Prospective evaluation of the prevalence of conjunctival and intraocular bacteria in dogs undergoing phacoemulsification following a standardized aseptic preparation with 0.5% povidone iodine

PURPOSE

To evaluate bacterial contamination of conjunctiva and aqueous humor in dogs undergoing phacoemulsification following asepsis with 0.5% povidone iodine and determine the influence of intravenous antibiotics on outcome of contamination.

METHODS

Client-owned dogs were prospectively enrolled and randomly assigned to a control group, receiving 22 mg/kg intravenous cefazolin at induction prior to sampling, or experimental group receiving no antibiotic prior to sampling, masked to the surgeon. Dogs receiving antimicrobials in the pre-operative period were excluded. Asepsis was performed on all operated eyes using 0.5% iodine with minimum 3 min contact time at induction of anesthesia and repeated before surgery. A conjunctival swab and aqueous humor sample were collected prior to incision and following incision closure, respectively. Samples were submitted for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture and susceptibility.

RESULTS

Seventy-one eyes of 42 dogs were included. Median age was 9 years. Thirty-nine and 32/71 eyes received intravenous cefazolin and no antibiotic, respectively. Median procedure time was 40 min per eye. Conjunctival cultures were positive in 6 eyes (8.5%): Serratia marcescens (5 eyes) and Cutibacterium acnes (1 eye). Aqueous humor cultures were positive in 5 eyes (7.0%): S. marcescens (2 eyes), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2 eyes), Staphylococcus pseudointermedius (1 eye). Prevalence of positive culture did not differ between groups (p = .74), order of eyes for bilateral procedures (p = .74) and diabetic status (p = 1).

CONCLUSIONS

Bacterial contamination of the conjunctiva and aqueous humor was present in 8.5% and 7.0% of dogs undergoing phacoemulsification after asepsis. Lack of IV cefazolin was not significantly associated with positive culture.

Gabapentin reduces stress and does not affect ocular parameters in clinically normal cats

OBJECTIVE

To describe the effects of gabapentin on ocular and behavioral parameters following oral administration in healthy cats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Masked, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover-design study. Ten young, healthy cats were scheduled for two veterinary visits 7 days apart and randomly assigned to receive a compounded capsule containing 100 mg of gabapentin or placebo (100 mg lactose powder) at the first visit and the opposite treatment at the second visit. Respiratory rate, heart rate, stress score, sedation score, compliance score, horizontal pupil diameter, intraocular pressure, and Schirmer tear test-1 were measured prior to and 1.5, 3, and 6 h following capsule administration. Stress score, sedation score, and compliance score were assigned based on established behavioral scales. Results of the two treatments were statistically compared with a p-value <0.05 considered significant.

RESULTS

Respiratory rate was significantly reduced at 1.5 (p = 0.049) and 3 (p = 0.03) hours following gabapentin administration. Stress score was significantly reduced at 1.5 (p = 0.01) hours following gabapentin administration. Sedation score was significantly increased at 1.5 (p = 0.015) and 3 (p = 0.03) hours following gabapentin administration. Gabapentin had no significant effect on heart rate, compliance score, or ocular values measured in this study.

CONCLUSIONS

Gabapentin reduces stress and increases sedation at 1.5 h after treatment, with no significant effect on horizontal pupil diameter, intraocular pressure or Schirmer tear test-1 results.

Outcomes of baervedlt implant surgery in 17 dogs (20 eyes) with primary closed-angle glaucoma (2013-2019)

OBJECTIVE

To report outcomes and follow-up of Baerveldt implant surgery in dogs with primary closed-angle glaucoma (PCAG).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Record review of client-owned dogs with PCAG that underwent Baerveldt implant surgery during a 6-year period. Postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), vision and daily number of anti-glaucoma drops at fixed time points (3, 12, and 24 months) were compared with preoperative values; complications were recorded. Success was defined as IOP <20 mm Hg and a positive menace response and navigation/tracking ability.

RESULTS

Twenty eyes (17 dogs) were included. Mean follow-up was 575 days (range 30-1767 days) from implant surgery to last examination. Three months postoperatively 15/20 (75%) eyes had IOP <20 mm Hg and 14/20 (70%) eyes had vision. Twelve months postoperatively 11/17 (65%) eyes had IOP <20 mm Hg and 12/19 (63%) eyes had vision. Twenty-four months postoperatively 8/14 (57%) eyes had IOP <20 mm Hg and 7/15 (47%) eyes had vision. Denominators differ between time points as eyes were included when duration after surgery reached the relevant postoperative time point or failure was documented earlier. Within 3 months postoperatively 16/20 (80%) eyes had ≥1 complication, including transient IOP >20 mm Hg (14/20; 70% eyes), fibrin (12/20; 60% eyes), and hypotony (4/20; 20% eyes). After 3 months, postoperatively 13/16 (81%) eyes had ≥1 complication, including cataracts (13/16; 81% eyes), bleb fibrosis (3/16; 19% eyes), and conjunctival wound breakdown (1/16; 6% eyes). One patient (1 eye) was euthanized for blindness and 5/20 (25%) eyes were enucleated.

CONCLUSIONS

The technique was effective in controlling IOP and maintaining vision in most dogs in this study.

Congenital block vertebrae and intervertebral disc protrusion in a young cat

Case summary

A 6-month-old domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for proprioceptive ataxia of the pelvic limbs. Over 2 months, the cat became poorly ambulatory, paraparetic with proprioceptive ataxia and developed a firm, distended bladder with intermittent overflow urinary incontinence. Block vertebrae (T1-3, T4-5 and T10-11) and lordosis were identified on radiographs of the vertebral column. MRI revealed T3/4 intervertebral disc protrusion with severe extradural compression, secondary syringohydromyelia caudal to the protrusion and generalised intervertebral disc disease throughout the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Dorsal laminectomy at T3/4 resulted in resolution of paraparesis and marked improvement in coordination and strength. Block vertebrae are usually considered an incidental finding. In this patient, angular deformation (lordosis) and adjacent segment disease probably contributed to clinically significant intervertebral disc degeneration and protrusion.

Relevance and novel information

There are few case reports in the literature of multiple congenital vertebral malformations causing neurological deficits in cats. This is the first reported case of successful surgical management of intervertebral disc protrusion, possibly secondary to block vertebrae and lordosis in a cat.