Hyperuricemia predicts worse prognosis in patients with chronic coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from Japanese real-world database using a storage system

Background

The relationship between hyperuricemia (HUA) and cardiovascular disease was observed in some epidemiological studies. However, the association between HUA and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is not fully elucidated.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact of HUA in patients with CCS after PCI.

Methods

This study is a retrospective, multicenter, observational study. We developed the Clinical Deep Data Accumulation System (CLIDAS), which consists of 6 university hospitals and the national cardiovascular center in Japan, directly obtains clinical data including patients background, laboratory data, echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, cardiac catheterization report, prescription, and long-term outcome from electronic medical records. A total of 9936 consecutive patients after PCI were analyzed. Of them, 5138 patients with CCS after PCI during April 2013 and March 2019 were analyzed, and divided into HUA group (patients with HUA at baseline, n=1724) and non-HUA group (patients without HUA at baseline, n=3414). HUA was defined as a serum uric acid levels ≥7.0 mg/dL for men or ≥6.0 mg/dL for women and/or taking urate-lowering drugs. The primary outcome was the major cardiovascular events (MACE) defined as being the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and hospitalization for heart failure.

Results

The median follow-up duration was 910 days (interquartile range: 307–1479 days). The proportion of male (78% vs. 78%) and age (71±11 vs. 71±10) were similar between the HUA and the non-HUA groups. The prevalence of hypertension (87% vs. 82%), atrial fibrillation (9% vs. 5%), and history of previous hospitalization for heart failure (15% vs. 6%) and baseline creatinine value (1.8±2.3 vs. 1.5±2.0 mg/dL) were significantly higher in the HUA group. In contrast, the prevalence of diabetes (43% vs. 48%) was significantly lower in the HUA group. The incidence of MACE was significantly higher in the HUA group than in the non-HUA group (13.1% vs. 6.4%, log rank P<0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that hyperuricemia was significantly associated with MACE (hazard ratio 1.50, 95% confidence interval 1.22–1.84, P<0.001) after controlling for other cardiovascular risk factors.

Conclusion

The real-world database CLIDAS revealed that hyperuricemia was significantly associated with the increase of MACE in patients with CCS after PCI. This result sheds light on the significant role of urate in prediction of prognosis, suggesting the possibility of new therapeutic approaches using urate-lowering drugs or SGLT2 inhibitors for the CCS patients.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan, and Kowa Co., Ltd

AB0443 LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF MULTITARGET THERAPY OF MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL AND TACROLIMUS IN LUPUS NEPHRITIS: A SINGLE CENTER RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS

Background

Recent studies showed the efficacy of multitarget therapy with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and calcineurin inhibitor for induction therapy for lupus nephritis (LN)1. However, long-term outcomes have not been well elucidated.

Objectives

We retrospectively analyzed the long-term outcomes of multitarget therapy of MMF and tacrolimus.

Methods

We examined 27 LN patients (4 male, 23 female) treated with multitarget therapy for induction therapy between Oct. 2009 and Nov. 2018 in our department. Complete remission (CR) was defined as 1) UPCR<0.5 g/gCr, and 2) serum creatinine (S-Cr) normal or if abnormal, within 15% of baseline; 1) and 2) were observed in 2 consecutive visits. Relapse was defined as UPCR>1.0 g/gCr or intensification of immunosuppressive treatment after achievement of CR.

Results

The mean age was 38.6±11．6 years old. 17 patients were new-onset LN, and 10 patients were relapse LN. UPCR and eGFR before treatment were 4.42±2.98 g/gCr and 71.5±32.9 mL/min/1.73m2, respectively. Renal histology was Class III in 1, III+V in ４, IV in 12. IV+V in 9 and V in 1 by ISN/RPS 2003 classification. CR at 6 and 12 months were 59% and 74%, respectively. Patients were treated by multitarget therapy for median of 25 months (IQR, 5.5-37). Finally, 26 (96%) patients achieved CR. During multitarget therapy, there were 15 serious adverse events: deep vein thrombosis in 2, myocardial infarctions in 2, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in 2, heart failure in 1, herpes zoster in 1, viral myocarditis in 1, cytomegalovirus gastroenteritis in 1, cholecystitis in 1, pyelonephritis in 1, bacterial enteritis in 1, sepsis in 1, and breast cancer in 1. During the median observation period of 94 months (IQR, 63-111.5) after the initiation of multitarget therapy, 1 patient died due to sudden death. No patient reached end-stage kidney disease or doubling S-Cr. 16 patients relapsed at median of 32 months (IQR,13.8-64.5) after CR; 8 patients relapsed on multitarget therapy, and 8 patients relapsed after cessation of multitarget therapy. Relapse was associated with chronic lesions in renal biopsy and normal or higher C4 levels at treatment initiation by Kaplan Meier analysis (Log-rank, P=0.006, P<0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

Multitarget therapy effectively induced CR and maintained renal function in long-term period. However, relapse was often observed during or after withdrawal of multitarget therapy.

References

[1]Liu Z, Zhang H, Liu Z, et al. Multitarget therapy for induction treatment of lupus nephritis: a randomized trial. Ann Int Med 2015; 162: 18-26.

Disclosure of Interests

Yoichi Imai: None declared, Hidekazu Ikeuchi: None declared, Junya Suwa: None declared, Yuko Ohishi: None declared, Mitsuharu Watanabe: None declared, Masao Nakasatomi: None declared, Hiroko Hamatani: None declared, Toru Sakairi: None declared, Yoriaki Kaneko: None declared, Keiju Hiromura Speakers bureau: Chugai, Astellas., Grant/research support from: Chugai, Astellas.

Impact of Proteinuria and Low eGFR on Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Death: A Pooled Analysis of Data From the Evidence for Cardiovascular Prevention From Observational Cohorts in Japan Study

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): H20–Junkankitou [Seishuu]–Ippan–013; H23–Junkankitou [Seishuu]–Ippan–005; H26-Junkankitou [Seisaku]-Ippan-001; H29–Junkankitou–Ippan–003 and 20FA1002

OnBehalf

EPOCH-JAPAN

Introduction

Absolute risk of Lifetime risk (LTR) is useful estimate for risk communication compared with short term risk or relative risk especially for young people. Proteinuria is leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although nonproteinuric renal disease is global burden of ESKD, it has been poorly focused. To date, there have been no reports of impact of proteinuria and low eGFR on LTR with the outcome of CVD death in Asian population.

Purpose

We aimed to estimate LTR of CVD death stratified by the status of proteinuria and low eGFR.

Methods

We used modified Kaplan-Meier approach to estimate the remaining lifetime risk of cardiovascular death based on EPOCH-JAPAN(Evidence for Cardiovascular Prevention From Observational Cohorts in Japan) database. LTR was estimated at each index age starting from 40 years for those with proteinuria and without proteinuria stratified by low eGFR, which is defined as eGFR &lt;60 ml/min/1.73 m². Participants were classified into three groups, which were those with proteinuria (Proteinuria (+)), those without proteinuria with low eGFR (Proteinuria (-)/Low eGFR (+)), those without proteinuria without low eGFR (Proteinuria (-)/Low eGFR (-)).

Results

A total of 47,292 participants from 9 cohorts was included in the analysis. Mean follow-up period was 14.6 years with 690,463 person years and total CVD death was 1,075 in men and 1,193 in women. The LTRs at the index age of 40 years were as follows: 17.7% (95% confidence interval: 15.4 – 19.0%) in Proteinuria (-)/Low eGFR (-) group, 26.2% (20.2 – 31.1%) in Proteinuria (-)/low eGFR (+) group, 24.5% (15.1 – 29.3%) in Proteinuria (+) group for men; 15.3%(13.7 – 16.5%), 29.9%(14.7 – 46.8%) , 28.3%(19.4 – 34.7%) for women.

Conclusions

We observed that those without proteinuria with low eGFR have equivalently high LTR with those with proteinuria. These results indicate that even in the absence of proteinuria, low eGFR has high impact on LTR. Lifestyle modification from young age is necessary to prevent from renal dysfunction.

OP0306 CD11C-SPECIFIC ABLATION OF SHP1 INDUCES AUTOIMMUNE SIALADENITIS SIMILAR TO SJÖGREN’S SYNDROME

Background:

Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in inducing immune response as well as maintaining immune tolerance. Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (Shp1) is a negative regulator of signaling in hematopoietic cells and is expressed in a variety of immune cells including DCs. Shp1 homozygous mutant mice (motheaten mice) develop multiple immunological abnormalities and they die around four weeks after birth because of severe pneumonitis. Motheaten mice produce large amounts of autoantibodies, and besides, B-1a cells, a distinct B cell subset, which are an important source of autoantibodies increase in these mice. The functional abnormality of DCs in motheaten mice has not been characterized, but DCs and macrophages increase in various organs of motheaten mice.

To analyze the function of Shp1 in DCs, we generated Shp1 conditional knockout mice (Shp1 CKO) in whichShp1gene is specifically depleted in CD11c+cells. We found that aged shp1 CKO developed autoimmune glomerulonephritis. We also found that they developed severe tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) at the age of 40 weeks, which is characterized by the infiltration of CD11c+and F4/80+cells. CD4+T cells from Shp1 CKO produce much more amount of IFNγ. Collectively, Shp1 in DCs acts as a key regulatory molecule to protect against autoimmunity.

Objectives:

We analyzed salivary glands of CKO to confirm whether they have autoimmune sialadenitis because TIN is known to be the most common renal manifestations of Sjögren’s syndrome in human.

Methods:

Shp1 CKO are generated by crossing a mouse line carrying floxedShp1allele to mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the CD11c promoter. Sex- and age-matchedPtpn6fl/fllittermates withoutCregene were studied as controls. We analyzed secretory function of the salivary glands in response to pilocarpine stimulation in Shp1 CKO at the age of 40 weeks or older. We then performed histological examination of salivary glands (submandibular glands and sublingual glands) with light-microscopy and immunohistochemical staining. The mononuclear cells prepared from the salivary glands were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). We also quantified anti-SSA/Ro60 antibodies and anti-SSB/LA antibodies by ELISA.

Results:

Shp1 CKO secreted less saliva flow compared to control mice by pilocarpine stimulation. Histological study showed Shp1 CKO exhibited massive infiltration of inflammatory cells in salivary glands associated with periductal foci and periductal fibrosis. Most of infiltrated cells were stained by anti- CD4 or B220 mAbs. FCM revealed that B cells increased in the salivary glands of Shp1 CKO. In addition, B-1a cells also increased in the salivary glands of the mice. The levels of anti-SSA/Ro60 antibodies and anti-SSB/LA antibodies were increased in Shp1 CKO.

Conclusion:

CD11c-specific ablation of Shp1 induces the ectopic generation of lymphoid structure in salivary glands and impairment of salivary secretion. Autoantibody profile in Shp1 CKO resembled that in human Sjögren’s syndrome. Our findings suggest that aged Shp1 CKO have the potential to become a new mouse model for the analysis of Sjögren’s syndrome.

References:

[1]Green C. M. et al. J Heredity. 1975; 250-258.

[2]Kaneko T. et al. J Immunology. 2012; 5397-540.

[3]Watanabe M. et al. Biochem Biophys Rep. in press.

Disclosure of Interests:

Masato Kinoshita: None declared, Yoriaki Kaneko Grant/research support from: CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.

Astellas Pharma Inc.b, Speakers bureau: CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.

Astellas Pharma Inc., Mitsuharu Watanabe: None declared, Yoichi Imai: None declared, Shreya Shrestha: None declared, Junya Suwa: None declared, Yuko Ohishi: None declared, Hiroko Hamatani: None declared, Masao Nakasatomi: None declared, Toru Sakairi: None declared, Hidekazu Ikeuchi Speakers bureau: CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.

Astellas Pharma Inc., Yoshihisa Nojima: None declared, Keiju Hiromura Grant/research support from: CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.

Astellas Pharma Inc., Speakers bureau: CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.

Astellas Pharma Inc.

SAT0177 MULTITARGET THERAPY WITH TACROLIMUS AND MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL FOR TREATMENT OF LUPUS NEPHRITIS PRESENTED WITH RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

Background:

Although, most lupus nephritis patients present with chronic glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syndrome, some patients develop rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), which is a clinical syndrome characterized by rapid loss of renal function over a short period of time (days to months). Multitarget therapy using tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been reported to be effective as induction therapy of Class III to Class V lupus nephritis1. However, its efficacy on lupus nephritis presented with RPGN has not been well reported.

Objectives:

We aimed to examine the efficacy of multitarget therapy on lupus nephritis presented with RPGN.

Methods:

We retrospectively analyzed patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis, who clinically showed RPGN, and were treated by multitarget therapy with tacrolimus and MMF in our department. Data were expressed as mean±SD.

Results:

Five lupus nephritis patients (3 female) with RPGN were treated by multitarget therapy as induction therapy. Mean age was 36.6±13.5 years old. Renal biopsy at treatment revealed Class IV(A) in 2, Class IV(A+C) in 1 and Class IV(A)+V in 2. The percentage of glomerular crescents was 23.1±25.4%. eGFR and proteinuria at the initiation of treatment were 46.8±11.5 mL/min/1.73m2and 7.7±3.4 g/gCr, respectively. Patients were initially treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy followed by 0.8-1.0 mg/kg of prednisolone (PSL), 2-3 mg/day of tacrolimus and 1000 mg/day of MMF. At 6 months, eGFR and proteinuria improved to 72.9±11.3 mL/min/1.73m2and 0.19±0.13 g/gCr, respectively. At 12 months, eGFR and proteinuria further improved to 76.8±7.8 mL/min/1.73m2and 0.10±0.07 g/gCr, respectively and the dose of PSL was reduced to 6.6±1.5 mg/day. Three patients became positive for cytomegalovirus antigenemia and were successfully treated with antiviral therapy.

Conclusion:

Multitarget therapy is effective in lupus nephritis even in patients presented with RPGN.

References:

[1]Liu Z, Zhang H, Liu Z,et al. Multitarget therapy for induction treatment of lupus nephritis: a randomized trial.Ann Int Med2015; 162: 18-26.

Disclosure of Interests:

Yoichi Imai: None declared, Hidekazu Ikeuchi Speakers bureau: CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.

Astellas Pharma Inc., Junya Suwa: None declared, Yuko Ohishi: None declared, Mitsuharu Watanabe: None declared, Masao Nakasatomi: None declared, Hiroko Hamatani: None declared, Toru Sakairi: None declared, Yoriaki Kaneko Grant/research support from: CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.

Astellas Pharma Inc. b, Speakers bureau: CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.

Astellas Pharma Inc., Keiju Hiromura Grant/research support from: CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.

Astellas Pharma Inc., Speakers bureau: CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.

Astellas Pharma Inc.

Study of Two-Photon Exchange via the Beam Transverse Single Spin Asymmetry in Electron-Proton Elastic Scattering at Forward Angles over a Wide Energy Range

We report on a new measurement of the beam transverse single spin asymmetry in electron-proton elastic scattering, A_{⊥}^{ep}, at five beam energies from 315.1 to 1508.4 MeV and at a scattering angle of 30°<θ<40°. The covered Q^{2} values are 0.032, 0.057, 0.082, 0.218, 0.613 (GeV/c)^{2}. The measurement clearly indicates significant inelastic contributions to the two-photon-exchange (TPE) amplitude in the low-Q^{2} kinematic region. No theoretical calculation is able to reproduce our result. Comparison with a calculation based on unitarity, which only takes into account elastic and πN inelastic intermediate states, suggests that there are other inelastic intermediate states such as ππN, KΛ, and ηN. Covering a wide energy range, our new high-precision data provide a benchmark to study those intermediate states.

Role of the 12-lipoxygenase pathway in diabetes pathogenesis and complications

12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) is one of several enzyme isoforms responsible for the metabolism of arachidonic acid and other poly-unsaturated fatty acids to both pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. Mounting evidence has shown that 12-LOX plays a critical role in the modulation of inflammation at multiple checkpoints during diabetes development. Due to this, interventions to limit pro-inflammatory 12-LOX metabolites either by isoform-specific 12-LOX inhibition, or by providing specific fatty acid substrates via dietary intervention, has the potential to significantly and positively impact health outcomes of patients living with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. To date, the development of truly specific and efficacious inhibitors has been hampered by homology of LOX family members; however, improvements in high throughput screening have improved the inhibitor landscape. Here, we describe the function and role of human 12-LOX, and mouse 12-LOX and 12/15-LOX, in the development of diabetes and diabetes-related complications, and describe promise in the development of strategies to limit pro-inflammatory metabolites, primarily via new small molecule 12-LOX inhibitors.

Sex-specific relevance of diabetes to occlusive vascular and other mortality: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual data from 980 793 adults from 68 prospective studies

BACKGROUND

Several studies have shown that diabetes confers a higher relative risk of vascular mortality among women than among men, but whether this increased relative risk in women exists across age groups and within defined levels of other risk factors is uncertain. We aimed to determine whether differences in established risk factors, such as blood pressure, BMI, smoking, and cholesterol, explain the higher relative risks of vascular mortality among women than among men.

METHODS

In our meta-analysis, we obtained individual participant-level data from studies included in the Prospective Studies Collaboration and the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration that had obtained baseline information on age, sex, diabetes, total cholesterol, blood pressure, tobacco use, height, and weight. Data on causes of death were obtained from medical death certificates. We used Cox regression models to assess the relevance of diabetes (any type) to occlusive vascular mortality (ischaemic heart disease, ischaemic stroke, or other atherosclerotic deaths) by age, sex, and other major vascular risk factors, and to assess whether the associations of blood pressure, total cholesterol, and body-mass index (BMI) to occlusive vascular mortality are modified by diabetes.

RESULTS

Individual participant-level data were analysed from 980 793 adults. During 9·8 million person-years of follow-up, among participants aged between 35 and 89 years, 19 686 (25·6%) of 76 965 deaths were attributed to occlusive vascular disease. After controlling for major vascular risk factors, diabetes roughly doubled occlusive vascular mortality risk among men (death rate ratio [RR] 2·10, 95% CI 1·97-2·24) and tripled risk among women (3·00, 2·71-3·33; χ2 test for heterogeneity p<0·0001). For both sexes combined, the occlusive vascular death RRs were higher in younger individuals (aged 35-59 years: 2·60, 2·30-2·94) than in older individuals (aged 70-89 years: 2·01, 1·85-2·19; p=0·0001 for trend across age groups), and, across age groups, the death RRs were higher among women than among men. Therefore, women aged 35-59 years had the highest death RR across all age and sex groups (5·55, 4·15-7·44). However, since underlying confounder-adjusted occlusive vascular mortality rates at any age were higher in men than in women, the adjusted absolute excess occlusive vascular mortality associated with diabetes was similar for men and women. At ages 35-59 years, the excess absolute risk was 0·05% (95% CI 0·03-0·07) per year in women compared with 0·08% (0·05-0·10) per year in men; the corresponding excess at ages 70-89 years was 1·08% (0·84-1·32) per year in women and 0·91% (0·77-1·05) per year in men. Total cholesterol, blood pressure, and BMI each showed continuous log-linear associations with occlusive vascular mortality that were similar among individuals with and without diabetes across both sexes.

INTERPRETATION

Independent of other major vascular risk factors, diabetes substantially increased vascular risk in both men and women. Lifestyle changes to reduce smoking and obesity and use of cost-effective drugs that target major vascular risks (eg, statins and antihypertensive drugs) are important in both men and women with diabetes, but might not reduce the relative excess risk of occlusive vascular disease in women with diabetes, which remains unexplained.

FUNDING

UK Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, European Union BIOMED programme, and National Institute on Aging (US National Institutes of Health).

Quantum-disordered state of magnetic and electric dipoles in an organic Mott system

Strongly enhanced quantum fluctuations often lead to a rich variety of quantum-disordered states. Developing approaches to enhance quantum fluctuations may open paths to realize even more fascinating quantum states. Here, we demonstrate that a coupling of localized spins with the zero-point motion of hydrogen atoms, that is, proton fluctuations in a hydrogen-bonded organic Mott insulator provides a different class of quantum spin liquids (QSLs). We find that divergent dielectric behavior associated with the approach to hydrogen-bond order is suppressed by the quantum proton fluctuations, resulting in a quantum paraelectric (QPE) state. Furthermore, our thermal-transport measurements reveal that a QSL state with gapless spin excitations rapidly emerges upon entering the QPE state. These findings indicate that the quantum proton fluctuations give rise to a QSL—a quantum-disordered state of magnetic and electric dipoles—through the coupling between the electron and proton degrees of freedom.

The organic material κ-H₃(Cat-EDT-TTF)₂ has been suggested to exhibit a quantum spin liquid phase in which quantum fluctuations prevent the formation of magnetic order. Here, the authors show that this may be a result of fluctuations of hydrogen atoms, rather than more conventional geometric frustration.

New Measurements of the Beam Normal Spin Asymmetries at Large Backward Angles with Hydrogen and Deuterium Targets

New measurements of the beam normal single spin asymmetry in the electron elastic and quasielastic scattering on the proton and deuteron, respectively, at large backward angles and at ⟨Q^{2}⟩=0.22  (GeV/c)^{2} and ⟨Q^{2}⟩=0.35  ( GeV/c)^{2} are reported. The experimentally observed asymmetries are compared with the theoretical calculation of Pasquini and Vanderhaeghen [Phys. Rev. C 70, 045206 (2004).PRVCAN0556-281310.1103/PhysRevC.70.045206]. The agreement of the measurements with the theoretical calculations shows a dominance of the inelastic intermediate excited states of the nucleon, πN and the Δ resonance. The measurements explore a new, important parameter region of the exchanged virtual photon virtualities.

Comparing test-retest reliability and magnitude of conditioned pain modulation using different combinations of test and conditioning stimuli

This study aimed to compare the reliability and magnitude of conditioned pain modulation (CPM) by applying different test stimuli (TS) and conditioning stimuli (CS). Twenty-six healthy male participants were recruited in the study of two identical sessions. In each session, four TS (electrical, heat, handheld, and cuff pressure algometry) were applied before and during CS (cold pressor test (CPT) or cuff algometry). The same procedure was repeated with 45-min intervals, but with the other CS. Five thresholds were measured including four pain detection thresholds from four TS and pain tolerance threshold from cuff TS (cuff PTT). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC (3,1)) and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated as measures of reliability. The reliability of TS before and during CS was good for all combinations (ICC: 0.60-0.96, CV: 2.2-22.9%), but the reliability of the CPM effect varied (ICC: 0.04-0.53, CV: 63.6-503.9%). The most reliable combinations were considered to be the handheld pressure pain threshold with CPT (ICC: 0.49, CV: 63.6%) and the cuff pressure pain threshold with CPT (ICC: 0.44, CV: 107.6%). Significant CPM effects were found for all combinations, except the combinations of electrical and heat pain thresholds with cuff CS, which indicates the novel classification of the CPM mechanism. The combinations of handheld pressure and heat pain threshold with CPT would provide the minimum sample size to detect the significant CPM changes in further studies. It is beneficial to provide and compare both ICC and CV to design further clinical trials.

Size of Normal Hilar Lymph Nodes Measured in Autopsy Specimens

The normal size of lymph nodes for each region of the hilum was determined by direct measurement of the short and long diameters of each node in the transverse plane of the node and the longitudinal diameter in the vertical plane of the node in 30 adult cadavers. The mean short transverse diameters ranged from 3.2 to 6.4 mm, the mean long transverse diameters ranged from 4.9 to 10.0 mm, and the mean longitudinal diameters ranged from 5.7 to 11.3 mm. The largest mean transverse diameters were found in the anterior upper lobe (AUL) and the inferior interlobar (IIL) regions. We noted a different maximum normal size for lymph nodes in each region of the hilum and determined the standard maximum normal short transverse diameters to be as follows: 12 mm for nodes in the right AUL and IIL regions, 10 mm for nodes in the right superior interlobar region and the left AUL and IIL regions, and 8 mm for nodes in other regions. Both the maximum normal long transverse diameters and the longitudinal diameters showed a wider variation, ranging from 18 to 10 mm and from 20 to 12 mm, respectively.

Acute pancreatitis induced by paclitaxel and carboplatin therapy in an ovarian cancer patient

A 46-year-old female was treated with a regimen of paclitaxel and carboplatin (TC therapy) as adjuvant chemotherapy for Stage IC ovarian adenocarcinoma. There was no severe toxicity except for grade 3 neutropenia during the first four cycles of TC therapy. However, she developed acute pancreatitis at 14 days after fifth cycle. TC therapy is commonly associated with adverse effects such as myelosuppression, hypersensitivity, alopecia, and peripheral neuropathy, but acute pancreatitis has rarely been reported. Ovarian cancer patients often present with nausea and abdominal pain, which are the same symptoms of pancreatitis. It is very important to keep in mind that acute pancreatitis may be concealed in these common symptoms of ovarian cancer during and after TC therapy. Because acute pancreatitis is fatal complication and quitting the drug usually leads to complete cure. The authors report an uncommon case in which TC therapy may have caused acute pancreatitis.

Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma arising from the intrauterine portion of the fallopian tube after bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) is considered the precursor of pelvic serous carcinomas and the earliest malignant alteration in BRCA mutation-positive women. Recently, risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is being performed in BRCA mutation-positive women and STIC is often discovered incidentally in the fallopian tubes. A 62-year-old woman underwent bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) for ovarian cysts. Ten months later, cytological screening for the endometrium revealed adenocarcinoma. No atypical tissue was detected by the endometrial curettage. Imaging tests and hysteroscopy found no abnormal findings. She underwent hysterectomy and was diagnosed with STIC originating from the intrauterine portion of the residual fallopian tube. Here, the authors report the first case of STIC being detected during an endometrial cytological examination after BSO. Although STIC associated with the BRCA mutation usually involves the distal fallopian tube, the present case suggests that the intrauterine portion of the fallopian tube should be removed or cauterized during RRSO.

Shape matters: Near-field fluid mechanics dominate the collective motions of ellipsoidal squirmers

Microswimmers show a variety of collective motions. Despite extensive study, questions remain regarding the role of near-field fluid mechanics in collective motion. In this paper, we describe precisely the Stokes flow around hydrodynamically interacting ellipsoidal squirmers in a monolayer suspension. The results showed that various collective motions, such as ordering, aggregation, and whirls, are dominated by the swimming mode and the aspect ratio. The collective motions are mainly induced by near-field fluid mechanics, despite Stokes flow propagation over a long range. These results emphasize the importance of particle shape in collective motion.