Multiparametric MRI-based radiomics nomogram for predicting malignant transformation of sinonasal inverted papilloma

AIM

To investigate the feasibility of a radiomics nomogram model for predicting malignant transformation in sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) based on radiomic signature and clinical risk factors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This single institutional retrospective review included a total of 143 patients with IP and 75 patients with IP with malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma (IP-SCC). All patients underwent surgical pathology and had preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) sinus studies between June 2014 and February 2022. Radiomics features were extracted from contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images (CE-T1WI), T2-weighted images (T2WI), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) were performed to select the features extracted from the sequences mentioned above. Independent clinical risk factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Radiomics nomogram was constructed by incorporating independent clinical risk factors and radiomics signature. Based on discrimination and calibration, the diagnostic performance of the nomogram was evaluated.

RESULTS

Twelve radiomics features were selected to develop the radiomics model with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.987 and 0.989, respectively. Epistaxis (p=0.011), T2 equal signal (p=0.003), extranasal invasion (p<0.001), and loss of convoluted cerebriform pattern (p=0.002) were identified as independent clinical predictors. The radiomics nomogram model showed excellent calibration and discrimination (AUC: 0.993, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.985-1.00 and 0.990, 95% CI: 0.974-1.00) in the training and validation sets, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The nomogram that the combined radiomics signature and clinical risk factors showed a satisfactory ability to predict IP-SCC.

[CT features of abnormally whole-course wide eustachian tubes with microtia and atresia]

Objective: To study the clinical and CT features of the abnormal whole-course wide of eustachian tube (AWWET) with microtia and atresia(MA). Methods: The clinical and CT data of 19 patients (20 ears) from January 2017 to December 2021 with AWWET with MA were retrospectively analyzed, including 15 males and 4 females. The age ranged from 5 to 16 years, with an average of 9.5 years. 50 patients with common MA without wide eustachian tube(ET) as a case control group, including 32 males and 18 females.The age ranged from 5 to 16 years, with an average of 9.2 years. 20 patients (40 ears) who had normal ear CT for tinnitus, otalgia as a normal control group, including 12 males and 8 females. The age ranged from 5 to 16 years, with an average of 12.5 years. We measured the dimension and length of the bony portion of the ET, the total length, the angle between the bony portion and the cartilage portion, and the horizontal angle of ET on CT imagings, and compared with 40 normal ears by SPSS 27.0 software. Results: According to the relationship between AWWET and tympanum, patients were divided into the communicated group and the blocked group. A male predominance, left ear predominance, with high incidence of hemifacial microsomia exhibited in both groups. AWWET was presented as a widened lumen on CT. In 11 ears (4 ears in the communicated group, 7 ears in the blocked group), ETs bifurcated, the upper bony tube extended to the sphenoid body, the lower part continued down to cartilaginous ET and opened onto the nasopharynx, with"mastoid-like"pneumatization of the sphenoid body in 6 ears. The middle ear deformity in case group was more serious than MA control group, especially the blocked group. The incidence of otitis media in the communicated group was lower than that in the MA control group, and 4 cases in the blocked group had effusion in the ET. Compaired with normal ear, the bony ET elongated significantly in the AWWET groups, and the whole course of ET was significantly shortened, specially in the blocked group. The angle between the bony ET and the cartilaginous ET was decreased and the horizontal angle of the ET increased in the AWWET groups, the difference was considered to indicate statistical significance(P<0.05). Conclusions: AWWET with MA is rare, a male predominance, left ear predominance, and with high incidence of hemifacial microsomia. The middle ear deformity is more serious than common MA, especially in the blocked group. The incidence of otitis media in the communicated group is significantly lower than that in the common MA, and the blocked group may be accompanied by ET inflammation.

[The study of relationship between occupational stress and sleep quality of video display terminals]

Objective: To investigate the sleep quality of video operators in Shenzhen, and explore the relationship between sleep quality and occupational stress and different work and life habits. Methods: In December 2020, a cluster sampling method was used to investigate 791 video operators in Shenzhen from June to December 2020 who were engaged in printing, design, IT and other industries. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale was used to investigate the sleep quality of video operators, and the Job Content Questionnaire was used to investigate the occupational stress of video operators, The Pay Return Imbalance Questionnaire was used to investigate the pay return imbalance of video operators. The measurement data conforming to the normal distribution shall be expressed by mean±standard deviation, and t-test, analysis of variance and linear correlation analysis shall be adopted according to the type of independent variable. Those that do not conform to the normal distribution are described by the median M (Q(1), Q(3)), and two sample Wilcoxon test is used according to the binary data of independent variable type. Kruskal Wallis test was used for multi classification data, and Spearman rank correlation was used for single factor analysis for ordinal classification data. The counting data were analyzed by chi square test or Fisher exact probability method. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results: the pittsburgh sleep quality index was 4.76±2.86. 499 of them had high sleep quality. 292 people had low sleep quality, accounting for 36.91% (292/791). Compared with the low sleep quality group, the high sleep quality group had lower work requirement scores (13.48±1.77), higher autonomy scores (24.08±3.33), higher social support scores (23.95±3.08), lower pay scores (16.11±2.63), higher return scores (31.11±3.65), and lower internal input scores (14.98±2.55). There were statistically significant differences between the two scales in each dimension index group (P<0.05). Multi factor unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that high education level (OR=1.57, 95%CI=1.26~1.98, P<0.05), occupational stress (OR=1.69, 95%CI=1.21~2.36, P<0.05), and high pay and low return (OR=1.41, 95%CI=1.01~1.96, P<0.05) were the main influencing factors of sleep quality. Conclusion: The occurrence of occupational stress in video operators is a risk factor for low sleep quality, which should be paid enough attention.

Ancestral environment determines the current reaction to ultraviolet radiation in Daphnia magna

An individual's phenotype can be altered by direct contact with its present environment but also by environmental features experienced by previous generations, that is, parental or grandparental effects. However, the strength and direction of these transgenerational effects may be highly variable according to the ecological conditions experienced by ancestral generations. Here, we performed a reciprocal split-brood experiment to compare transgenerational responses to the threat of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in the zooplankter Daphnia magna, which had, or had not, been exposed to UVR for more than 150 generations. We found that the environment at which parents and grandparents were reared significantly influenced both behavior and life-history traits of their descendants. However, such transgenerational responses differed between D. magna individuals with contrasting ancestral stress history, that is, when exposed to UVR previously unexposed individuals rapidly changed their behavior and life-history traits, whereas individuals previously exposed to UVR showed less pronounced response when the UVR threat level relaxed. Hence, we here demonstrate an asymmetric transgenerational plasticity in response to UVR threat. The findings advance our understanding on the evolutionary ecology of such transgenerational effects and their potential role in response to changes in the local environment.

Differentiation of malignant from benign orbital tumours using dual-energy CT

AIM

To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT)-derived iodine concentration (IC), effective atomic number (Z_eff), and spectral attenuation information for differentiating malignant and benign orbital tumours.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data from 41 patients with orbital tumours from November 2019 to March 2021 were analysed retrospectively. Each patient underwent contrast-enhanced DECT using a 128-section dual-source computed tomography (DSCT) system. Dual-energy information, including IC, normalised iodine concentration (NIC), Z_eff, virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) reconstructed from 40 to 120 keV and slope (k) value were determined. Quantitative measurement of DECT parameters was undertaken by two independent radiologists blinded to clinical data. Differences in parameters were assessed using independent sample t-test. Diagnosis performance was calculated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Radiation doses of conventional CT and DECT were compared by paired t-tests.

RESULTS

Forty-one patients with histopathologically confirmed tumours were enrolled, including 10 malignant cases and 21 benign cases. Malignant orbital tumours exhibited significantly greater IC, NIC, Z_eff, CT attenuation of VMIs at 40-105 keV, and k values compared to benign orbital tumours (p<0.05). In ROC analyses, 40 keV VMI demonstrated the highest diagnostic performance of single parameters (area under the ROC curve [AUC], 0.940), and combined parameters achieved the best performance (AUC, 0.971; sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 93.55%). Radiation doses were significantly reduced in DECT than conventional CT (p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Quantitative DECT analysis can be a useful technique, which yields excellent diagnostic accuracy, in the differentiation of malignant and benign orbital tumours with low radiation dose.

CT and MRI features of extraocular muscle granular cell tumour: preliminary experience in eight cases

AIM

To characterise the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features, in particular the functional MRI characteristics, of extraocular muscle granular cell tumours (GCTs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The CT (n=6) and MRI (n=8) features of eight extraocular muscle GCTs cofirmed at histopathology were analysed retrospectively. The imaging findings were evaluated with emphasis on the location, size, margin, shape, extent, bony change, internal architecture, enhancement pattern, and extent of lesions. Based on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of six lesions and time-intensity curve (TIC) of one lesion were reviewed.

RESULTS

Immunohistochemistry revealed strong positivity for S-100 protein and a low Ki-67 index (2-5%) in all cases. Most of the lesions (7/8) were confined to the muscle belly with an ovoid shape. All of the tumours were isodense to cerebral grey matter and showed homogeneously mild enhancement on CT images. All lesions were hypointense to cerebral grey matter on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and showed homogeneously marked enhancement on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (T1WI). All lesions showed a hypo- or isointense signal on DWI images with a high b-value. The mean ADC of six lesions was (0.72 ± 0.14) × 10^-3 mm²/s. The TIC of the case examined using DCE-MRI showed a plateau pattern (type II).

CONCLUSION

A well-defined oval mass confined to the muscle belly with a hypointense signal on T2WI, homogeneously marked enhancement on contrast-enhanced T1WI, hypo- or isointense signal on DWI, and low ADC value is highly suggestive of a GCT.

[Clinical and imaging features of middle ear hairy polyps]

Objective: To collect the clinical cases of middle ear hairy polyp, and to summarize the imaging features. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of four cases middle ear hairy polyp confirmed by surgical and pathologic between January 2007 and January 2020 at the Affiliated Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University. There were three females, one male, with two left ears and two right ears, aged from 1 to 59 years. The CT and MRI imaging of the patients, and the corresponding clinical manifestations were analyzed. Results: Hairy polyps originated from tympanum in one case, originated from Eustachian tube in two cases, exhibiting recurrent otorrhea without evident inducement. The other case, hairy polyps originated from the Eustachian tube pharyngeal orifice and protruded into the nasopharyngeal cavity, with pharynx discomfort and aural fullness, endoscope showed offwhite polypoid mass with a little hair. All the four cases presented polypoid soft tissue masses on CT and MRI imaging, containing soft tissue wall and a large amount of adipose tissue, with soft tissue in the center of the mass which liked the core, and enhanced. MRI showed stratified arrangement of fat and soft tissue in the wall of the mass. Four cases all had surgical treatment, postoperative pathology examination presented that hair follicles, mature sebaceous glands and other skin appendages were found under squamous epithelium. A large amount of adipose tissue, part of muscle tissue, cartilage tissue, and some fibro-collagenous tissue were proliferated in the mass, accompanied by collagen degeneration. Conclusion: The middle ear hairy polyps has imaging characteristics, the polypoid soft tissue mass usually looks smooth and contains a large amount of adipose tissue, with a soft tissue in the center, and can be suggestively diagnosed by CT and MRI.

Predation risk and the evolution of a vertebrate stress response: Parallel evolution of stress reactivity and sexual dimorphism

Predation risk is often invoked to explain variation in stress responses. Yet, the answers to several key questions remain elusive, including the following: (1) how predation risk influences the evolution of stress phenotypes, (2) the relative importance of environmental versus genetic factors in stress reactivity and (3) sexual dimorphism in stress physiology. To address these questions, we explored variation in stress reactivity (ventilation frequency) in a post-Pleistocene radiation of live-bearing fish, where Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi) inhabit isolated blue holes that differ in predation risk. Individuals of populations coexisting with predators exhibited similar, relatively low stress reactivity as compared to low-predation populations. We suggest that this dampened stress reactivity has evolved to reduce energy expenditure in environments with frequent and intense stressors, such as piscivorous fish. Importantly, the magnitude of stress responses exhibited by fish from high-predation sites in the wild changed very little after two generations of laboratory rearing in the absence of predators. By comparison, low-predation populations exhibited greater among-population variation and larger changes subsequent to laboratory rearing. These low-predation populations appear to have evolved more dampened stress responses in blue holes with lower food availability. Moreover, females showed a lower ventilation frequency, and this sexual dimorphism was stronger in high-predation populations. This may reflect a greater premium placed on energy efficiency in live-bearing females, especially under high-predation risk where females show higher fecundities. Altogether, by demonstrating parallel adaptive divergence in stress reactivity, we highlight how energetic trade-offs may mould the evolution of the vertebrate stress response under varying predation risk and resource availability.

[Bax inhibitor-1 inhibits calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of Bax inhibitor-1(BI-1)on calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs).

METHODS

VSMCs were isolated from the thoracic aorta of SD rats.VSMCs or BI-1-overexpressing VSMCs(transfected with a BI-1-overexpressing plasmid) were cultured in normal medium or calcified medium containing β-glycerophosphate and calcium chloride, and the cell calcification was examined with Alizarin red staining.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the intracellular calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity.The expression levels of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and caspase-3 were detected with Western blotting.

RESULTS

After 14 days of culture in the calcified medium, the VSMCs showed significantly reduced expression of BI-1 protein(P=0.001).BI-1 overexpression in the VSMCs caused a significant reduction of calcium level and alkaline phosphatase activities(P=0.0006) and lowered the expression levels of RUNX2 and BMP-2 (P=0.0001) in the cells.The VSMCs with induced calcification exhibited a significantly increased apoptosis rate, but BI-1 overexpression obviously inhibited VSMC apoptosis in the calcified medium (P=0.0003).

CONCLUSION

BI-1 may attenuate vascular calcification by inhibiting calcium deposition, osteogenic differentiation and apoptosis.

P–371 Clinical value assessment between endometrial receptivity array and immune profiling in patients with implantation failure

Study question

To evaluate whether the pregnancy outcomes could be improved in implantation failure patients by endometrial receptivity array, endometrial immune profiling, or a combination of both.

Summary answer

There was no statistical difference between different endometrial receptivity evaluation and treatment in improving the clinical pregnancy rate.

What is known already

Both endometrial receptivity array and endometrial immune profiling were promised to improve the endometrial receptivity and subsequent clinical pregnancy. However, less is known about the efficiency between each other and whether the combination could further enhance their clinical value.

Study design, size, duration

Between November 2019 and September 2020, 143 women with a history of at least two or more consecutive implantation failure in IVF/ICSI treatment in Chengdu Xinan Gynecology Hospital were included. They were divided into three groups: ‘ERA + Immune Profiling’ (n = 70), ‘Immune Profiling’ (n = 41), and ‘ERA’ (n = 32).

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Inclusion criteria were age ≤ 38, with normal uterus and uterine cavity. All patients were suggested to evaluate endometrial receptivity by ERA test (Igenomix, Valencia, Spain) and endometrial immune profiling based on immunohistochemistry simultaneously, who would be free to choose each or both evaluation approaches. Personal Embryo Transfer and/or personal medical care were adopted according to evaluation results. Clinical pregnancy was confirmed by gestational sacs observed under ultrasonography.

Main results and the role of chance

The overall prevalence of displaced window of implantation (WOI) is 84.3%, and nearly 74.8% (83/111) patients were diagnosed as endometrial immune dysregulation. Clinical Pregnancy rate and embryonic implantation rate decreased in the ‘Immune Test’ groups, but without a statistical difference (P = 0.311, and 0.158, respectively). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that different endometrial receptivity evaluation and treatment was not associated the clinical pregnancy rate, suggesting the performance of different endometrial receptivity evaluation and treatment is similar in improving the clinical pregnancy rate. Neither the immune profiling (CD56, P = 0.591; FOXP3, P = 0.195; CD68, P = 0.820; CD163, P = 0.926; CD1a, P = 0.561; CD57, P = 0.221; CD8, P = 0.427; CD138 CE, P = 0.372) nor histologic endometrial dating defined by Noyes criteria (P = 0.374) were associated with ERA phases.

Limitations, reasons for caution

Although the selection of evaluation approaches was based on patients’ willingness, the variances of baseline characteristics and immune profiling existed in different groups. The immunological treatment efficacy based on immune profiling was not evaluated before embryo transfer.

Wider implications of the findings: To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the pregnancy outcomes after two typical endometrial receptivity evaluation approaches. The findings highlight the unsubstitutability for each assessment, indicating that both asynchronous and pathological WOI contribute to implantation failure.

Trial registration number

X2019004

Population connectivity, dispersal, and swimming behavior in Daphnia

The water flea Daphnia has the capacity to respond rapidly to environmental stressors, to disperse over large geographical scales, and to preserve its genetic material by forming egg banks in the sediment. Spatial and temporal distributions of D. magna have been extensively studied over the last decades using behavioral or genetic tools, although the correlation between the two has rarely been the focus. In the present study, we therefore investigated the population genetic structure and behavioral response to a lethal threat, ultraviolet radiation (UVR), among individuals from two different water bodies. Our results show two genetic populations with moderate gene flow, highly correlated with geographical location and with inheritable traits through generations. However, despite the strong genetic differences between populations, we show homogeneous refuge demand between populations when exposed to the lethal threat solar UVR.

Sinonasal synovial sarcoma: evaluation of the role of radiological and clinicopathological features in diagnosis

AIM

To explore the value of radiological and clinicopathological features in the diagnosis of sinonasal synovial sarcomas (SS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Six patients with sinonasal SS were studied retrospectively using computed tomography (CT; n=6) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n=4). The radiological and clinicopathological findings in this series were reviewed.

RESULTS

Three lesions were located, in both the nasal cavity, and the paranasal sinuses; one was located in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx, and the remaining two were located restrictively within the nasal cavity. An aggressive nature (invasion of adjacent structure) was found in four cases. At CT, lesions were found with isodensity with calcification mainly in the peripheral areas. Bony changes were visible in all cases. Five cases showed marked heterogeneous enhancement, and three cases contained necrotic or cystic areas. At MRI, haemorrhage was observed in three cases. All cases demonstrated the "triple sign", and two high-grade SS showed a "cobblestone-like" appearance on T2-weighted imaging (WI). All time-signal intensity curves (TICs) were of the washout type. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the two high-grade cases were lower than those of the low-grade or intermediate-grade cases. Histopathologically, all but one was of the monophasic type. During the 8-40 month period of follow-up, recurrence occurred in four cases.

CONCLUSIONS

A sinonasal tumour exhibiting characteristic calcification and bony change, together with haemorrhage, "triple sign" or "cobblestone-like" appearance, should engender a diagnosis of SS.

Diverging responses to threats across generations in zooplankton

Our understanding on how organisms evolutionarily cope with simultaneously occurring, multiple threats over generations is still elusive. In a long‐term experimental study, we therefore exposed clones of a freshwater cladoceran, Daphnia magna, to threats from predation and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) during three consecutive parthenogenetic generations. We show that Daphnia can adapt to different sets of threats within three generations through modifying morphology, swimming behavior, or life‐history traits. When faced with predator cues, D. magna responded with reduced body size, whereas exposure to UVR induced behavioral tolerance when again exposed to this threat. Such UVR‐tolerant behavior was initially associated with a reduced clutch size, but Daphnia restored the reproductive output gradually through generations. The findings advance our understanding on how those common invertebrates, with a global distribution, are able to persist and rapidly become successful in a changing environment.

[Effect of hypocaloric versus standard enteral feeding on clinical outcomes in critically ill adults - A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis]

OBJECTIVES

To compare the effect of hypocaloric versus standard enteral feeding on clinical outcomes in critically ill adults, and to investigate the influence of protein intake upon the outcome effects of hypocaloric feeding.

DESIGN

A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were carried out.

SETTING

Intensive Care Unit (ICU).

PATIENTS

Or participants Critically ill adults.

INTERVENTIONS

Hypocaloric enteral feeding versus standard enteral feeding.

MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST

The primary outcomes were all-cause short-term mortality and the incidence of nosocomial infection.

RESULTS

Eleven RCTs met the inclusion criteria; of these trials, two were judged as having low risk of bias. Compared with standard enteral feeding, hypocaloric enteral feeding had no benefits in terms of reducing short-term mortality, the incidence of nosocomial infection, or long-term mortality, though it had a positive impact upon the incidence of gastrointestinal intolerance. The TSA further confirmed these results. In turn, hypocaloric enteral feeding had no effects upon the incidence of bloodstream infection, pneumonia, hypoglycemia or the duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, or in-hospital stay. The above results remained unchanged in the sub-analysis of trials with a low risk of bias, trials administering a similar dose of protein, or trials administering different doses of protein.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with standard enteral feeding, hypocaloric enteral feeding was not associated with better clinical outcomes in critically ill adults, except for a lower risk of gastrointestinal intolerance. The difference in protein intake between groups might have no influence on the outcome effects of hypocaloric enteral feeding. High quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm this, however.

[Interference research of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on the pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis rats]

Objective: To explore the effect of the umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells(UC-MSCs) on the pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis rats. Methods: SPF male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, silica model group and UC-MSCs treatment group with 12 rats each group. SiO(2) intra-tracheal injection(0.5 ml of 50 mg/ml/rat) were applied to silica model group and UC-MSCs treatment groups. After that UC-MSCs treatment group received 1 ml UC-MSCs suspension (3×10(6) cells/ml) by tail vein injection on the 29th, 36th, 43th and 50th day after exposure to the first silica suspension. On the 60th and 75th day after exposure to silica suspension, all animals were examed for pulmonary CT. Then the rats were euthanized on 75th day after the first exposure to silica.Lung's histopathological examination of the rats from all the groups were carried out. The content of hydroxyproline in lungs, TGF-β1 and IL-6 in serum were examined. Results: The lung's histopathological examination showed no obvious inflammatory cell and no fibrosis in the lung tissue of the control group, there were a lot of inflammatory cell aggregation and collagen fiber deposition in silica model group, while in the UC-MSCs intervention group and treatment group, there were less inflammatory cells and collagen fiber. The rats from silica model groups had higher HYP, TGF-β1 and IL-6 than the rats from UC-MSCs treatment group and control group. Lung fields of rats in the control group were clear and no obvious high-density shadow. Different-sized granular high-density shadows or reticular fibrous shadows were found diffusely distributed in the lungs of the rats in silica model group. Lung field of rats in UC-MSCs intervention group and treatment group were less high density shadows, and more clear. Conclusion: UC-MSCs can alleviate the pulmonary fibrosis in silica model rats through regulating the secretion of some fibrosis related cytokines.

Low-latitude zooplankton pigmentation plasticity in response to multiple threats

Crustacean copepods in high-latitude lakes frequently alter their pigmentation facultatively to defend themselves against prevailing threats, such as solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and visually oriented predators. Strong seasonality in those environments promotes phenotypic plasticity. To date, no one has investigated whether low-latitude copepods, experiencing continuous stress from UVR and predation threats, exhibit similar inducible defences. We here investigated the pigmentation levels of Bahamian 'blue hole' copepods, addressing this deficit. Examining several populations varying in predation risk, we found the lowest levels of pigmentation in the population experiencing the highest predation pressure. In a laboratory experiment, we found that, in contrast with our predictions, copepods from these relatively constant environments did show some changes in pigmentation subsequent to the removal of UVR; however, exposure to water from different predation regimes induced minor and idiosyncratic pigmentation change. Our findings suggest that low-latitude zooplankton in inland environments may exhibit reduced, but non-zero, levels of phenotypic plasticity compared with their high-latitude counterparts.

[A questionnaire survey for gout management in physicians in Beijing]

Objective: To provide helpful continued medical education (CME) for physicians and improve gout treatment, we conducted a questionnaire survey to investigate physicians' knowledge in nine districts of Beijing. Methods: A questionnaire survey including ten gout-related questions was conducted among 298 physicians in Beijing. Demographic data and previous gout CME experience were collected. Chi-square test or Student's t test, univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the relevant factors of physicians' knowledge level. Results: A total of 250 valid copies were collected including 127 from community service centers (CSC), 123 from tertiary hospitals. The correct answer rate of gout etiology, pathogenesis and attack symptoms were over 70% in both groups. 45.5% (56/123) CSC doctors and 57.4% (66/115) tertiary doctors answered right drugs to control acute gout attack (P=0.067). Only 42.3% (52/123) in CSC and 53.4% (63/118) in hospitals chose allopurinol as a urate-lowering drug (ULT), while 46.3% (57/123) and 32.2% (38/118) doctors considered colchicine as a ULT drug (P=0.084) respectively. Near half doctors considered that gout patients should take long-term ULT [40.5% (51/126) vs. 57.6%(68/118)respectively, P=0.007]. Univariate analysis showed that CME training could improve gout-related knowledge in CRC doctors. Conclusion: Most CSC doctors generally understand basic knowledge of gout, while confusion of treatment is still significant. CME especially including standard gout treatment should be performed by doctors in tertiary hospitals.

[Clinical features of adult patients with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection]

Objective: To investigate the clinical features of adult-onset chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection (CAEBV). Methods: A total of 21 adult patients with CAEBV who were admitted to the department of General Internal Medicine at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2006 to January 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic data, disease duration, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatments and prognosis were reviewed. Results: Eighteen females and 3 males were enrolled with a mean age of 39 years. The most common clinical manifestations included fever in 20 patients, splenomegaly in 20 patients, lymphadenopathy in 18 patients, and hepatomegaly in 10 patients, followed by laryngopharyngeal disorders in 6 patients, pleural effusion and peritoneal effusion each in 5 patients, rash in 4 patients, interstitial lung disease in 3 patients, gastrointestinal hemorrhage in 2 patients, and peripheral neuropathy and pulmonary hypertension each in 1 patient. Six patients were complicated with hemophagocytic lymphohis-tioncytosis(HLH) that developed 5-17 (mean: 9) months following CAEBV onset, all of whom experienced hyperpyrexia, pancytopenia, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and liver dysfunction, 3 with hepatomegaly. Nineteen of the 21 patients had received steroid therapy including 10 combined with immunosuppressive agents, 11 with antiviral therapy, and 8 with intravenous immunoglobulin. Thirteen patients died, including 10 of multiple organ failure, (including 6 of HLH) 2 of severe pulmonary infection, and 1 of lymphoma. Six patients remained on follow-up, yet 2 were missing. Conclusions: CAEBV is expected with severe condition and poor prognosis, which is likely to be complicated with HLH. Clinical physicians should pay attention to adult patients with fever, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, which suggests possible CAEBV.

[The spontaneous herniation of temporomandibular joint into external auditory canal: diagnosis of otoscopy, CT and MRI]

OBJECTIVE

To summarize the otoscopy, CT and MRI features of spontaneous herniation of the temporomandibular joint(TMJ) into the external auditory canal(EAC) through the persistence Huschke's foramen(PHF).

METHODS

The otoscopy, CT and MRI images of three cases with the herniation of the TMJ into the EAC through the PHF were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS

Otoscopy revealed the masses located in the antero-inferior aspect of the bony EAC, and the mass displayed an alternative of forward and backward motion during opening and closing of the mouth.CT of the temporal bone showed a bony defect and a consecutive soft mass in the antero-inferior wall of the bony EAC. The margin of the bony defects were well-defined in all cases, the bone adjacent to PHF was pressed and partially wrapped around the soft mass as 'holding ball' in two cases, partly peripheral pseudo bony shell of the soft mass were showed in two cases. The soft mass in EAC appeared equal attenuated with the soft tissue of TMJ, and on enhanced CT scans showed no enhancement of the soft mass. On MRI scans, the imaging displayed a bony defect in the antero-inferior wall of the EAC with a soft mass which was formed by the capsule of the TMJ, and the mass showed iso-signal to the capsule of the TMJ on all sequences, and there was no enhancement after contrast administration.

CONCLUSION

The otoscopy, CT and MRI features of the spontaneous herniation of the TMJ into the EAC through the PHF is special, and the above examinations are valuable for diagnosis of the disease.

Protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning in total knee arthroplasty

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the genomic response induced by ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) in muscle biopsies taken from the operative leg of total knee arthroplasty patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The gene expression profile GSE21164 was extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Patients undergoing primary knee arthroplasty were randomized to control and treatment (IPC) groups. Muscle biopsies were taken from the quadriceps muscle of the operative knee at the immediate onset of surgery (T0) and at 1 hour into surgery (T1). Limma package of R language was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and treatment group. To find out specific genes, DEGs at T0 were compared with DEGs at T1. Scansite was used to find out the binding domain for specific DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis was done by DAVID.

RESULTS

Of the genes queried on the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 microarray, we identified 263 (T0) and 266 (T1) DEGs compared to the control group. Down-regulation of DEGs related with regulation neuron apoptosis was observed at T1. The most significant function of DEGs at T0 was related with neurological system process. The most specific DEG was FAM125B at T0 and T1 time points. Its common binding domain was SH3.

CONCLUSIONS

The protective effect of IPC was associated with altered expression of genes involved in neurological system process and regulation of neuron apoptosis. The dynamic expression of FAM125B can be a supervised marker during the surgery. IPC may be of potential benefit in this and other musculoskeletal conditions.

Resistance of Spiroplasma citri Lines to the Virus SVTS2 Is Associated with Integration of Viral DNA Sequences into Host Chromosomal and Extrachromosomal DNA

Spiroplasmavirus SVTS2, isolated from Spiroplasma melliferum TS2, produces plaques when inoculated onto lawns of Spiroplasma citri M200H, a derivative of the type strain Maroc R8A2. S. citri strains MR2 and MR3, originally selected as colonies growing within plaques on a lawn of M200H inoculated with SVTS2, were resistant to SVTS2. Genomic DNA fingerprints and electrophoretic protein profiles of M200H, MR2, and MR3 were similar, but three proteins present in M200H were missing or significantly reduced in both resistant lines. None of these three polypeptides reacted with antiserum against S. citri membrane proteins, indicating that they probably are not surface-located virus receptors. Electroporation with SVTS2 DNA produced 1.5 x 10(sup5) transfectants per (mu)g of DNA in M200H but none in MR2 or MR3, suggesting that resistance may result from inhibition of viral replication. The digestion patterns of the extrachromosomal double-stranded (ds) DNA of these lines were similar. Three TaqI fragments of MR2 extrachromosomal DNA that were not present in M200H extrachromosomal DNA hybridized strongly to an SVTS2 probe, and two of these fragments plus an additional one hybridized with the MR3 extrachromosomal DNA, indicating that a fragment of SVTS2 DNA was present in the extrachromosomal ds DNA of MR2 and MR3 but not of M200H. When the restricted genomes of all three lines were probed with SVTS2 DNA, strong hybridization to two EcoRI fragments of chromosomal MR2 and MR3 DNA but not M200H DNA indicated that SVTS2 DNA had integrated into the genomes of MR2 and MR3 but not of M200H. When MR3 extrachromosomal ds DNA containing a 2.1-kb SVTS2 DNA fragment was transfected into M200H, the transformed spiroplasmas were resistant to SVTS2. These results suggest that SVTS2 DNA fragments, possibly integrated into the chromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA of a previously susceptible spiroplasma, may function as viral incompatibility elements, providing resistance to superinfection by SVTS2.

Triterpenoid prosapogenols and prosapogenins from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia

Two new prosapogenins, 16-O-acetyl-21-O-(4-angeloyl)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl barringtogenol C (1), 28-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl 16-deoxybarringtogenol C (2), were isolated from the acid hydrolyzate of the crude saponin obtained from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, along with six known triterpenoids. These structures were established on the basis of chemical and detailed spectral evidences. Compounds 1 and 2 showed cytotoxic activity against human cell lines (A375-S2, HeLa).

Norisoprenoids from Ulva lactuca

Five norisoprenoids were isolated from the green marine alga Ulva lactuca. Two new compounds were assigned to (3R,5R,6R,7E)3,5,6-trihydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (1) and (3S,5R,6S,7E)3,5,6-trihydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (2). The structures and absolute configurations of the five compounds were determined by analyses of NMR, MS and circular dichroism (CD).

A new perylenequinone from the fruit bodies of Bulgaria inquinans

A new perylenequinone, 4,9-dihydroxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroperylene-3,10-quinone (1), together with three known compounds, have been isolated from the ethanolic extract of the fruit bodies of Bulgaria inquinans, and their structures elucidated on the basis of the spectral data and comparison with the literature.

A new triterpene glycoside from Asterias rollentoni

A new triterpene glycoside, rollentoside A, has been isolated from Asterias rollentoni Bell and identified as 3beta-O-{3-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-beta-D-quinopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl}-16-beta-acetoxy-23S-acetoxy-holost-7-ene (1), together with a new natural product, rollentoside B (2). The structures of compounds1 and 2 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR investigation (1H-1H COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY).

A novel sulphur glycoside from the seeds of Descurainia sophia (L.)

A new sulphur glycoside, named descurainoside (1), and the known compound sinapic acid (2) have been isolated from the seeds of Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl. The structure of 1 has been identified as (1R,6S,8R,9S,10S)-9,10-dihydroxy-4-[(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methylene]-8-(hydroxymethyl)-2,7-dioxa-5-thiabicyclo[4.4.0]decan-3-one by means of physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR, HRMS, ESI-MS).

Generation and flanking sequence analysis of a rice T-DNA tagged population

Insertional mutagenesis provides a rapid way to clone a mutated gene. Transfer DNA (T-DNA) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been proven to be a successful tool for gene discovery in Arabidopsis and rice ( Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). Here, we report the generation of 5,200 independent T-DNA tagged rice lines. The T-DNA insertion pattern in the rice genome was investigated, and an initial database was constructed based on T-DNA flanking sequences amplified from randomly selected T-DNA tagged rice lines using Thermal Asymmetric Interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR). Of 361 T-DNA flanking sequences, 92 showed long T-DNA integration (T-DNA together with non-T-DNA). Another 55 sequences showed complex integration of T-DNA into the rice genome. Besides direct integration, filler sequences and microhomology (one to several nucleotides of homology) were observed between the T-DNA right border and other portions of the vector pCAMBIA1301 in transgenic rice. Preferential insertion of T-DNA into protein-coding regions of the rice genome was detected. Insertion sites mapped onto rice chromosomes were scattered in the genome. Some phenotypic mutants were observed in the T1 generation of the T-DNA tagged plants. Our mutant population will be useful for studying T-DNA integration patterns and for analyzing gene function in rice.

Beta-turn formation by a six-residue linear peptide in solution

A model peptide AAGDYY-NH2 (B1), which is found to adopt a beta-turn conformation in the TEM-1 beta-lactamase inhibitor protein (BLIP) in the TEM-1/BLIP co-crystal, was synthesized to elucidate the mechanism of its beta-turn formation and stability. Its structural preferences in solution were comprehensively characterized using CD, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, respectively. The set of observed diagnostic NOEs, the restrained molecular dynamics simulation, CD and FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a beta-turn in solution by the model peptide. The dihedral angles [(phi3, phi3) (phi4, phi4)] of [(-52 degrees, -32 degrees ) (-38 degrees, -44 degrees )] of Gly-Asp fragment in the model peptide are consistent with those of a type III beta-turn. In a conclusion, the conformational preference of the linear hexapeptide B1 in solution was determined, and it would provide a simple template to study the mechanism of beta-turn formation and stability.

Computerized 3D-reconstructions of the ligaments of the lateral aspect of ankle and subtalar joints

3D-reconstruction images of the structures of lateral aspect of the ankle and subtalar joints were produced using plastination to make equidistant serial sections of 1.2 mm in thickness. A SGI workstation was employed to reconstruct the structures of the ligaments of the lateral aspect of ankle and subtalar joints in three dimensions. Reconstructed structures were displayed singly, in groups or as a whole, and these were rotated continuously at different velocities in 3D space. Different diameters and angles of the reconstructed structures could be measured easily. Improved results could be achieved with the use of a special sectional anatomical technique, i.e. contours + marching cubes algorithm.

A four-day study to evaluate the anti-plaque efficacy of an experimental triclosan-containing dentifrice

Four-day, non-brushing studies have been used successfully to demonstrate the anti-plaque efficacy of triclosan-containing dentifrices. The treatment effects observed are variable, likely due to differences in formulation, study design and measurement techniques. This randomized, double-blind crossover study was conducted to evaluate the anti-plaque efficacy of an experimental, multiple-benefit, triclosan-containing dentifrice versus two currently marketed sodium fluoride dentifrices in a four-day, lingual-brushing model on subjects in Beijing. People's Republic of China. Subjects brushed the lingual surfaces for 30 seconds, and before expectorating, swished the saliva/dentifrice slurry over the buccal surfaces for an additional 30 seconds. This procedure was repeated. Subjects performed their assigned brushing regimen twice daily for four days under supervision. On Day 5, plaque was measured using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index. There were highly significant treatment effects in favor of the experimental triclosan-containing dentifrice for whole mouth, buccal and lingual sites when compared to either of the sodium fluoride dentifrices (p < 0.0001).

[Structure determination of the constituents from Citrus grandis Osbeck]

OBJECTIVE

To isolate the chemical constituents of the peelings of Citrus grandis and determine their structure.

METHOD

Column chromatography and PTLC were applied to isolating and purifying the chemical constituents, and 1H NMR and 13C NMR were used to elucidate their structure.

RESULT

4 compounds were isolated as meranzin hydrate(1), roseoside(2), 8-(3-beta-D-syl-2-hydrox-3-methylbutyl)-7-methoxycoumarin(3) and glucose(4).

CONCLUSION

Compound 2 was isolated as a carotenoid from this genus for the first time.

Biflavonoids from the aerial part of Stephania tetrandra

Investigation of the aerial part of Stephania tetrandra led to the isolation of two biflavonoids, stephaflavone A and stephaflavone B, with a 3-6" linkage pattern, together with beta-sitosterol. Their structures were established on the basis of their spectroscopic data and their physicochemical properties.

[Pathogens of transmitted disease in the pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease]

OBJECTIVE

To study the pathogenesis of pathogens of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

METHODS

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trchomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum were cutured respectively in 130 patients with acute PID.

RESULTS

The pathogens of STD had been found in 55 patients. The detective rate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was 6.9% (9/130), about half of them were mixed infection; the detective rate of chlamydia trachomatis was 4.6% (6/130), all of them were mixed infection; the positive percentage of ureaplasma urealyticum was 37.7% (49/130), one third of them were mixed infection.

CONCLUSION

The pathogens of STD might cause acute PID or only play a synergetic role in it.

Cloning and characterization of human erythroid membrane-associated protein, human ERMAP

We describe here the cloning and characterization of the human gene ERMAP, identified by subtractive hybridization using early and late gestation human fetal liver. By in situ hybridization, we found human ERMAP to be expressed not only in erythoid cells in fetal liver and adult bone marrow, but also in reticulocytes and circulating erythroblasts in 8-12-week fetal cord blood. The human ERMAP protein is predicted to contain a transmembrane segment and one extracellular immunoglobulin fold (IgV). The cytoplasmic region contains a highly conserved B30.2 motif, multiple consensus sequences for kinases, and post-Golgi sorting signals. The protein was localized to the cell surface as shown by an antibody specific for a peptide predicted from the IgV fold. The amino acid sequence of human ERMAP is highly homologous with that of mouse ERMAP, but differs in the number of extracellular immunoglobulin folds. Human ERMAP represents a new unique member of the rapidly growing B30.2 domain proteins.

Triterpenoid saponins from leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L

In the chemical investigation on the saponin composition of leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L., two new minor dammarane saponins, quinquenoside L1 (1) and L2 (2) have been isolated. By means of physico-chemical evidences and spectral analysis their structures were established as 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-dammara-23,25-diene-3beta, 12beta, 20(S)-triol (1) and 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(24Z)-dammar-24-ene-3beta, 12beta, 20(S), 26-tetraol (2).

Quinquenoside L9 from leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L

During additional chemical investigation on the saponin composition of leaves and stems of Panax quinquefolium L, a new minor dammarane saponin, quinquenoside L9 (1) has been obtained. By means of physico-chemical evidences and spectral analysis, its structure was elucidated 6-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-dammara-3beta, 6beta,12beta,20(S),24zeta,25-hexaol (1).

[Clinical and radiographic evaluation of 108 dental implants after 1-year loading]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinical outcomes and a possible correlation between peri-implant mucosal inflammation and marginal bone loss in a group of Chinese patients who received IMZ and Frialit-2 implants one year after restoration.

METHODS

The clinical and radiography parameters of 108 IMZ and Frialit-2 dental implants in 70 patients were measured.

RESULTS

There were no signs of mobility and peri-implant radiolucencies in any of the implants. The average bone loss adjacent to implants was (0.63 +/- 0.78) mm. The prevalence of peri-implant mucosal inflammation, as indicated by suclus bleeding index (SBI) of 1.0 or more, was 32.9%. Significant correlation was found between mucosal inflammation and bone loss. The severely inflamed sites experienced greater bone loss than that of healthy or slightly inflamed sites (P < 0.05). In 92% of sites, plaque index (PLI) of more than 1 was measured on implant surfaces. The periodontal status of the remaining natural teeth in each subject was evaluated using the community periodontal index of treatment need (CPITN). Of the 70 examined patients, 15 patients needed oral hygiene instruction, 44 needed scaling and root planing, 8 patients needed periodontal surgical therapy, and only 3 did not need any periodontal treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The 1-year outcomes from this patient series indicated that IMZ and Frialit-2 implant provide satisfactory clinical results. One of the etiologic factors of alveolar bone loss around implants seems to be plaque-associated marginal inflammation. Improvement of oral hygiene, elimination of marginal tissue inflammation, and proper treatment of periodontal disease of natural teeth are needed for maintaining the implants in these observed subjects.

Peri-implant mucosal inflammation and bone loss: clinical and radiographic evaluation of 108 dental implants after 1-year loading

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinical outcomes, and a possible correlation between peri-implant mucosal inflammation and marginal bone loss, 1 year after restoration in a group of Chinese patients with dental implants.

METHODS

Observation of the clinical and radiographic parameters of 108 IMZ and Frialit-2 dental implants in 70 patients.

RESULTS

One year after loading, there were no signs of mobility and peri-implant radiolucency in any of the implants. The average bone loss adjacent to implants was 0.63 mm (SD 0.78). The prevalence of peri-implant mucosal inflammation, as indicated by sulcus bleeding index (SBI) of 1.0 or more, was 32.9%. Significant positive correlation was found between mucosal inflammation and bone loss (P < 0.05). 92% of the observed sites had plaque index (PLI) scores greater than 1.

CONCLUSIONS

The 1-year outcomes from this patient group indicate that IMZ and Frialit-2 implants provide satisfactory clinical results. One of the etiologic factors of alveolar bone loss around implants seems to be plaque-associated marginal inflammation. Improvement of oral hygiene, elimination of soft tissue inflammation, and proper treatment of periodontal disease of natural teeth are critical for maintaining the implants.

[A one-year study on enzyme level in gingival crevicular fluid around osseointegrated dental implants]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the changes of gingival crevicular fluid(GCF) volume, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) levels in GCF around dental implants during the first year after rehabilitation. And to explore the relationships between these changes and peri-implant inflammation as well as bone loss.

METHODS

26 Branemark implants in 12 adults were included in this study. Examinations were carried out in a total of 52 sites in preinsertion period and 3, 6, 12 months following rehabilitation.

RESULTS

GCF volume, GCF-AST, GCF-ALP were firstly increased and then fallen during the first year after rehabilitation. GCF volume, GCF-AST, GCF-ALP in sites with peri-implant mucositis were higher than those in health sites, and were increased with the severity of peri-implant mucositis. GCF volume, GCF-AST, GCF-ALP in sites with bone loss were significantly higher than those without bone loss.

CONCLUSION

GCF volume, GCF-AST, GCF-ALP could reflect peri-implant inflammation and bone changes to some degree.

Common elements of spiroplasma plectroviruses revealed by nucleotide sequence of SVTS2

DNA of SpV1-like spiroplasma plectroviruses (rods with single-stranded circular DNA) is scattered in the genome of the phytopathogen Spiroplasma citri and has significant consequences for evolution of the S. citri genome. We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of SVTS2, a SpV1-like virus of S. melliferum, a honeybee pathogen, to ascertain, by comparison with S. citri SpV1 viruses (GenBank U28974 and X51344), the defining features of this important group. The 6,824 nt DNA contains nine ORFs homologous to ORFs of S. citri SpV1 viruses and five ORFs unique to SVTS2. The predicted amino acid sequences of the homologous ORFs were 17-38% identical to those of their S. citri counterparts. The SVTS2 predicted ORF 1 product (Mr 47,031) was considerably smaller than those of known S. citri SpV1 viruses. Also, in contrast to those viruses, SVTS2 lacked an ORF with recognizable similarity to a transposase. ORF 2 of all three viruses had a homologue among the products of genes of MVL-1, a virus of Acholeplasma laidlawii, another plectrovirus. The results suggest that, at most, only slightly more than half of SpV1 genomes consists of genes shared by all spiroplasma viruses of the group.

[Surgical techniques to deal with lens nucleus' fragment of posterior capsular rupture during the phacoemulsification]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate some surgical techniques in dealing with a impending dropped nucleus when posterior capsular rupture during the phacoemulsification.

METHODS

The postoperative results of 18 cases (18 eyes) whose posterior capsular of lens ruptured with a impending dropped nucleus during the phacoemulsification were studied retrospectively. Three surgical techniques to prevent lens nucleus' fragments dropping into the vitreous cavity were applied. They are consecutive phacoemulsification with lower flowing rate and lower irrigation, injection of viscoelastic substance with high elasticity and anterior segment vitrectomy with no irrigation. The follow-up was 12-24 months (average, 18.2 months).

RESULTS

Except for a special case, no lens nucleus' fragments dropped into the vitreous cavity. Posterior chamber intraocular lens(IOL) was implanted primarily in all cases (18 eyes). Best corrected visual acuity was above 0.5 in 15 eyes (83.3%). The main complications included corneal edema and cystoid macular edema.

CONCLUSION

With safety, effectiveness and less complications, these three surgical techniques are suitable to deal with different types of impending dropped lens nucleus' fragments during the phacoemulsification. It is advisable to apply these techniques in clinical practice.

[Changes of elastase in gingival crevicular fluid after periodontal treatment of adult periodontitis patients]

OBJECTIVE

To examine the changes of elastase in the supernatant (EA-s) and in the pellet (EA-p) after centrifuge in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) before and after periodontal treatment.

METHODS

GCF was sampled with filter paper strips by intra-pocket method to determine EA levels. Forty-three teeth of eight subjects were included. EA-s and EA-p were determined separately using the subtract Meosuc-ala-ala-val-pro-NA.

RESULTS

EA-s per site and per ml, EA-p per site and the ratio of EA-s/EA-p (S/P) decreased significantly after non-surgical periodontal treatment (P < 0.001), while EA-p concentration didn't change (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

GCF-EA-s and EA-p could act as objective parameters to evaluate the effect of periodontal therapy, especially EA-s and S/P, which may be sensitive diagnostic parameters for determining periodontal disease activity.

[Gingival crevicular fluid enzyme levels at different destruction sites in the same teeth]

OBJECTIVE

To direct selecting proper sampling methods and sites in clinical research.

METHODS

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was sampled separately at the mesial-buccal and distal-buccal sites in the same teeth, which were destroyed differently. Clinical parameters were recorded in the subject sites and its adjacent sites. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in the GCF were determined. Difference of the enzyme levels between the two sampling sites, and relations between the enzyme level and all the clinical parameters were assessed.

RESULTS

GCF-AST, ALP per sample at severely diseased sites were much higher than that from healthy and/or mild sites in the same teeth. Significant positive correlation (P < 0.001, r > 0.5) was demonstrated between enzyme levels in the sampling sites and probing depth (PD) and attachment level (AL) of the lingual sites. However, there was mild significant correlation (P < 0.05, r = 0.275) between ALP level in the sampling sites and PD of the proximal-buccal sites of its adjacent teeth. No significant correlation (P > 0.05) was found between AST level in the sampling sites and PD, AL of the adjacent teeth sites, and also between ALP level in the sampling sites and AL of the adjacent teeth sites.

CONCLUSION

Site-specificity of periodontal disease was further demonstrated. GCF components were influenced reciprocally more obviously in the same proximal than by other sites.

Mechanisms of spiroplasma genome variation associated with SpV1-like viral DNA inferred from sequence comparisons

Genomes of Spiroplasma citri strains have rearranged frequently during their evolution, partly due to multiple integrated sequences of spiroplasma viruses. To understand better the role of viral sequences in genome evolution, we examined available nucleotide sequences of viruslike elements in the S. citri chromosome. Comparison of integrated and nonintegrated sequences of spiroplasma virus SpV1-C74 DNA suggested that it is an encapsidated form of the circular transposition intermediate belonging to an insertion sequence (IS3) family member. One SpV1-C74 viral DNA fragment was identified as interrupting the remains of a DNA adenine modification methylase gene. A viral DNA insertion of SpV1-R8A2 B DNA had hallmarks of having suffered an internal deletion by a site-specific recombination system. Homologous recombination likely was responsible for several deletions within viral DNA. A homologous recombination event was inferred between part of a viral DNA insertion and a similar chromosomal sequence. Dispersed sequences from SpV1-like C4 open reading frames (ORFs) were identified as involved in a complex deletion-inversion event. Thus, SpV1-like sequences likely have altered spiroplasma genomes by inserting within active genes, destroying their function, by providing targets for site-specific recombination, by mediating deletions of sequences adjacent to their integration sites, and by providing targets for homologous recombination, leading to inversions.