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Kitamura K, Miura H, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Yanazawa M, Katoh-Fukui Y, Suzuki R, Ohuchi H, Suehiro A, Motegi Y, Nakahara Y, Kondo S, Yokoyama M. Mouse Pitx2 deficiency leads to anomalies of the ventral body wall, heart, extra- and periocular mesoderm and right pulmonary isomerism. Development 1999; 126:5749-58. [PMID: 10572050 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.24.5749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pitx2, a bicoid-related homeobox gene, is involved in Rieger's syndrome and the left-right (L-R) asymmetrical pattern formation in body plan. In order to define the genomic structure and roles of Pitx2, we analyzed the genomic structure and generated Pitx2-deficient mice with the lacZ gene in the homeobox-containing exon of Pitx2. We were able to show that among three isoforms of Pitx2, Pitx2c shows asymmetrical expression whereas Pitx2a, Pitx2b and Pitx2c show symmetrical expression. In Pitx2(-)(/)(-) embryos there was an increase in mesodermal cells in the distal end of the left lateral body wall and an amnion continuous with the lateral body wall thickened in its mesodermal layer. These changes resulted in a failure of ventral body wall closure. In lung and heart in which Pitx2 is expressed asymmetrically, right pulmonary isomerism, atrioventricular canals with prominent swelling, and juxtaposition of the atrium were detected. The hearts failed to develop tricuspid and mitral valves and a common atrioventricular valve forms. Further, dysgenesis of the Pitx2(-)(/)(-) extraocular muscle and thickening of the mesothelial layer of cornea were observed in the ocular system where Pitx2 is expressed symmetrically, and these resulted in enophthalmos. The present study shows that Pitx2 expressed in various sites participates in morphogenesis through three types of actions: the involvement of asymmetric Pitx2 expression in the entire morphogenetic process of L-R asymmetric organs; the involvement of asymmetric Pitx2 expression in the regional morphogenesis of asymmetric organs; and finally the involvement of symmetric Pitx2 expression in the regional morphogenesis of symmetric organs.
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300 |
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Tuszynski MH, Peterson DA, Ray J, Baird A, Nakahara Y, Gage FH. Fibroblasts genetically modified to produce nerve growth factor induce robust neuritic ingrowth after grafting to the spinal cord. Exp Neurol 1994; 126:1-14. [PMID: 8157119 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1994.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The influences of neurotrophic factors on adult mammalian spinal cords are incompletely understood. In the present experiment, we utilized somatic gene transfer to examine the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the unlesioned spinal cords of adult Fischer rats. Fischer 344 rat primary fibroblasts were genetically modified in vitro to produce and secrete NGF, then grafted to spinal cords at the T7 level. Grafts survived in vivo for periods of up to 1 year, and induced an extremely robust ingrowth of spinal neurites. Control and basic fibroblast growth factor-producing grafts did not promote extensive neurite growth. Neurites penetrating the NGF grafts were of sensory origin, since they labeled immunocytochemically for calcitonin gene-related peptide but not markers of other neuronal transmitter phenotypes. Electron microscopy revealed that neurites within NGF-secreting grafts were enveloped in glial cell processes and that axons frequently became myelinated. These results indicate that (i) genetically modified cell grafts are a useful model for studying trophic factor effects in the adult mammalian spinal cord, (ii) sensory neurites maintain robust NGF responsiveness into adulthood, and (iii) sprouting neurites can follow glial channels and become myelinated in the adult spinal cord. Grafts of fibroblasts genetically modified to secrete trophic factors merit study as potential tools for promoting regeneration after spinal cord injury.
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Katoh-Fukui Y, Tsuchiya R, Shiroishi T, Nakahara Y, Hashimoto N, Noguchi K, Higashinakagawa T. Male-to-female sex reversal in M33 mutant mice. Nature 1998; 393:688-92. [PMID: 9641679 DOI: 10.1038/31482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb genes in Drosophila maintain the repressed state of homeotic and other developmentally regulated genes by mediating changes in higher-order chromatin structure. M33, a mouse homologue of Polycomb, was isolated by means of the structural similarity of its chromodomain. The fifth exon of M33 contains a region of homology shared by Drosophila and Xenopus. In Drosophila, its deletion results in the loss of Polycomb function. Here we have disrupted M33 in mice by inserting a poly(A) capture-type neo(r) targeting vector into its fifth exon. More than half of the resultant M33cterm/M33cterm mutant mice died before weaning, and survivors showed male-to-female sex reversal. Formation of genital ridges was retarded in both XX and XY M33cterm/M33cterm embryos. Gonadal growth defects appeared near the time of expression of the Y-chromosome-specific Sry gene, suggesting that M33 deficiency may cause sex reversal by interfering with steps upstream of Sry. M33cterm/M33cterm mice may be a valuable model in which to test opposing views regarding sex determination.
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Nakahara Y. Hair analysis for abused and therapeutic drugs. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 733:161-80. [PMID: 10572981 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on basic aspects and recent studies of hair analysis for abused and therapeutic drugs and is discussed with 164 references. Firstly, biology of hair and sampling of hair specimens have been commented for the sake of correct interpretation of the results from hair analysis. Then the usual washing methods of hair samples and the extraction methods for drugs in hair have been shown and commented on. Analytical methods for each drug have been discussed by the grouping of three analytical methods, namely immunoassay, HPLC-CE and GC-MS. The outcomes of hair analysis studies have been reviewed by dividing into six groups; morphine and related, cocaine and related, amphetamines, cannabinoids, the other abused drugs and therapeutic drugs. In addition, reports on stability of drugs in the living hair and studies on drug incorporation into hair and dose-hair concentration relationships have been reviewed. Applications of hair analysis to the estimation of drug history, discrimination between OTC drug use and illegal drug use, drug testing for acute poisoning, gestational drug exposure and drug compliance have also been reviewed. Finally, the promising prospects of hair analysis have been described.
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Review |
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Nakahara Y, Takahashi K, Kikura R. Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. X. Effect of physicochemical properties of drugs on the incorporation rates into hair. Biol Pharm Bull 1995; 18:1223-7. [PMID: 8845810 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.18.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To determine the mechanism involved, the incorporation rate (ICR) of drugs into hair was compared to melanin affinity, lipophilicity and membrane permeability. The following 20 drugs were tested; amphetamine, methamphetamine, p-hydroxyamphetamine, p-hydroxymethamphetamine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, phencyclidine, 1-(1-phenyl)-piperidinyl-cyclohexanol, methylenedioxyamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methoxyphenamine, O-desmethyl methoxyphenamine, benzphetamine, norbenzphetamine, deprenyl, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 11-nortetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCA). Their ICRs were represented as the ratios of the drug concentrations in rat hair to AUCs (the areas under the concentration vs. time curves) in rat plasma. Cocaine had the highest incorporation rate understood and there was a 3600 fold difference between the ICR of cocaine and that of THCA, the lowest drug. The melanin affinity of these drugs was determined by incubating a test solution with melanin at 36 degrees C in the dark for 2 h. After incubation and centrifugation, the drug concentration in the filtrate was determined by GC/MS or LC. The drug most affinitive to melanin was cocaine, followed by benzphetamine, phencyclidine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine and LSD. The correlation coefficient between ICR and melanin affinity of the 20 drugs was 0.947 (0.949 excluding THCA). Lipophilicity was calculated from the retention times of HPLC according to Kaliszan's method. Although the correlation coefficient between ICR and lipophilicity was very low (0.201), it rose to 0.770 by removing only THCA. The combination of melanin affinity and lipophilicity brought about a higher correlation (0.979) with the ICRs. Our data also suggested that the higher ICRs of basic drugs than neutral or acidic ones are strongly related to the membrane permeability of the drug based on the pH gradient between blood (pH 7.4) and hair matrix (acidic).
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Kashihara K, Maruyama T, Murota M, Nakahara Y. Positive Effects of Acute and Moderate Physical Exercise on Cognitive Function. J Physiol Anthropol 2009; 28:155-64. [DOI: 10.2114/jpa2.28.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Ogushi K, Wada A, Niidome T, Mori N, Oishi K, Nagatake T, Takahashi A, Asakura H, Makino S, Hojo H, Nakahara Y, Ohsaki M, Hatakeyama T, Aoyagi H, Kurazono H, Moss J, Hirayama T. Salmonella enteritidis FliC (flagella filament protein) induces human beta-defensin-2 mRNA production by Caco-2 cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:30521-6. [PMID: 11387317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011618200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are crucial for host defense at mucosal surfaces. Bacterial factors responsible for induction of human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) mRNA expression in Caco-2 human carcinoma cells were determined. Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella dublin, and culture supernatants of these strains induced hBD-2 mRNA expression in Caco-2 human carcinoma cells. Using luciferase as a reporter gene for a approximately 2.1-kilobase pair hBD-2 promoter, the hBD-2-inducing factor in culture supernatant of S. enteritidis was isolated. The supernatant factor was heat-stable and proteinase-sensitive. After purification by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography, the hBD-2-inducing factor was identified as a 53-kDa monomeric protein with the amino-terminal sequence AQVINTNSLSLLTQNNLNK, which is identical to that of the flagella filament structural protein (FliC) of S. enteritidis. Consistent with this finding, the 53-kDa protein reacted with anti-FliC antibody, which prevented its induction of hBD-2 mRNA in Caco-2 cells. In agreement, the hBD-2-inducing activity in culture supernatant was completely neutralized by anti-FliC antibody. In gel retardation analyses, FliC increased binding of NF-kappaB (p65 homodimer) to hBD-2 gene promoter sequences. We conclude that S. enteritidis FliC induces hBD-2 expression in Caco-2 cells via NF-kappaB activation and thus plays an important role in up-regulation of the innate immune response.
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Nakahara Y, Gage FH, Tuszynski MH. Grafts of fibroblasts genetically modified to secrete NGF, BDNF, NT-3, or basic FGF elicit differential responses in the adult spinal cord. Cell Transplant 1996. [PMID: 8689031 DOI: 10.1016/0963-6897(95)02028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal and axonal responses to neurotrophic factors in the developing spinal cord have been relatively well characterized, but little is known about adult spinal responses to neurotrophic factors. We genetically modified primary rat fibroblasts to produce either nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), then grafted these neurotrophic factor-secreting cells into the central gray matter of the spinal cord in adult rats. Spinal cord lesions were not made prior to grafting. From 2 wk to 6 mo later, sensory neurites of dorsal root origin extensively penetrated NGF-, NT-3-, and bFGF-producing grafts, whereas BDNF-secreting grafts elicited no growth responses. Putative noradrenergic neurites also penetrated NGF-secreting cell grafts. Local motor and corticospinal motor axons did not penetrate any of the neurotrophic factor-secreting grafts. These results indicate that unlesioned or minimally lesioned adult spinal cord sensory and putative noradrenergic populations retain significant neurotrophic factor responsiveness, whereas motor neurites are comparatively resistant even to those neurotrophic factors to which they exhibit survival dependence during development. Grafts of genetically modified cells can be a useful tool for characterizing neurotrophic factor responsiveness in the adult spinal cord and designing strategies to promote axonal regeneration after injury.
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Comparative Study |
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Sato S, Ito Y, Nukada T, Nakahara Y, Ogawa T. Total synthesis of X hapten, III3 Fuc alpha-nLc4 Cer. Carbohydr Res 1987; 167:197-210. [PMID: 2891443 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(87)80279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Total synthesis of O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-[alpha-L- fucopyranosyl- (1----3)]-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1----3)-O-beta- D- galactopyranosyl- (1----4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----1)-2-N-tetracosanoyl-(2S,3R ,4E)- sphingenine was achieved by use of the key glycosyl donors O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D- galactopyranosyl)-(1----4)-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl) - (1----3)]-O-(2- acetamido-6-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1----3)-O-(2,4,6-tr i-O- acetyl- beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1----4)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyrano syl trichloroacetimidate and fluoride, as well as key glycosyl acceptor 3-O-benzoyl-2-N-tetracosanoyl- (2S,3R,4E)-sphingenine, in an unambiguous manner.
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10
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Hamanaka Y, Nakashima M, Wada A, Ito M, Kurazono H, Hojo H, Nakahara Y, Kohno S, Hirayama T, Sekine I. Expression of human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) in Helicobacter pylori induced gastritis: antibacterial effect of hBD-2 against Helicobacter pylori. Gut 2001; 49:481-7. [PMID: 11559643 PMCID: PMC1728463 DOI: 10.1136/gut.49.4.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) plays a role in the innate defence system at mucosal surfaces. Colonisation of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach is an important pathological factor in gastrointestinal illnesses, including gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma. AIMS To evaluate the antibacterial role of hBD-2 against H pylori infection in the gastric mucosa. SUBJECTS Biopsied gastric mucosa specimens from H pylori positive (n=6) and H pylori negative (n=6) individuals were used. H pylori was determined by the presence of urease activity and microscopic examination. METHODS The specimens were examined for hBD-2 expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridisation. The antibacterial effect of hBD-2 against H pylori was evaluated by the number of colony forming units of H pylori after incubation with 0, 10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-6), or 10(-5) M of hBD-2 peptide. RESULTS All six H pylori positive specimens expressed a high level of hBD-2 mRNA while hBD-2 mRNA was not detected in the H pylori negative specimens by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry using anti-hBD-2 antiserum revealed that hBD-2 was expressed in the surface epithelium of H pylori infected specimens. In gastric specimens obtained after H pylori eradication, hBD-2 immunoreactivity had dramatically decreased. In situ hybridisation confirmed that hBD-2 transcripts were localised in the epithelium of H pylori infected gastric specimens. Incubation with hBD-2 reduced the growth rate of cultured H pylori in a dose dependent manner, and incubation with 10(-5) M hBD-2 completely inhibited the proliferation of H pylori. CONCLUSIONS H pylori infection induces hBD-2 expression in the human gastric epithelium. hBD-2 inhibited the growth of H pylori in vitro, suggesting that hBD-2 plays an antibacterial role in H pylori induced gastritis.
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research-article |
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Niita K, Chiba S, Maruyama T, Takada H, Fukahori T, Nakahara Y, Iwamoto A. Analysis of the (N,xN') reactions by quantum molecular dynamics plus statistical decay model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 52:2620-2635. [PMID: 9970793 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.52.2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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86 |
12
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Shintani S, Nakahara Y, Mihara M, Ueyama Y, Matsumura T. Inactivation of the p14(ARF), p15(INK4B) and p16(INK4A) genes is a frequent event in human oral squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol 2001; 37:498-504. [PMID: 11435176 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(00)00142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The p14(ARF), p15(INK4B) and p16(INK4A) genes were localized to 9p21, where genetic alterations have been reported frequently in various human tumors. We performed a molecular analysis of the mechanism of inactivation in cell lines and 32 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), using deletion screening, PCR-SSCP, methylation-specific-PCR and cycle sequencing. We detected homozygous deletion of p14(ARF)-1Ebeta in 9 (26.5%), of p15(INK4B) in one (3.1%), and of p16(INK4A) in 22 (56.3%) tumor samples. Three mutations were detected in the p16(INK4A) genes. We detected aberrant methylation of the p14(ARF) genes in 14 (43.8%), of the p15(INK4B) gene in 9 (28.1%), and of the p16(INK4A) gene in 16 (50.0%) tumor samples. Altogether, 87.5% of the samples harbored at least one of the alterations in the p14(ARF), p15(INK4B), and p16(INK4A) genes, indicating that the frequent inactivation of these genes may be an important mechanism during OSCC development.
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83 |
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Koike K, Sugimoto M, Sato S, Ito Y, Nakahara Y, Ogawa T. Total synthesis of globotriaosyl-E and Z-ceramides and isoglobotriaosyl-E-ceramide. Carbohydr Res 1987; 163:189-208. [PMID: 3621236 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(87)80181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective, total synthesis of O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4) -O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----1)-N -tetracosanoyl-[2S,3R,4E (and 4Z)]-sphingenine and O-alpha-D -galactopyranosyl-(1----3)-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-beta-D -glucopyranosyl-(1----1)-N-tetracosanoyl-(2S,3R,4E)-sphin gen ine was achieved by using O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl) -(1----4)-O-(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1----4)-2,3,6- tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate, O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl) -(1----4)-O-(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1----4)-2,3,6- tri-O-acetyl-alpha (and beta)-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride, and O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D -galactopyranosyl)-(1----3)-O-(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyran osyl)-(1----4)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate.
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76 |
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Haneda K, Inazu T, Yamamoto K, Kumagai H, Nakahara Y, Kobata A. Transglycosylation of intact sialo complex-type oligosaccharides to the N-acetylglucosamine moieties of glycopeptides by Mucor hiemalis endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Carbohydr Res 1996; 292:61-70. [PMID: 8870237 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(96)91025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (endo-beta-GlcNAc-ase) of Mucor hiemalis, endo-M, was found to transfer the sialo complex-type oligosaccharides from transferrin glycopeptide to the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) moieties of peptidyl-GlcNAc. Disialo complex-type oligosaccharide of transferrin glycopeptide was transferred to 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-asparaginyl-N-acetylglucosaminide (Fmoc-Asn-GlcNAc) by endo-M in a high yield. The structure of the reaction product was confirmed to be Fmoc-Asn-(GlcNAc)2-Man-(Man-GlcNac-Gal-NeuAc)2 by mass spectrometry. Endo-M also transferred disialo complex-type oligosaccharide to the GlcNAc residue of chemically synthesized H-Ile-Asn(GlcNAc)-Ala-Thr-Leu-OH. Asn-linked asialo complex-type oligosaccharide and Asn-linked high-mannose type oligosaccharide were also effective as oligosaccharide donors. Transfer of disialo complex-type oligosaccharide to the GlcNAc-peptide was the most effective among the three types of oligosaccharides, although the disialo complex-type oligosaccharide attached to the peptide was the poorest substrate for the hydrolytic activity of endo-M.
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Wada A, Ogushi K, Kimura T, Hojo H, Mori N, Suzuki S, Kumatori A, Se M, Nakahara Y, Nakamura M, Moss J, Hirayama T. Helicobacter pylori-mediated transcriptional regulation of the human beta-defensin 2 gene requires NF-kappaB. Cell Microbiol 2001; 3:115-23. [PMID: 11207625 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) is an antimicrobial peptide involved in host defence against bacterial infection in epithelial tissues. Its levels are dramatically increased after bacterial infection. The involvement of NF-kappaB in Helicobacter pylori-mediated induction of hBD-2 promoter activity was examined. A luciferase reporter plasmid containing the hBD-2 promoter extending from -2110 base pairs to -1 was transiently expressed in MKN45 cells, and promoter activity was determined after incubation with H. pylori for 6 h. Deletion or mutation of the NF-kappaB site at -208 abolished activation of the hBD-2 promoter. Only H. pylori strains carrying a cag pathogenicity island (PAI) induced activation of the NF-kappaB site of the hBD-2 promoter gene. By gel retardation analyses, H. pylori increased NF-kappaB binding to hBD-2 promoter gene sequences. Supershift analysis demonstrated that whereas H. pylori activated NF-kappaB p65-p65 and p50-p50 homodimers, and the p65-p50 heterodimer of NF-kappaB, only the p65-p65 homodimer bound to the NF-kappaB site of the hBD-2 promoter. Thus, specific NF-kappaB proteins are important cis-elements for induction of hBD-2 gene transcription by H. pylori.
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Hamanaka H, Katoh-Fukui Y, Suzuki K, Kobayashi M, Suzuki R, Motegi Y, Nakahara Y, Takeshita A, Kawai M, Ishiguro K, Yokoyama M, Fujita SC. Altered cholesterol metabolism in human apolipoprotein E4 knock-in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:353-61. [PMID: 10655544 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.3.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thevarepsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE) is associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). To accurately determine the isoform-specific effects of human apoE on brain functions under physiological and pathological situations, we created mice expressing human apoE4 isoform in place of mouse apoE by utilizing the gene-targeting technique on the embryonic stem cells (knock-in). The homozygousvarepsilon4 (4/4) mice correctly expressed human apoE4 in the serum and the brain. The human apoE in the brain was found primarily in the astrocytes as was the mouse apoE in the wild-type (+/+) mice. In the 4/4 mice, the serum cholesterol level was 2.5-fold that of the +/+ littermate controls on a regular diet. This marked elevation was accounted for by an accumulation of very low and low density lipo-proteins. In the brains of the 4/4 mice, however, the amounts of total cholesterol and phospholipids were significantly decreased compared with the +/+ littermates. These findings indicate that cholesterol and lipid metabolism is markedly altered in the 4/4 mice. Our human apoE4 knock-in mice will be useful in clarifying the role of apoE in the etiologies of AD and cardiovascular diseases in relation to cholesterol and lipid metabolism.
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Nakahara Y, Nakahara Y, Ogawa T. Solid-phase synthesis of an O-linked glycopeptide based on a benzyl-protected glycan approach. Carbohydr Res 1996; 292:71-81. [PMID: 8870238 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(96)91027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The solid-phase synthesis of asialo-[Ala18]-B-chain (2) of human alpha 2HS glycoprotein is described. Disaccharide-linked serine unit 12, carrying a benzyl protecting group, was synthesized via stereoselective glycosylation of 8 with 6. Peptide synthesis was carried out by the Fmoc method utilizing an automated peptide synthesizer. A modified procedure using a mechanical shaker at the coupling step with 12 made easy the recovery of unreacted 12. The benzylated glycopeptide thus synthesized was cleaved from the resin and hydrogenated to give 2.
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Nakahara Y, Shimamine M, Takahashi K. Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. III. Movement and stability of methoxyphenamine (as a model compound of methamphetamine) along hair shaft with hair growth. J Anal Toxicol 1992; 16:253-7. [PMID: 1501478 DOI: 10.1093/jat/16.4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the movement of methoxyphenamine (MOP, a model compound of methamphetamine) along the hair shaft at the rate of hair growth and the stability of drugs in hair for several months. Five healthy subjects (3 males and 2 females) took 50 mg of methoxyphenamine orally once a day for 7 days. Scalp hairs from the posterior vertex were collected every 2 weeks or every 8 weeks after the first dosage. The hairs were cut into 1-cm sections and extracted with methanol-5N HCl (20:1). MOP in the extract was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with tetradeuterium labeled MOP as an internal standard. The drug moved along hair shaft at the rate of 2.8-3.2 mm/week, according to hair growth, without diffusion. When drug bands were extrapolated according to the sections in which drug was detected, the bands were approximately 5 mm wide, equivalent to 1.7-2.4 periods of 7-day hair growth. In the case of identical doses, the drug level was highest in the root side and lowest in the distal side. In our data, we found that the drug level in hair had decreased approximately 50% five months later. The ratio of drug levels in corresponding sections correlated well to the ratio of doses, except where the hair shafts had been damaged or the drugs had decomposed.
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Ando H, Manabe S, Nakahara Y, Ito Y. Tag-reporter strategy for facile oligosaccharide synthesis on polymer support. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:3848-9. [PMID: 11457129 DOI: 10.1021/ja003856c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
A review with 22 references on detection and incorporation of amphetamines in hair is presented. This review deals with the detection, incorporation into hair, behavior in the hair shaft, confirmation of past drug use and diagnosis of dependence mainly regarding amphetamine and methamphetamine, along with methoxyphenamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, bromomethamphetamine, deprenyl, benzphetamine, fenproporex and mefenorex. First, pretreatment, extraction and analytical methods for amphetamines in hair using immunoassay, HPLC and GC/MS are discussed. This is followed by sections describing the animal experiments, incorporation rates of amphetamines from blood to hair and relationship between drug history and drug distribution in hair. Finally, the diagnosis of amphetamine dependence and confirmation of methamphetamine baby by hair analysis is discussed. The paper concludes with a brief outlook.
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Review |
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Reza AMS, Kanamori Y, Shinoda T, Shimura S, Mita K, Nakahara Y, Kiuchi M, Kamimura M. Hormonal control of a metamorphosis-specific transcriptional factor Broad-Complex in silkworm. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 139:753-61. [PMID: 15581808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Revised: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Insect metamorphosis is induced by the steroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in the absence of sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone (JH). In Drosophila melanogaster, the Broad-Complex (BR-C) transcriptional factor plays critical roles during metamorphosis. We isolated cDNAs encoding BR-C in the silkworm Bombyx mori and examined their mRNA expression. cDNAs for three BR-C isoforms with zinc finger pairs (Z1, Z2 and Z4) and four isoforms lacking them were cloned. Their mRNAs were expressed in multiple tissues at the larval-pupal metamorphosis. In the anterior silk gland, BR-C mRNAs were expressed at the end of the last larval instar but not expressed during the penultimate instar. 20E administration induced BR-C mRNA expression and JH suppressed 20E-induced BR-C expression in this tissue both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, BR-C mRNAs are inducible by 20E only in the absence of JH, a finding that explains their metamorphosis-specific expression.
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Matsuo I, Nakahara Y, Ito Y, Nukada T, Nakahara Y, Ogawa T. Synthesis of a glycopeptide carrying a N-linked core pentasaccharide. Bioorg Med Chem 1995; 3:1455-63. [PMID: 8634825 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(95)00139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A glycopeptide carrying a pentasaccharide core structure of asparagine-linked glycoproteins was synthesized. The synthesis of the carbohydrate part was performed starting from monosaccharide components in an unambiguous manner. The resultant pentaglycosyl azide was reduced into corresponding glycosyl amine and coupled with an aspartic acid derivative to furnish an Asn-linked oligosaccharide in a protected form. Subsequent coupling with a dipeptide, followed by deprotection gave the target compound.
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Wada A, Mori N, Oishi K, Hojo H, Nakahara Y, Hamanaka Y, Nagashima M, Sekine I, Ogushi K, Niidome T, Nagatake T, Moss J, Hirayama T. Induction of human beta-defensin-2 mRNA expression by Helicobacter pylori in human gastric cell line MKN45 cells on cag pathogenicity island. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 263:770-4. [PMID: 10512755 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an etiological agent of gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) is an antimicrobial peptide which belongs to one of the most important host defense systems against bacterial infection in several epithelial tissues. We studied the effect of H. pylori on the expression of hBD-2 mRNA in MKN45 gastric mucosal cells. H. pylori, but not culture filtrate, increased the hBD-2 mRNA level in MKN45 cells; the inductive effect of H. pylori was not detected with Intestine 407 cells. Among H. pylori strains, strain OHPC0002, which lacks a cag Pathogenicity Island (PAI), did not induce hBD-2 mRNA in MKN45 cells. These results suggested that H. pylori cag PAI is critical for the induction of hBD-2 mRNA in MKN45 cells. Exposure of MKN45 cells to Salmonella typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. typhi, and S. dublin, but not Escherichia coli ML35, also resulted in induction of hBD-2 mRNA.
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Nakahara Y, Ochiai T, Kikura R. Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. V. The facility in incorporation of cocaine into hair over its major metabolites, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester. Arch Toxicol 1992; 66:446-9. [PMID: 1444810 DOI: 10.1007/bf02035137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied the incorporation of cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME) into hair from blood. At first, the time courses of three drugs in rat plasma following i.p. administration of cocaine were investigated over 360 min. AUCs of COC, BE and EME in plasma were 14.2, 60.7 and 53.4 micrograms/ml/min, respectively. In contrast, the concentrations of the three compounds in hair were 16.4, 1.7 and 0.8 ng/mg. In spite of that, the AUC of COC in plasma was much lower than that of the other two compounds in plasma, the concentration of COC in hair was much higher than that of the other two compounds. The incorporation of COC into hair was much greater than that of BE and EME. If the incorporation of drugs from blood into hair is compared by [concentration in hair]/[AUC in plasma], that of COC, BE and EME is represented by 77:1.9:1. Our results suggest that the incorporation of drugs into hair from blood unexpectedly depends upon the physical properties of each drug.
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