Research on storage stability differences between ceftriaxone sodium products

The conditions and mechanisms leading to stability differences between ceftriaxone sodium products were examined to ensure drug quality and efficacy. We used a combination of powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis to examine the differences between preparations for injection from different pharmaceutical processes to elucidate the changed processes by exposing samples to different humidity and high-temperature conditions. Water loss or absorption due to varying environmental humidity levels did not adversely affect the crystal structure, but could lead to the reversible redistribution of hepta-hydrate in the unit cell of generic products, causing its stability change. The irreversible distribution of hydrate may occur when generic drugs stored at 25 °C, whereas the brand-name products remained stable at 40 °C. Therefore, generic ceftriaxone sodium and its powder preparations would be acceptable by better controlled sealing and storing under cool conditions during storage period to meet the efficacy and stability.

Quality control and consistency evaluation of ceftriaxone sodium for injection

Ceftriaxone sodium for injection is an antibiotic used clinically. Here, we developed a strategy for evaluating the consistency of ceftriaxone sodium for injection. Comparison of the quality of the generic and original raw materials, and analysis of the production process revealed that the quality of the ceftriaxone sodium raw material is the most important factor affecting the quality of preparation, while the ceftriaxone sodium crystallization process is the key factor affecting the quality of raw materials. The solution clarity of the formulation, another key aspect, was addressed by controlling the leachable components found in the rubber closures used in the packaging. The time to achieve therapeutic efficacy of the preparation could be preliminarily evaluated by evaluating the rate of salt formation and the protein binding rate. Finally, the results of the tests (including water, pH, impurity profile and solution clarity) and assay were compared with the original preparation. On this basis, the critical quality attributes (CQAs) that reflect the quality of the product could be determined and a strategy for evaluating ceftriaxone sodium for injection was developed.

Spectral Data Analysis and Identification of Vancomycin Hydrochloride

Objective: To establish a method for the determination of the chemical structure of vancomycin hydrochloride.

Methods: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry were conducted to analyze the chemical structure of vancomycin hydrochloride.

Results: In this study, the target compound (1) was identified as (Sα)-(3S, 6R, 7R, 22R, 23S, 26S, 36R, 38αR)-44-[[2-O-(3-amino-2, 3, 6-trideoxy-3-C-methyl-α-L-lyso-hexopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl] oxy]-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-10, 19-dichloro-7, 22, 28, 30, 32-pentahydroxy-6-[[(2R)-4-methyl-2-(methylamino) pentanoyl] amino]-2, 5, 24, 38, 39-pentaoxo-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 23, 24, 25, 26, 36, 37, 38, 38α-tetradecahydro-22H-8, 11: 18, 21-dietheno-23, 36-(iminomethano)-13, 16: 31, 35-dimetheno-1H, 13H-[1, 6, 9] oxadiazacyclohexadecino [4, 5-m] [10, 2, 16]-benzoxadiazacyclotetracosine-26-carboxylic acid hydrochloride.

Conclusion: The method used in this study is accurate and can be used for the production and structural elucidation of vancomycin hydrochloride.

Alterations in ATP-dependent calcium uptake by rat renal cortex microsomes following ochratoxin A administration in vivo or addition in vitro

A disruption of calcium homeostasis, leading to a sustained increase in cytosolic calcium levels, has been associated with cytotoxicity in response to a variety of agents in different cell types. We have observed that administration of a single high dose or multiple lower doses of the carcinogenic nephrotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) to rats resulted in an increase of the renal cortex endoplasmic reticulum ATP-dependent calcium pump activity. The increase was very rapid, being evident within 10 min of OTA administration and remained elevated for at least 6 hr thereafter. The increase in calcium pump activity was inconsistent with previous observations that OTA enhances lipid peroxidation (ethane exhalation) in vivo, a condition known to inhibit the calcium pump. However, no evidence of enhanced lipid peroxidation was observed in the renal cortex since levels of malondialdehyde and a variety of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, DT-diaphorase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase were either unaltered or reduced. In in vitro studies, addition of OTA to cortex microsomes during calcium uptake inhibited the uptake process although the effect was reversible. Preincubation of microsomes with NADPH had a profound inhibitory effect on calcium uptake but inclusion of OTA was able to reverse the inhibition. Changes in the rates of microsomal calcium uptake correlated with changes in the steady-state levels of the phosphorylated Mg2+/Ca(2+)-ATPase intermediate, suggesting that in vivo/in vitro conditions were affecting the rate of enzyme phosphorylation.