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Kristofova M, Aher YD, Ilic M, Radoman B, Kalaba P, Dragacevic V, Aher NY, Leban J, Korz V, Zanon L, Neuhaus W, Wieder M, Langer T, Urban E, Sitte HH, Hoeger H, Lubec G, Aradska J. A daily single dose of a novel modafinil analogue CE-123 improves memory acquisition and memory retrieval. Behav Brain Res 2018; 343:83-94. [PMID: 29410048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine reuptake inhibitors have been shown to improve cognitive parameters in various tasks and animal models. We recently reported a series of modafinil analogues, of which the most promising, 5-((benzhydrylsulfinyl)methyl) thiazole (CE-123), was selected for further development. The present study aims to characterize pharmacological properties of CE-123 and to investigate the potential to enhance memory performance in a rat model. In vitro transporter assays were performed in cells expressing human transporters. CE-123 blocked uptake of [3H] dopamine (IC50 = 4.606 μM) while effects on serotonin (SERT) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) were negligible. Blood-brain barrier and pharmacokinetic studies showed that the compound reached the brain and lower elimination than R-modafinil. The Pro-cognitive effect was evaluated in a spatial hole-board task in male Sprague-Dawley rats and CE-123 enhances memory acquisition and memory retrieval, represented by significantly increased reference memory indices and shortened latency. Since DAT blockers can be considered as indirect dopamine receptor agonists, western blotting was used to quantify protein levels of dopamine receptors D1R, D2R and D5R and DAT in the synaptosomal fraction of hippocampal subregions CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG). CE-123 administration in rats increased total DAT levels and D1R protein levels were significantly increased in CA1 and CA3 in treated/trained groups. The increase of D5R was observed in DG only. Dopamine receptors, particularly D1R, seem to play a role in mediating CE-123-induced memory enhancement. Dopamine reuptake inhibition by CE-123 may represent a novel and improved stimulant therapeutic for impairments of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kristofova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yogesh D Aher
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marija Ilic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojana Radoman
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Predrag Kalaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Dragacevic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nilima Y Aher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Leban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Volker Korz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Zanon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Competence Center Health and Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Wieder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Hoeger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Himberg, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jana Aradska
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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Hussein AM, Aher YD, Kalaba P, Aher NY, Dragačević V, Radoman B, Ilić M, Leban J, Beryozkina T, Ahmed ABM, Urban E, Langer T, Lubec G. A novel heterocyclic compound improves working memory in the radial arm maze and modulates the dopamine receptor D1R in frontal cortex of the Sprague-Dawley rat. Behav Brain Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Shanmugasundaram B, Aher YD, Aradska J, Ilic M, Daba Feyissa D, Kalaba P, Aher NY, Dragacevic V, Saber Marouf B, Langer T, Sitte HH, Hoeger H, Lubec G, Korz V. R-Modafinil exerts weak effects on spatial memory acquisition and dentate gyrus synaptic plasticity. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28644892 PMCID: PMC5482457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modafinil is a wake promoting drug approved for clinical use and also has cognitive enhancing properties. Its enantiomer R-Modafinil (R-MO) is not well studied in regard to cognitive enhancing properties. Hence we studied its effect in a spatial memory paradigm and its possible effects on dentate gyrus long-term potentiation (DG-LTP). Clinically relevant doses of R-MO, vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or saline were administered for three days during the hole-board test and in in vivo DG-LTP. Synaptic levels of dopamine receptors D1R, D2R, dopamine transporter (DAT), and its phosphorylated form (ph-DAT) in DG tissue 4 h after LTP induction were quantified by western blot analysis. Monoamine reuptake and release assays were performed by using transfected HEK-293 cells. Possible neurotoxic side effects on general behaviour were also studied. R-MO at both doses significantly enhanced spatial reference memory during the last training session and during memory retrieval compared to DMSO vehicle but not when compared to saline treated rats. Similarly, R-MO rescues DG-LTP from impairing effects of DMSO. DMSO reduced memory performance and LTP magnitude when compared to saline treated groups. The synaptic DR1 levels in R-MO groups were significantly decreased compared to DMSO group but were comparable with saline treated animals. We found no effect of R-MO in neurotoxicity tests. Thus, our results support the notion that LTP-like synaptic plasticity processes could be one of the factors contributing to the cognitive enhancing effects of spatial memory traces. D1R may play an important regulatory role in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yogesh D. Aher
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Aradska
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marija Ilic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Predrag Kalaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nilima Y. Aher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Dragacevic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Babak Saber Marouf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald H. Sitte
- Centre for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Addiction Research and Science, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Hoeger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Himberg, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Neuroproteomics Laboratory, Science Park, Bratislava, Slowakia
- * E-mail: (GL); (VK)
| | - Volker Korz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (GL); (VK)
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Feyissa DD, Aher YD, Engidawork E, Höger H, Lubec G, Korz V. Individual Differences in Male Rats in a Behavioral Test Battery: A Multivariate Statistical Approach. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:26. [PMID: 28261069 PMCID: PMC5314104 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models for anxiety, depressive-like and cognitive diseases or aging often involve testing of subjects in behavioral test batteries. The large number of test variables with different mean variations and within and between test correlations often constitute a significant problem in determining essential variables to assess behavioral patterns and their variation in individual animals as well as appropriate statistical treatment. Therefore, we applied a multivariate approach (principal component analysis) to analyse the behavioral data of 162 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats that underwent a behavioral test battery including commonly used tests for spatial learning and memory (holeboard) and different behavioral patterns (open field, elevated plus maze, forced swim test) as well as for motor abilities (Rota rod). The high dimensional behavioral results were reduced to fewer components associated with spatial cognition, general activity, anxiety-, and depression-like behavior and motor ability. The loading scores of individual rats on these different components allow an assessment and the distribution of individual features in a population of animals. The reduced number of components can be used also for statistical calculations like appropriate sample sizes for valid discriminations between experimental groups, which otherwise have to be done on each variable. Because the animals were intact, untreated and experimentally naïve the results reflect trait patterns of behavior and thus individuality. The distribution of animals with high or low levels of anxiety, depressive-like behavior, general activity and cognitive features in a local population provides information of the probability of their appeareance in experimental samples and thus may help to avoid biases. However, such an analysis initially requires a large cohort of animals in order to gain a valid assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Feyissa
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Yogesh D Aher
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Harald Höger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna Himberg, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Volker Korz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
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Saroja SR, Aher YD, Kalaba P, Aher NY, Zehl M, Korz V, Subramaniyan S, Miklosi AG, Zanon L, Neuhaus W, Höger H, Langer T, Urban E, Leban J, Lubec G. A novel heterocyclic compound targeting the dopamine transporter improves performance in the radial arm maze and modulates dopamine receptors D1-D3. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:127-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sase A, Aher YD, Saroja SR, Ganesan MK, Sase S, Holy M, Höger H, Bakulev V, Ecker GF, Langer T, Sitte HH, Leban J, Lubec G. A heterocyclic compound CE-103 inhibits dopamine reuptake and modulates dopamine transporter and dopamine D1-D3 containing receptor complexes. Neuropharmacology 2016; 102:186-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Aher YD, Subramaniyan S, Shanmugasundaram B, Sase A, Saroja SR, Holy M, Höger H, Beryozkina T, Sitte HH, Leban JJ, Lubec G. A Novel Heterocyclic Compound CE-104 Enhances Spatial Working Memory in the Radial Arm Maze in Rats and Modulates the Dopaminergic System. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:20. [PMID: 26941626 PMCID: PMC4761905 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various psychostimulants targeting monoamine neurotransmitter transporters (MATs) have been shown to rescue cognition in patients with neurological disorders and improve cognitive abilities in healthy subjects at low doses. Here, we examined the effects upon cognition of a chemically synthesized novel MAT inhibiting compound 2-(benzhydrylsulfinylmethyl)-4-methylthiazole (named as CE-104). The efficacy of CE-104 in blocking MAT [dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter] was determined using in vitro neurotransmitter uptake assay. The effect of the drug at low doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) on spatial memory was studied in male rats in the radial arm maze (RAM). Furthermore, the dopamine receptor and transporter complex levels of frontal cortex (FC) tissue of trained and untrained animals treated either with the drug or vehicle were quantified on blue native PAGE (BN-PAGE). The drug inhibited dopamine (IC50: 27.88 μM) and norepinephrine uptake (IC50: 160.40 μM), but had a negligible effect on SERT. In the RAM, both drug-dose groups improved spatial working memory during the performance phase of RAM as compared to vehicle. BN-PAGE Western blot quantification of dopamine receptor and transporter complexes revealed that D1, D2, D3, and DAT complexes were modulated due to training and by drug effects. The drug’s ability to block DAT and its influence on DAT and receptor complex levels in the FC is proposed as a possible mechanism for the observed learning and memory enhancement in the RAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh D Aher
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Ajinkya Sase
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marion Holy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Höger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna Himberg, Austria
| | | | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann J Leban
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
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Mahmmoud RR, Sase S, Aher YD, Sase A, Gröger M, Mokhtar M, Höger H, Lubec G. Spatial and Working Memory Is Linked to Spine Density and Mushroom Spines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139739. [PMID: 26469788 PMCID: PMC4607435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in synaptic structure and efficacy including dendritic spine number and morphology have been shown to underlie neuronal activity and size. Moreover, the shapes of individual dendritic spines were proposed to correlate with their capacity for structural change. Spine numbers and morphology were reported to parallel memory formation in the rat using a water maze but, so far, there is no information on spine counts or shape in the radial arm maze (RAM), a frequently used paradigm for the evaluation of complex memory formation in the rodent. Methods 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups, 8 were trained, 8 remained untrained in the RAM and 8 rats served as cage controls. Dendritic spine numbers and individual spine forms were counted in CA1, CA3 areas and dentate gyrus of hippocampus using a DIL dye method with subsequent quantification by the Neuronstudio software and the image J program. Results Working memory errors (WME) and latency in the RAM were decreased along the training period indicating that animals performed the task. Total spine density was significantly increased following training in the RAM as compared to untrained rats and cage controls. The number of mushroom spines was significantly increased in the trained as compared to untrained and cage controls. Negative significant correlations between spine density and WME were observed in CA1 basal dendrites and in CA3 apical and basal dendrites. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between spine density and latency in CA3 basal dendrites. Conclusion The study shows that spine numbers are significantly increased in the trained group, an observation that may suggest the use of this method representing a morphological parameter for memory formation studies in the RAM. Herein, correlations between WME and latency in the RAM and spine density revealed a link between spine numbers and performance in the RAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Refaat Mahmmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Sunetra Sase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yogesh D. Aher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ajinkya Sase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Gröger
- CF Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maher Mokhtar
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Harald Höger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Brauhausgasse 34, A-2325 Himberg, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Karabacak Y, Sase S, Aher YD, Sase A, Saroja SR, Cicvaric A, Höger H, Berger M, Bakulev V, Sitte HH, Leban J, Monje FJ, Lubec G. The effect of modafinil on the rat dopamine transporter and dopamine receptors D1-D3 paralleling cognitive enhancement in the radial arm maze. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:215. [PMID: 26347626 PMCID: PMC4541367 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of drugs have been reported to increase memory performance modulating the dopaminergic system and herein modafinil was tested for its working memory (WM) enhancing properties. Reuptake inhibition of dopamine, serotonin (SERT) and norepinephrine (NET) by modafinil was tested. Sixty male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into six groups (modafinil-treated 1–5–10 mg/kg body weight, trained and untrained and vehicle treated trained and untrained rats; daily injected intraperitoneally for a period of 10 days) and tested in a radial arm maze (RAM), a paradigm for testing spatial WM. Hippocampi were taken 6 h following the last day of training and complexes containing the unphosphorylated or phosphorylated dopamine transporter (DAT-CC and pDAT-CC) and complexes containing the D1–3 dopamine receptor subunits (D1–D3-CC) were determined. Modafinil was binding to the DAT but insignificantly to SERT or NET and dopamine reuptake was blocked specifically (IC50 = 11.11 μM; SERT 1547 μM; NET 182 μM). From day 8 (day 9 for 1 mg/kg body weight) modafinil was decreasing WM errors (WMEs) in the RAM significantly and remarkably at all doses tested as compared to the vehicle controls. WMEs were linked to the D2R-CC and the pDAT-CC. pDAT and D1–D3-CC levels were modulated significantly and modafinil was shown to enhance spatial WM in the rat in a well-documented paradigm at all the three doses and dopamine reuptake inhibition with subsequent modulation of D1–3-CC is proposed as a possible mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Karabacak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Sunetra Sase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Yogesh D Aher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Ajinkya Sase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ana Cicvaric
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Höger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Himberg Austria
| | - Michael Berger
- Center of Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Leban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Francisco J Monje
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
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Shanmugasundaram B, Sase A, Miklosi AG, Sialana FJ, Subramaniyan S, Aher YD, Gröger M, Höger H, Bennett KL, Lubec G. Frontal cortex and hippocampus neurotransmitter receptor complex level parallels spatial memory performance in the radial arm maze. Behav Brain Res 2015; 289:157-68. [PMID: 25930220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several neurotransmitter receptors have been proposed to be involved in memory formation. However, information on receptor complexes (RCs) in the radial arm maze (RAM) is missing. It was therefore the aim of this study to determine major neurotransmitter RCs levels that are modulated by RAM training because receptors are known to work in homo-or heteromeric assemblies. Immediate early gene Arc expression was determined by immunohistochemistry to show if prefrontal cortices (PFC) and hippocampi were activated following RAM training as these regions are known to be mainly implicated in spatial memory. Twelve rats per group, trained and untrained in the twelve arm RAM were used, frontal cortices and hippocampi were taken, RCs in membrane protein were quantified by blue-native PAGE immunoblotting. RCs components were characterised by co-immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometrical analysis and by the use of the proximity ligation assay. Arc expression was significantly higher in PFC of trained as compared to untrained rats whereas it was comparable in hippocampi. Frontal cortical levels of RCs containing AMPA receptors GluA1, GluA2, NMDA receptors GluN1 and GluN2A, dopamine receptor D1, acetylcholine nicotinic receptor alpha 7 (nAChR-α7) and hippocampal levels of RCs containing D1, GluN1, GluN2B and nAChR-α7 were increased in the trained group; phosphorylated dopamine transporter levels were decreased in the trained group. D1 and GluN1 receptors were shown to be in the same complex. Taken together, distinct RCs were paralleling performance in the RAM which is relevant for interpretation of previous and design of future work on RCs in memory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajinkya Sase
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - András G Miklosi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernando J Sialana
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Science, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Saraswathi Subramaniyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yogesh D Aher
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Gröger
- Core Facility, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettegasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Höger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Brauhausgasse 34, A-2325 Himberg, Austria
| | - Keiryn L Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Science, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Aher YD, Agrawal A, Bharatam PV, Garg P. 3D-QSAR studies of substituted 1-(3, 3-diphenylpropyl)-piperidinyl amides and ureas as CCR5 receptor antagonists. J Mol Model 2007; 13:519-29. [PMID: 17345108 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-007-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
3D-QSAR studies on the derivatives of 1-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-piperidinyl amide and urea as CCR5 receptor antagonists were performed by comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices (CoMSIA) methods to rationalize the structural requirements responsible for the inhibitory activity of these compounds. The global minimum energy conformer of the template molecule, the most active and pharmacokinetically stable molecule of the series, was obtained by systematic search and used to build structures of the molecules in the dataset. The best predictions for the CCR5-receptor were obtained with the CoMFA standard model (q (2) = 0.787, r (2) = 0.962) and CoMSIA model combined steric, electrostatic and hydrophobic fields (q (2) = 0.809, r (2) = 0.951). The predictive ability of CoMFA and CoMSIA were determined using a test set of 12 compounds giving predictive correlation coefficients of 0.855 and 0.83, respectively, indicating good predictive power. Further, the robustness of the model was verified by bootstrapping analysis. The contour maps produced by the CoMFA and CoMSIA models were used to identify the structural features relevant to the biological activity in this series. Based on the CoMFA and CoMSIA analysis, we have identified some key features in the series that are responsible for CCR5 antagonistic activity which may be used to design more potent 1-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-piperidinyl derivatives and predict their activity prior to synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh D Aher
- Centre of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, 160 062, India
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