Molecular characterization of intestinal carriage of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among inpatients at two Iranian university hospitals: first report of co-production of bla NDM-7 and bla OXA-48

Gastrointestinal colonization of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) could serve as a reservoir for the transmission of these pathogens in the clinical setting. The aim of this study was to investigate the intestinal carriage of CRE and to analyze risk factors for CRE carriage. Rectal swabs were collected from 95 patients at two Iranian university hospitals. CRE screening was performed using selective media (CHROMagar and MacConkey agar). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect carbapenemase-encoding genes. Clonal relatedness was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The rate of carriage of CRE in hospitalized patients was 37.9%. Overall, 54 CRE isolates were identified, of which 47 were carbapenemase-producers. All of the 54 CRE were detected using CHROMagar compared with 52 CRE detected using MacConkey agar. Fifteen patients were colonized by multiple CRE isolates. Three significant risk factors for CRE carriage were detected: intensive care unit (ICU) hospitalization, antibiotic exposure, and mechanical ventilation. bla _OXA-48 was the most frequent carbapenemase detected, followed by bla _NDM-1 and bla _NDM-7. Eleven carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) isolates co-harbored bla _NDM-1 and bla _OXA-48. Also, six CPE isolates co-harbored bla _NDM-7 and bla _OXA-48. We did not detect bla _KPC, bla _GES, bla _IMP, or bla _VIM. PFGE analysis showed that Escherichia coli clones were diverse, while Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were divided into four clusters. Cluster I was the major clone carrying bla _OXA-48 and bla _CTX-M-15 genes. In our study, the carriage rate of CRE was high and the emergence of CPE isolates among patients is alarming. The implementation of adequate preventive measures such as active surveillance is urgently needed to control the spread of CPE in the healthcare setting.