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld, 4113, Australia
| | - Wim Meutermans
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld, 4113, Australia
| | - Terence I Moy
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
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He QQ, Wimmer N, Verquin G, Meutermans W, Ferro V. Investigations into the decomposition of aminoacyl-substituted monosaccharide scaffolds from a drug discovery library. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4070-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Decomposition of aminoacyl-substituted d-galactoside scaffolds under acidic conditions is dependent on the length of the side chain and is accelerated by the presence of a free hydroxyl group at C-6. In the latter case, evidence is provided that the reaction occurs via an N- to O-acyl transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Q. He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- the University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - N. Wimmer
- Alchemia Ltd
- Eight Mile Plains
- Australia
| | | | | | - V. Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- the University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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Kuo A, Wyse BD, Meutermans W, Smith MT. In vivo profiling of seven common opioids for antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression: no two opioids have the same profile. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:532-48. [PMID: 24641546 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE For patients experiencing inadequate analgesia and intolerable opioid-related side effects on one strong opioid analgesic, pain relief with acceptable tolerability is often achieved by rotation to a second strong opioid. These observations suggest subtle pharmacodynamic differences between opioids in vivo. This study in rats was designed to assess differences between opioids in their in vivo profiles. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Sprague Dawley rats were given single i.c.v. bolus doses of morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), fentanyl, oxycodone, buprenorphine, DPDPE ([D-penicillamine(2,5) ]-enkephalin) or U69,593. Antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression were assessed using the warm water tail-flick test, the castor oil-induced diarrhoea test and whole body plethysmography respectively. KEY RESULTS These opioid agonists produced dose-dependent antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression. For antinociception, morphine, fentanyl and oxycodone were full agonists, buprenorphine and M6G were partial agonists, whereas DPDPE and U69,593 had low potency. For constipation, M6G, fentanyl and buprenorphine were full agonists, oxycodone was a partial agonist, morphine produced a bell-shaped dose-response curve, whereas DPDPE and U69,593 were inactive. For respiratory depression, morphine, M6G, fentanyl and buprenorphine were full agonists, oxycodone was a partial agonist, whereas DPDPE and U69,593 were inactive. The respiratory depressant effects of fentanyl and oxycodone were of short duration, whereas morphine, M6G and buprenorphine evoked prolonged respiratory depression. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS For the seven opioids we assessed, no two had the same profile for evoking antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression, suggesting that these effects are differentially regulated. Our findings may explain the clinical success of 'opioid rotation'. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, St Lucia Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Heifetz A, Barker O, Verquin G, Wimmer N, Meutermans W, Pal S, Law RJ, Whittaker M. Fighting obesity with a sugar-based library: discovery of novel MCH-1R antagonists by a new computational-VAST approach for exploration of GPCR binding sites. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:1084-99. [PMID: 23590178 DOI: 10.1021/ci4000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an increasingly common disease. While antagonism of the melanin-concentrating hormone-1 receptor (MCH-1R) has been widely reported as a promising therapeutic avenue for obesity treatment, no MCH-1R antagonists have reached the market. Discovery and optimization of new chemical matter targeting MCH-1R is hindered by reduced HTS success rates and a lack of structural information about the MCH-1R binding site. X-ray crystallography and NMR, the major experimental sources of structural information, are very slow processes for membrane proteins and are not currently feasible for every GPCR or GPCR-ligand complex. This situation significantly limits the ability of these methods to impact the drug discovery process for GPCR targets in "real-time", and hence, there is an urgent need for other practical and cost-efficient alternatives. We present here a conceptually pioneering approach that integrates GPCR modeling with design, synthesis, and screening of a diverse library of sugar-based compounds from the VAST technology (versatile assembly on stable templates) to provide structural insights on the MCH-1R binding site. This approach creates a cost-efficient new avenue for structure-based drug discovery (SBDD) against GPCR targets. In our work, a primary VAST hit was used to construct a high-quality MCH-1R model. Following model validation, a structure-based virtual screen yielded a 14% hit rate and 10 novel chemotypes of potent MCH-1R antagonists, including EOAI3367472 (IC50 = 131 nM) and EOAI3367474 (IC50 = 213 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heifetz
- Evotec (UK), Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
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L'Abbé G, Meutermans W, van Meervelt L, King GSD, Lenstra ATH. Crystal structure of 5-Phenyl- [1, 2, 3] triazolo [1, 5-b] [1, 2, 4] triazine-3-carboxamide. Evidence for the dimroth-rearrangement of [1, 2, 3] triazolo-[5, 1-c] [1, 2, 4] triazines into [1, 2, 3] triazolo [1, 5-b] [1, 2, 4] Triazines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19880970303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abbenante G, Becker B, Blanc S, Clark C, Condie G, Fraser G, Grathwohl M, Halliday J, Henderson S, Lam A, Liu L, Mann M, Muldoon C, Pearson A, Premraj R, Ramsdale T, Rossetti T, Schafer K, Le Thanh G, Tometzki G, Vari F, Verquin G, Waanders J, West M, Wimmer N, Yau A, Zuegg J, Meutermans W. Biological Diversity from a Structurally Diverse Library: Systematically Scanning Conformational Space Using a Pyranose Scaffold. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5576-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1002777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Becker
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | - Chris Clark
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Glenn Condie
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | | | - Judy Halliday
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | - Ann Lam
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Maretta Mann
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Craig Muldoon
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Andrew Pearson
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | | | - Tony Rossetti
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Karl Schafer
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Giang Le Thanh
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | - Frank Vari
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | | | - Michael West
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Norbert Wimmer
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Annika Yau
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Wim Meutermans
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
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Rajaratnam P, Gupta P, Katavic P, Kuipers K, Huyh N, Ryan S, Falzun T, Tometzki GB, Bornaghi L, Le Thanh G, Abbenante G, Liu L, Meutermans W, Wimmer N, West ML. Orthogonally Protected Monosaccharide Building Blocks for Solid Phase Production of Diversity Oriented Libraries. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The large scale synthesis of three orthogonally protected monosaccharide scaffolds suitable for use in the solid phase preparation of large diversity libraries is presented. Scaffolds based on 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-allopyranose, and 2,4-diamino-2,4-dideoxy-d-galactopyranose were prepared in good yield and with minimal chromatographic purification from commercially available methyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranose and methyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranose.
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Le Thanh G, Abbenante G, Adamson G, Becker B, Clark C, Condie G, Falzun T, Grathwohl M, Gupta P, Hanson M, Huynh N, Katavic P, Kuipers K, Lam A, Liu L, Mann M, Mason J, McKeveney D, Muldoon C, Pearson A, Rajaratnam P, Ryan S, Tometzki G, Verquin G, Waanders J, West M, Wilcox N, Wimmer N, Yau A, Zuegg J, Meutermans W. A Versatile Synthetic Approach toward Diversity Libraries using Monosaccharide Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2009; 75:197-203. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9021919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giang Le Thanh
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | - George Adamson
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Bernd Becker
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Chris Clark
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Glenn Condie
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Tania Falzun
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | - Praveer Gupta
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Michael Hanson
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Ngoc Huynh
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Peter Katavic
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Krystle Kuipers
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Ann Lam
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Maretta Mann
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Jeff Mason
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | - Craig Muldoon
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Andrew Pearson
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | - Sarah Ryan
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Gerry Tometzki
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | | | - Michael West
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Neil Wilcox
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Norbert Wimmer
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Annika Yau
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Wim Meutermans
- Alchemia Ltd., Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zuegg
- Alchemia Ltd, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, QLD, 4113, Australia.
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Abstract
Drug discovery has long suffered from the difficulty of having to place pharmacophoric groups in just the right spatial arrangement to elicit the desired biological response. Although some molecule classes have been discovered that seem to be privileged structures for at least some drug-receptor interactions, there remains the challenge to design and synthesize molecules with high specific affinity to pharmacologically important targets. With their high density of stereochemical information and their relative rigidity, carbohydrates provide excellent platforms upon which to display a number of substituents in a sterically defined way, hence offering the opportunity to harness their unique features for the drug-discovery process. This review highlights the progress that has been made in the development of carbohydrate scaffolds for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Meutermans
- Alchemia Ltd., PO Box 6242, Upper Mt Gravatt, Qld 4122, Australia
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Abstract
Carbohydrates have been proven as valuable scaffolds to display pharmocophores and the resulting molecules have demonstrated useful biological activity towards various targets including the somatostatin receptors (SSTR), integrins, HIV-1 protease, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), and as RNA binders. Carbohydrate-based compounds have also shown antibacterial and herbicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Becker
- Alchemia Ltd, PO Box 6242, Upper Mt Gravatt, Qld 4122, Australia.
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Llamas-saiz AL, Foces-Foces C, Elguero J, Meutermans W. Crystalline hosts derived from pyrazole carboxylic acids. X-ray crystal structures of 4-nitropyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylic acid and its sodium salt including dioxane molecules. Supramol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10610279408029862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L. Llamas-saiz
- a Dpto. de Cristalografia , Instituto de Química-Física ‘Rocasolano’ , CSIC, Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Foces-Foces
- a Dpto. de Cristalografia , Instituto de Química-Física ‘Rocasolano’ , CSIC, Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- b Instituto de Química Médica , CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wim Meutermans
- b Instituto de Química Médica , CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
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Halliday J, McKeveney D, Muldoon C, Rajaratnam P, Meutermans W. Targeting the forgotten transglycosylases. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:957-67. [PMID: 16298347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forty years ago, moenomycin was reported as a representative of a novel natural product class with strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive organisms. Moenomycin was developed as an antimicrobial growth promoter in animal feeds. Mechanistically, moenomycin acts via inhibition of the transglycosylation process at the final stage of the peptidoglycan biosynthesis, in particular through binding directly to the transglycosylase enzymes, thereby preventing polymerisation of lipid II into linear peptidoglycan. Despite moenomycin's success, no developments of direct transglycosylase enzyme inhibitors were reported for over 30 years, probably due to the complexities and uncertainties surrounding the transglycosylation process, in particular the number of enzymes involved in the process and their specific roles. The development of better research tools and an improved understanding of the transglycosylation process, together with the increasing threat presented by multidrug-resistant bacteria, have led to a resurfacing of interest in targeting the forgotten transglycosylases. In addition, several new generation glycopeptides in clinical development inhibit the transglycosylation process, adding further value to the approach. In this paper, we summarise some of the developments in the area of transglycosylase inhibitors over the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Halliday
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld 4113, Australia
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Abstract
Monosaccharides provide an excellent platform to tailor molecular diversity by appending desired substituents at selected positions around the sugar scaffold. The presence of five functionalized and stereo-controlled centres on the sugar scaffolds gives the chemist plenty of scope to custom design molecules to a pharmacophore model. This review focuses on the peptidomimetic developments in this area, as well as the concept of tailoring structural and functional diversity in a library using carbohydrate scaffolds and how this can lead to increased hit rates and rapid identification of leads, which has promising prospects for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Thanh Le
- Alchemia Pty Ltd, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Brisbane Technology Park, Eight Mile Plains QLD 4113, Australia.
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Catalan J, Mena E, Meutermans W, Elguero J. Solvatochromism of a typical merocyanine: stilbazolium betaine and its 2,6-di-tert-butyl derivative. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100188a013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Battersby BJ, Bryant D, Meutermans W, Matthews D, Smythe ML, Trau M. Toward Larger Chemical Libraries: Encoding with Fluorescent Colloids in Combinatorial Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja993634i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn J. Battersby
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics and Centre for Drug Design and Development The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Darryn Bryant
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics and Centre for Drug Design and Development The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Wim Meutermans
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics and Centre for Drug Design and Development The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Matthews
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics and Centre for Drug Design and Development The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark L. Smythe
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics and Centre for Drug Design and Development The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics and Centre for Drug Design and Development The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
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22
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Lackmann M, Harpur AG, Oates AC, Mann RJ, Gabriel A, Meutermans W, Alewood PF, Kerr IM, Stark GR, Wilks AF. Biomolecular interaction analysis of IFN gamma-induced signaling events in whole-cell lysates: prevalence of latent STAT1 in high-molecular weight complexes. Growth Factors 1998; 16:39-51. [PMID: 9777369 DOI: 10.3109/08977199809017490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The basic framework for the JAK/STAT pathway is well documented. Recruitment of latent cytoplasmic STAT transcription factors to tyrosine phosphorylated docking sites on cytokine receptors and their JAK-mediated phosphorylation instigates their translocation to the nucleus and their ability to bind DNA. The biochemical processes underlying recruitment and activation of this pathway have commonly been studied in reconstituted in vitro systems using previously defined recombinant signaling components. We have dissected the Interferon gamma (IFN gamma) signal transduction pathway in crude extracts from wild-type and STAT1-negative mutant cell lines by real-time BIAcore analysis, size-exclusion (SE) chromatography and immuno-detection. The data indicate that in detergent-free cell extracts: (1) the phospho-tyrosine (Y440P)-containing peptide motif of the IFN gamma-receptor alpha-chain interacts directly with STAT1, or STAT1 complexes, and no other protein; (2) non-activated STAT1 is present in a higher molecular weight complex(es) and, at least for IFN gamma-primed cells, is available for recruitment to the activated IFN gamma-receptor from only a subset of such complexes; (3) activated STAT1 is released from the receptor as a monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lackmann
- Growth Regulation Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (Melbourne Branch), Australia
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23
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Alewood P, Alewood D, Miranda L, Love S, Meutermans W, Wilson D. Rapid in situ neutralization protocols for Boc and Fmoc solid-phase chemistries. Methods Enzymol 1997; 289:14-29. [PMID: 9353715 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)89041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Alewood
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, University of Queensland, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg GuangHua Qiao
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wim Meutermans
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ming Wah Wong
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Michael Träubel
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Curt Wentrup
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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25
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Llamas-Saiz AL, Foces-Foces C, Cano FH, Jiménez P, Laynez J, Meutermans W, Elguero J, Limbach HH, Aguilar-Parrilla F. The influence of the nitro group on the solid-state structure of 4-nitropyrazoles: the cases of pyrazole, 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole and 3,5-diphenylpyrazole. I. Static aspects (crystallography and thermodynamics). Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108768194004180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Monge MA, Pu̧ebla EG, Elguero J, Toiron C, Meutermans W, Sobrados I. An X-ray and 13C CP/MAS NMR study of C,C-linked bipyrazoles and bispyrazolylmethanes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(94)80010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Catalán J, Pérez P, Elguero J, Meutermans W. Solvatochromism of Sterically Hindered Stilbazolium Betaines and Its Relationship to Reichardt'sET(30) Scale: The Problem of the Measurement of the Polarity vs the Acidity of Alcohols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19931261118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Echevarría A, Elguero J, Meutermans W. Research in the azole series.103. Synthesis and13C NMR study of pyrazole-4-carboxaldehydes. J Heterocycl Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570300419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Llamas-Saiz AL, Foces-Foces C, Sobrados I, Elguero J, Meutermans W. (4S,7R)-7,8,8-Trimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4,7-methano-1H(2H)-indazole (campho[2,3-c]pyrazole): comparison between the X-ray structure and carbon-13 NMR data in the solid state. Acta Crystallogr C 1993. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270192010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Llamas-Saiz AL, Foces-Foces C, Elguero J, Meutermans W. Structure of 3,5-pyrazoledimethanol: an X-ray and 13C solid-state NMR study. Acta Crystallogr C 1992. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270191011228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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