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Verhofstad N, Linschooten JO, van Benthem J, Dubrova YE, van Steeg H, van Schooten FJ, Godschalk RWL. New methods for assessing male germ line mutations in humans and genetic risks in their offspring. Mutagenesis 2008; 23:241-7. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Davies BG, Hussain A, Ring SM, Birch JM, Eden TOB, Reeves M, Dubrova YE, Taylor GM. New germline mutations in the hypervariable minisatellite CEB1 in the parents of children with leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1265-71. [PMID: 17387343 PMCID: PMC2360154 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gardner and co-workers advanced the hypothesis that the Seascale leukaemia cluster could have been caused by new mutations in germ cells, induced by paternal preconceptional irradiation (PPI) exposure at the Sellafield nuclear installation. Since evidence has shown that PPI can increase the de novo germline mutation rate in hypervariable minisatellite loci, we investigated the hypothesis that sporadic childhood leukaemia might be associated with an increased parental germline minisatellite mutation rate. To test this hypothesis, we compared de novo germline mutation rates in the hypervariable minisatellite locus, CEB1, in family trios (both parents and their child) of children with leukaemia (n=135) compared with unaffected control families (n=124). The majority of case and control germline mutations were paternal (94%); the mean paternal germline mutation rates of children with leukaemia (0.083) and control children (0.156) were not significantly different (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 0.50, 0.23–1.08; P=0.11). There were no significant differences in case and control parental allele sizes, case and control germline mutation progenitor allele sizes (2.74 vs 2.54 kb; P=0.56), case and control mutant allele sizes (2.71 vs 2.67 kb; P=0.90), mutant allele size changes (0.13 vs 0.26 kb; P=0.10), or mutational spectra. Within the limitation of the number of families available for study, we conclude that childhood leukaemia is unlikely to be associated with increased germline minisatellite instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Davies
- Cancer Immunogenetics Laboratory, Division of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A Hussain
- Cancer Immunogenetics Laboratory, Division of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S M Ring
- ALSPAC DNA and Cell Line Bank, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J M Birch
- CRUK Paediatric and Familial Cancer Study Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T O B Eden
- Academic Unit of Paediatric Oncology, Division of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Reeves
- Academic Unit of Paediatric Oncology, Division of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Y E Dubrova
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - G M Taylor
- Cancer Immunogenetics Laboratory, Division of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- E-mail:
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Hatch T, Derijck AAHA, Black PD, van der Heijden GW, de Boer P, Dubrova YE. Maternal effects of the scid mutation on radiation-induced transgenerational instability in mice. Oncogene 2007; 26:4720-4. [PMID: 17237807 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The results of a number of recent studies show that mutation rates in the offspring of irradiated parents are substantially elevated, however, the effect of parental genotype on transgenerational instability remains poorly understood. Here, we have analysed the mutation frequency at an expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) locus in the germline and bone marrow of the first-generation male offspring of control and irradiated male mice. The frequency of ESTR mutation was studied in the offspring of two reciprocal matings male symbol scid x female symbol BALB/c and male symbol BALB/c x female symbol scid, which were compared with that in BALB/c mice. In the offspring of the BALB/c x BALB/c and male symbol scid x female symbol BALB/c matings, which were conceived after paternal sperm irradiation, the frequency of ESTR mutation was significantly elevated in both tissues. In contrast, ESTR mutation frequency was only slightly elevated in the offspring of male symbol BALB/c x female symbol scid mating conceived after paternal irradiation. The results of this study suggest that the oocytes of scid females are unable to fully support the repair of double-strand breaks induced in paternal sperm which may in turn result in the elimination of cells/embryos containing high levels of DNA damage, thus partially preventing the manifestation of genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hatch
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Barber RC, Hickenbotham P, Hatch T, Kelly D, Topchiy N, Almeida GM, Jones GDD, Johnson GE, Parry JM, Rothkamm K, Dubrova YE. Radiation-induced transgenerational alterations in genome stability and DNA damage. Oncogene 2006; 25:7336-42. [PMID: 16751800 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mutation induction in directly exposed cells is currently regarded as the main component of the genetic risk of ionizing radiation for humans. However, recent data on the transgenerational increases in mutation rates in the offspring of irradiated parents indicate that the genetic risk could be greater than predicted previously. Here, we have analysed transgenerational changes in mutation rates and DNA damage in the germline and somatic tissues of non-exposed first-generation offspring of irradiated inbred male CBA/Ca and BALB/c mice. Mutation rates at an expanded simple tandem repeat DNA locus and a protein-coding gene (hprt) were significantly elevated in both the germline (sperm) and somatic tissues of all the offspring of irradiated males. The transgenerational changes in mutation rates were attributed to the presence of a persistent subset of endogenous DNA lesions (double- and single-strand breaks), measured by the phosphorylated form of histone H2AX (gamma-H2AX) and alkaline Comet assays. Such remarkable transgenerational destabilization of the F(1) genome may have important implications for cancer aetiology and genetic risk estimates. Our data also provide important clues on the still unknown mechanisms of radiation-induced genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Barber
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK
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Abstract
Weinberg et al. (2001, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268, 1001-1005) have recently reported a major increase in mutation rate in the children of Chernobyl liquidators as a result of their fathers' exposure to ionizing radiation. If correct, this would provide dramatic evidence for radiation-induced mutation in humans, and would raise major concerns over the genetic effects of radiation. However, mutants were mainly detected using random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR, an unreliable technology. These mutants were not validated and had no obvious molecular basis. They may, instead, have arisen as PCR artefacts or through non-paternity or sample mix-up. Unless these mutants can be validated, we recommend that Weinberg et al. withdraw their remarkable claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Jeffreys
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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Barber R, Plumb M, Smith AG, Cesar CE, Boulton E, Jeffreys AJ, Dubrova YE. No correlation between germline mutation at repeat DNA and meiotic crossover in male mice exposed to X-rays or cisplatin. Mutat Res 2000; 457:79-91. [PMID: 11106800 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that mouse germline expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) mutations are associated with recombination events during spermatogenesis, crossover frequencies were compared with germline mutation rates at ESTR loci in male mice acutely exposed to 1Gy of X-rays or to 10mg/kg of the anticancer drug cisplatin. Ionising radiation resulted in a highly significant 2.7-3.6-fold increase in ESTR mutation rate in males mated 4, 5 and 6 weeks after exposure, but not 3 weeks after exposure. In contrast, irradiation had no effect on meiotic crossover frequencies assayed on six chromosomes using 25 polymorphic microsatellite loci spaced at approximately 20cM intervals and covering 421cM of the mouse genome. Paternal exposure to cisplatin did not affect either ESTR mutation rates or crossover frequencies, despite a report that cisplatin can increase crossover frequency in mice. Correlation analysis did not reveal any associations between the paternal ESTR mutation rate and crossover frequency in unexposed males and in those exposed to X-rays or cisplatin. This study does not, therefore, support the hypothesis that mutation induction at mouse ESTR loci results from a general genome-wide increase in meiotic recombination rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barber
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, Leicester, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kovalchuk
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel, Switzerland.
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May CA, Tamaki K, Neumann R, Wilson G, Zagars G, Pollack A, Dubrova YE, Jeffreys AJ, Meistrich ML. Minisatellite mutation frequency in human sperm following radiotherapy. Mutat Res 2000; 453:67-75. [PMID: 11006413 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Screening pedigrees for inherited minisatellite length changes provides an efficient means of monitoring repeat DNA instability but has given rise to apparently contradictory results regarding the effects of radiation on the human germline. To explore this further in individuals with known radiation doses and to potentially gain information on the timing of mutation induction, we have used an extremely sensitive single molecule approach to quantify the frequencies of mutation at the hypervariable minisatellites B6.7 and CEB1 in the sperm of three seminoma patients following hemipelvic radiotherapy. Scattered radiation doses to the testicles were monitored and pre-treatment sperm DNA was compared with sperm derived from irradiated pre-meiotic, meiotic and post-meiotic cells. We show no evidence for mutation induction in any of the patients and discuss this finding in the context of previous population studies using minisatellites as reporter systems, one of which provided evidence for radiation-induced germline mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A May
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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Dubrova YE, Plumb M, Brown J, Boulton E, Goodhead D, Jeffreys AJ. Induction of minisatellite mutations in the mouse germline by low-dose chronic exposure to gamma-radiation and fission neutrons. Mutat Res 2000; 453:17-24. [PMID: 11006408 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutation induction at mouse minisatellite loci by paternal low-dose (0.125-1 Gy) exposure to chronic (1.66 x 10(-4) Gy min(-1)) low-linear energy transfer (low-LET) gamma-irradiation and high-LET fission neutrons (0.003 Gy min(-1)) was studied at pre-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis. Both types of radiation produced linear dose-response curves for mutation of the paternal allele. In contrast to previous results using higher doses, the pattern of induction of minisatellite mutation after chronic gamma-irradiation was similar to acute (0.5 Gy min(-1)) exposure to X-rays, indicating that the elevated mutation rate was independent of the ability of the cell to repair damage induced immediately or over a period of up to 100 h. Chronic exposure to fission neutrons was more effective than acute or chronic low-LET exposure (relative biological effectiveness, RBE=3.36). The data also provide strong support for the previous conclusion that increases in minisatellite mutation rate are not caused by radiation-induced DNA damage at minisatellite loci themselves, but rather from damage induced by ionising radiation elsewhere in the genome/cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Dubrova
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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Abstract
In this study, DNA fingerprints from 32 unrelated domestic pigs were analysed and screened for breed-specificity. Three breed groups were analysed: Chinese Meishan, Large White and a collection of other European breeds. Ninety-three distinct and variable bands were used to estimate genetic distances between the animals. Between the groups these individual genetic distances substantially exceeded those within a group. Linear discriminant analysis showed that the 23 most common DNA fragments revealed sufficient breed-specificity as to assign each pig correctly to its breed or breed group. These findings, although based on a small sample, indicate that selective use of minisatellite variation in pigs appears to be a valuable novel approach toward the development of breed DNA profiles and the resolution of breed relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Signer
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Dubrova
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK.
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Brown J, Reading SJ, Jones S, Fitchett CJ, Howl J, Martin A, Longland CL, Michelangeli F, Dubrova YE, Brown CA. Critical evaluation of ECV304 as a human endothelial cell model defined by genetic analysis and functional responses: a comparison with the human bladder cancer derived epithelial cell line T24/83. J Transl Med 2000; 80:37-45. [PMID: 10653001 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Early reports indicated that ECV304 was a spontaneously-transformed line derived from a Japanese human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) culture. Many morphological, immunochemical, and genetic studies provided further evidence that ECV304 was a valuable biomedical research tool and could be used to study processes that include angiogenesis in vitro and signal transduction by a variety of G protein-coupled receptors. However, several distinct differences between ECV304 and HUVEC are now apparent and recent reports have indicated genetic similarity between ECV304 and T24/83, a human bladder cancer cell line. To further assess the utility of ECV304 as a human endothelial cell model, we compared the functional responses of ECV304 and T24/83 to a range of G protein-coupled receptor agonists. We also used DNA fingerprinting to karyotype both ECV304 and T24/83. Both ATP and uridine triphosphate (UTP) stimulated inositol phosphate metabolism in ECV304 without alteration of cAMP levels. Comparative data using selective P2Y receptor agonists indicated that this response, leading to calcium mobilization from intracellular stores, was predominantly mediated by the activation of P2Y2 receptors. Similar responses were recorded from both ECV304 and T24/83 cells. ECV304 expressed a relatively high basal activity of NOS that was reduced by L-NAME and stimulated by P2Y2 receptor agonists. In contrast, P2Y2 receptor activation did not induce prostaglandin synthesis in ECV304. Both ECV304 and T24/83 express receptors for adenosine, adrenaline, and calcitonin, which stimulate adenylate cyclase. Proliferation of ECV304 and T24/83 cells, measured by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA, was largely serum-independent. This was in contrast to parallel experiments with porcine and bovine aortic endothelial cells that indicated a marked serum-dependent increase in DNA synthesis. Genetic analysis confirmed that ECV304 and T24/83 are identical. ECV304 displays some endothelial characteristics and is useful for the study of receptor pharmacology. However, ECV304 is not of HUVEC origin and is therefore an inappropriate cell line to study endothelial cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brown
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
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Jeffreys AJ, Barber R, Bois P, Buard J, Dubrova YE, Grant G, Hollies CR, May CA, Neumann R, Panayi M, Ritchie AE, Shone AC, Signer E, Stead JD, Tamaki K. Human minisatellites, repeat DNA instability and meiotic recombination. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:1665-75. [PMID: 10435430 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990101)20:8<1665::aid-elps1665>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Minisatellites include some of the most variable loci in the human genome and are superb for dissecting processes of tandem repeat DNA instability. Single DNA molecule analysis has revealed different mutation processes operating in the soma and germline. Low-level somatic instability results in simple intra-allelic rearrangements. In contrast, high frequency germline instability involves complex gene conversions and is therefore recombinational in nature, almost certainly occurring at meiosis. To determine whether true meiotic crossovers occur at human minisatellites, we have used polymorphisms near the repeat array to recover recombinant DNA molecules directly from sperm DNA. Analysis of minisatellite MS32 has revealed an intense and highly localised meiotic crossover hotspot centred upstream of the array, the first example of a human hotspot defined at the molecular level. This hotspot extends into the beginning of the repeat array, resulting in unequal and equal crossovers. Array crossovers occur much less frequently than array conversions but appear to arise by a common process, most likely by alternative processing of a recombination initiation complex. The location of MS32 at the boundary of a recombination hotspot suggests that this locus has evolved as a by-product of localised meiotic recombination activity, and that minisatellites might in general mark recombinationally proficient hotspots or hot domains in the genome. Finally, sperm crossover analysis makes it possible to explore the molecular rules that govern human meiotic recombination, and to detect phenomena such as meiotic drive that could provide a possible connection between recombination and DNA sequence diversity itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Jeffreys
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK.
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Abstract
Human minisatellite B6.7 is a highly variable locus showing extensive heterozygosity with alleles ranging from six to >500 repeat units. Paternal and maternal mutation rates to new length alleles were estimated from pedigrees at 7.0 and 3.9% per gamete, respectively, indicating that B6.7 is one of the most unstable minisatellites isolated to date. Mutation at this locus was also analysed by small pool PCR of sperm and blood DNA. Male germline instability varied from <0.8 to 14% per allele and increased with tandem array size. In contrast, the frequency of mutants in somatic (blood) DNA was far lower (<0.5%), consistent with a meiotic origin of germline mutants. Sperm mutants were further characterized by minisatellite variant repeat mapping using four major polymorphic sites within the B6.7 repeats. This highly informative system revealed a wide variety of changes in allele structure, including simple intra-allelic duplications and deletions and more complicated inter- and intra-allelic transfers of repeat blocks, as seen at other human minisatellites. The main mode of sperm mutation, however, resulted in extremely complex allele reorganization with evidence of inter-allelic transfer plus the generation of novel repeats by rearrangement at the sub-repeat level, suggesting that recombinational instability at B6.7 is a complex multistep process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tamaki
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Adrian Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To review the results of recent studies on radiation-induced germline instability at mammalian minisatellite loci. RESULTS Evidence has been obtained recently that germline mutation at minisatellites is remarkably sensitive to ionizing radiation, in both mice and humans. In mice, an elevated mutation rate was found after acute irradiation of pre-meiotic spermatogonia, with a doubling dose of 0.33 Gy, a value close to those obtained in mice after acute spermatogonia irradiation using other systems for mutation detection. In humans, analysis of germline mutation rate at minisatellites among children born in areas of the Mogilev district of Belarus, which was heavily polluted after the Chernobyl accident, has shown a twofold higher mutation rate in exposed families compared with non-irradiated families from the United Kingdom. Within the Belarus cohort, the mutation rate was significantly greater in families exposed to a higher parental radiation dose, consistent with radiation induction of germline mutation. The data in this study also demonstrate the indirect nature of radiation-induced germline mutation at mammalian minisatellite loci suggesting a strong similarity with the phenomenon of genomic instability in somatic cells. CONCLUSIONS Minisatellite loci provide a powerful system for the efficient monitoring of germline mutation in humans and are capable of detecting induced mutations in relatively small population samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Dubrova
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK.
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Dubrova YE, Plumb M, Brown J, Fennelly J, Bois P, Goodhead D, Jeffreys AJ. Stage specificity, dose response, and doubling dose for mouse minisatellite germ-line mutation induced by acute radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:6251-5. [PMID: 9600951 PMCID: PMC27647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/1998] [Accepted: 03/25/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ-line mutation induction at mouse minisatellite loci by acute irradiation with x-rays was studied at premeiotic and postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis. An elevated paternal mutation rate was found after irradiation of premeiotic spermatogonia and stem cells, whereas the frequency of minisatellite mutation after postmeiotic irradiation of spermatids was similar to that in control litters. In contrast, paternal irradiation did not affect the maternal mutation rate. A linear dose-response curve for paternal mutation induced at premeiotic stages was found, with a doubling dose of 0.33 Gy, a value close to those obtained in mice after acute spermatogonia irradiation using other systems for mutation detection. High frequencies of spontaneous and induced mutations at minisatellite loci allow mutation induction to be evaluated at low doses of exposure in very small population samples, which currently makes minisatellite DNA the most powerful tool for monitoring radiation-induced germ-line mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Dubrova
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Human hypervariable minisatellites provide highly informative loci for analyzing processes of tandem repeat turnover, but little is known about mechanisms of instability in other species. We have therefore screened the mouse genome for analogous VNTR loci. One of the probes we isolated, MMS10, detects a highly variable rodent-specific family of multiple loci derived by expansion of a common GGCAGA repeat unit from within a subset of B1 short interspersed elements. The mean germline mutation rate for loci detected by MMS10 was estimated at 1.7% per offspring band, though analysis of individual loci showed substantial variation in germinal instability apparently related to repeat array size. This MMS10 family of expanded hexanucleotide repeat loci provides a novel resource for investigating mechanisms of tandem repeat turnover in the mouse and an efficient means for monitoring germline mutations induced by external agents such as ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bois
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Dubrova YE, Nesterov VN, Krouchinsky NG, Ostapenko VA, Vergnaud G, Giraudeau F, Buard J, Jeffreys AJ. Further evidence for elevated human minisatellite mutation rate in Belarus eight years after the Chernobyl accident. Mutat Res 1997; 381:267-78. [PMID: 9434883 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(97)00212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of germline mutation rate at human minisatellites among children born in areas of the Mogilev district of Belarus heavily polluted after the Chernobyl accident has been extended, both by recruiting more families from the affected region and by using five additional minisatellite probes, including multi-locus probe 33.6 and four hypervariable single-locus probes. These additional data confirmed a twofold higher mutation rate in exposed families compared with non-irradiated families from the United Kingdom. An elevated rate was seen at all three independent sets of minisatellites (detected separately by multi-locus probes 33.15, 33.6 and six single-locus probes), indicating a generalised increase in minisatellite germline mutation rate in the Belarus families. Within the Belarus cohort, mutation rate was significantly greater in families with higher parental radiation dose estimated for chronic external and internal exposure to caesium-137, consistent with radiation induction of germline mutation. The spectra of mutation seen in the unexposed and exposed families were indistinguishable, suggesting that increased mutation observed over multiple loci arises indirectly by some mechanism that enhances spontaneous minisatellite mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Dubrova
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK.
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Dubrova YE, Nesterov VN, Krouchinsky NG, Ostapenko VA, Neumann R, Neil DL, Jeffreys AJ. Human minisatellite mutation rate after the Chernobyl accident. Nature 1996; 380:683-6. [PMID: 8614461 DOI: 10.1038/380683a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutation at human minisatellite loci has been studied among children born in heavily polluted areas of the Mogilev district of Belarus after the Chernobyl accident and in a control population. The frequency of mutation was found to be twice as high in the exposed families as in the control group. Mutation rate in the Mogilev families was correlated with the level of caesium-137 surface contamination, consistent with radiation induction of germline mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Dubrova
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Dubrova YE, Kurbatova OL, Kholod ON, Prokhorovskaya VD. Secular growth trend in two generations of the Russian population. Hum Biol 1995; 67:755-67. [PMID: 8543289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective sample survey of birth certificates from a Moscow maternity hospital over a 40-year period has revealed secular growth changes (involving mothers' stature, age at menarche, and four anthropometric traits in newborns) in two consecutive generations. Cohorts of mothers born in the period 1930-1949 showed high rates of acceleration. Age at menarche decreased in these cohorts at a rate of 12.5 months per 10 years, and a parallel gain in stature averaged 1.8 cm per 10 years; both rates were significantly higher than those for Western Europe. In later birth cohorts the acceleration in the maternal generation apparently ended. Anthropometric traits at birth (weight, body length, head and chest circumferences) show different patterns of secular changes from 1950 to 1990. According to multiple regression analysis, a temporal trend in the neonate body size might be mainly due to the parallel increase in mother's stature. The contribution of socioeconomic factors to the observed secular growth changes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Dubrova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
The detection of changes in germline mutation rate in human populations remains extremely difficult. Estimating the genetic hazards of radiation and other mutagens in humans therefore depends on extrapolation from experimental systems. Because of the very low frequency of spontaneous mutation at most loci, enormous samples are required to detect increases of mutation rate. A very high rate of spontaneous germline mutation altering the length of minisatellite loci has been found in human populations and therefore this system might be useful for detecting induced mutations in relatively small samples. Here we present evidence that minisatellite mutation rate in mice is increased by low doses of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Dubrova
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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Dubrova YE, Bogatyrjova LV, Pushkina EI. Genetic affinities of Buryat populations and other Mongoloids of Siberia. Hum Hered 1993; 43:82-5. [PMID: 8359819 DOI: 10.1159/000154122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation at ten polymorphic loci (ABO, RH, PGD, ACP, PGM1, GLO1, ESD, ADA, GC, TF) was studied in a sample of 326 Buryat newborns from Ulan-Ude. The genetic relationships between Buryat and other Mongoloids from Central and Northern Asia were assessed; close similarity was found between the Buryat, Mongol, Yakut, Chulym and Kyzyl populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Dubrova
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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