1
|
Qian Z, Gilbert ME, Colicos MA, Kandel ER, Kuhl D. Tissue-plasminogen activator is induced as an immediate-early gene during seizure, kindling and long-term potentiation. Nature 1993; 361:453-7. [PMID: 8429885 DOI: 10.1038/361453a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The requirement of protein and messenger RNA synthesis for long-term memory suggests that neural activity induced by learning initiates a cascade of gene expression. Here we use differential screening to identify five immediate-early genes induced by neuronal activity. One of these is tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA), an extracellular serine protease, which is induced with different spatial patterns in the brain by three activity-dependent events: (1) convulsive seizure increases expression of tPA in the whole brain; (2) stimulation of the perforant path produces an epileptiform after-discharge that ultimately leads to kindling increases the levels of tPA throughout the hippocampus bilaterally; and (3) brief high-frequency stimulation of the perforant path that produces long-term potentiation (LTP) causes an NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor-mediated increase in the levels of tPA mRNA which is restricted to the granule cells of the ipsilateral dentate gyrus. As release of tPA is correlated with morphological differentiation, the increased expression of tPA may play a role in the structural changes that accompany activity-dependent plasticity.
Collapse
|
|
32 |
609 |
2
|
Abstract
Biochemical studies indicate that the Drosophila timeless protein (Tim) is a stoichiometric partner of the period protein (Per) in fly head extracts. A Per-Tim heterodimeric complex explains the reciprocal autoregulation of the proteins on transcription. The complex is under clock control, and many circadian features of the Tim cycle resemble those of the Per cycle. However, Tim is rapidly degraded in the early morning or in response to light, releasing Per from the complex. The Per-Tim complex is a functional unit of the Drosophila circadian clock, and Tim degradation may be the initial response of the clock to light.
Collapse
|
|
29 |
395 |
3
|
Gong C, Qi T, Wei X, Qu Y, Wu Q, Luo F, Qian Z. Thermosensitive Polymeric Hydrogels As Drug Delivery Systems. Curr Med Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867311302010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
|
13 |
162 |
4
|
Suri V, Qian Z, Hall JC, Rosbash M. Evidence that the TIM light response is relevant to light-induced phase shifts in Drosophila melanogaster. Neuron 1998; 21:225-34. [PMID: 9697866 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Light is a major environmental signal for the entrainment of circadian rhythms. In Drosophila melanogaster, recent experiments suggest that photic information is transduced to the clock through the timeless gene product, TIM. We provide genetic and spectral evidence supporting the relevance of TIM light responses to clock resetting. A missense mutant TIM, TIM-SL, exhibits greater sensitivity to light in both TIM protein disappearance and locomotor activity phase shifting assays. We show that the wavelength dependence of light-induced decreases in TIM levels and that of light-mediated phase shifting are virtually identical. Analysis of dose response of TIM disappearance in a variety of mutant genotypes suggests cell-autonomous light responses that are largely independent of the canonical visual transduction pathway.
Collapse
|
|
27 |
124 |
5
|
Qian Z, Sagers RD, Pitt WG. The effect of ultrasonic frequency upon enhanced killing of P. aeruginosa biofilms. Ann Biomed Eng 1997; 25:69-76. [PMID: 9124740 DOI: 10.1007/bf02738539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that the bacteria sequestered in a biofilm on a medical implant are much more resistant to antibiotics than their planktonic counterparts. Recent studies have shown that application of antibiotic along with low power ultrasound significantly increases the killing of planktonic bacteria by the antibiotic. Herein is reported a similar application of antibiotic and ultrasound to sessile bacteria in biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on a polyethylene substrate. Biofilm viability was measured after exposure to 12 micrograms/ml gentamicin sulfate and 10 mW/cm2 ultrasound at frequencies of 70 kHz, 500 kHz, 2.25 MHz, and 10 MHz. The results indicate that a significantly greater fraction of the bacteria was killed by gentamicin when they were subjected to ultrasound. However, ultrasound by itself did not have any deleterious effect on the biofilm viability. In addition, lower-frequency insonation is significantly more effective than higher frequency in reducing bacterial viability within the biofilm. The possible mechanisms of synergistic action are discussed.
Collapse
|
|
28 |
100 |
6
|
Liu JL, Lee LF, Ye Y, Qian Z, Kung HJ. Nucleolar and nuclear localization properties of a herpesvirus bZIP oncoprotein, MEQ. J Virol 1997; 71:3188-96. [PMID: 9060682 PMCID: PMC191451 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.4.3188-3196.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is one of the most oncogenic herpesviruses and induces T lymphomas in chickens within weeks after infection. Only a limited number of viral transcripts are detected in MDV tumor samples and cell lines. One of the major transcripts encodes MEQ, a 339-amino-acid bZIP protein which is homologous to the Jun/Fos family of transcription factors. The C-terminal half of MEQ contains proline-rich repeats and, when fused to the DNA-binding domain of a yeast transcription factor, Gal4 (residues 1 to 147), exhibits transactivation function. MEQ can dimerize with itself and with c-Jun. The MEQ-c-Jun heterodimers bind to an AP-1-like enhancer within the MEQ promoter region with greater affinity than do homodimers of either protein, and they transactivate MEQ expression. Here we show that MEQ is expressed in the nucleus but, interestingly, with a predominant fraction in the nucleoli and coiled bodies. This makes MEQ the first bZIP protein to be identified in the nucleoli. MEQ contains two stretches of basic residues, designated basic region 1 (BR1) and basic region 2 (BR2). Using a series of deletion mutants, we have mapped the primary nuclear localization signal (NLS) and the sole nucleolar localization signal (NoLS) to the BR2 region. BR1 was shown to provide an auxiliary signal in nuclear translocation. To demonstrate that BR2 is an authentic NoLS, BR2 was fused to cytoplasmic v-Raf (delta gag) kinase. The BR2-Raf fusion protein was observed to migrate into the nucleoplasm and the nucleolus. The BR2 region can be further divided into two long arginine-lysine stretches, BR2N and BR2C, which are separated by the five amino acids Asn-Arg-Asp-Ala-Ala (NRDAA). We provide evidence that the requirement for nuclear translocation is less stringent than that for nucleolar translocation, as either BR2N or BR2C alone is sufficient to translocate the cytoplasmic v-Raf (delta gag) into the nucleus, but only in combination can they translocate v-Raf (delta gag) into the nucleolus. Our studies demonstrate that MEQ is both a nuclear and nucleolar protein, adding MEQ to the growing list of transactivators which localize to the nucleolus.
Collapse
|
research-article |
28 |
98 |
7
|
Qian Z, Okuhara D, Abe MK, Rosner MR. Molecular cloning and characterization of a mitogen-activated protein kinase-associated intracellular chloride channel. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:1621-7. [PMID: 9880541 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.3.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK7, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, has a carboxyl-terminal tail that is required for ERK7 activation, cellular localization, and its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis. To identify proteins that interact with ERK7, we utilized a yeast two-hybrid screen with the COOH-terminal tail of ERK7 as bait and isolated the cDNA for a novel protein termed CLIC3. The interaction between CLIC3 and ERK7 in mammalian cells was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. CLIC3 has significant homology to human intracellular chloride channels 1 (NCC27/CLIC1) and 2 and bovine kidney chloride channel p64. Like NCC27/CLIC1, CLIC3 is predominantly localized in the nucleus and stimulates chloride conductance when expressed in cells. Taken together, these results suggest that CLIC3 is a new member of the human CLIC family. The observed interaction between CLIC3 and ERK7 is the first demonstration of a stable complex between a protein that activates chloride ion transport and a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family of signal transducers. The specific association of CLIC3 with the COOH-terminal tail of ERK7 suggests that CLIC3 may play a role in the regulation of cell growth.
Collapse
|
|
26 |
94 |
8
|
Wasowska BA, Qian Z, Cangello DL, Behrens E, Van Tran K, Layton J, Sanfilippo F, Baldwin WM. Passive transfer of alloantibodies restores acute cardiac rejection in IgKO mice. Transplantation 2001; 71:727-36. [PMID: 11330533 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200103270-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alloantibody is an intrinsic component of the immune response to organ transplants. Although alloantibodies have been correlated with decreased graft survival, the mechanisms of alloantibody-mediated injury remain largely undefined in vivo. In the present study, we have established a model of alloantibody-mediated graft injury using B10.A (H-2a) hearts transplanted to wild type (WT) or immunoglobulin knock out (IgKO) C57BL-Igh-6 (H-2b) mice. METHODS Alloantibodies were measured in the circulation and graft by flow cytometry and in immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Intragraft cytokine mRNA expression was evaluated using a competitive template reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. P-selectin and von Willebrand factor expression were localized by immunoperoxidase staining. The capacity of alloantibodies to restore acute cardiac allograft rejection was tested by passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens to IgKO recipients. RESULTS B10.A cardiac allografts are rejected acutely by WT C57BL/6 recipients, but over 50% of the cardiac allografts survived more than 50 days after transplantation in IgKO mice. Competitive template RT-PCR on the cardiac transplants demonstrated similar levels of IL-1-alpha, IL-12 (p40), TNF-alpha, IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 mRNA in WT and IgKO recipients 8-10 days after transplantation, indicating that macrophage- and T-cell-dependent immune responses were intact in IgKO recipients. The rejection of B10.A hearts in WT recipients was characterized by interstitial and perivascular cellular infiltration; IgG, IgM, and complement (C3) deposition; vascular cell injury and intravascular platelet aggregation; and release of von Willebrand factor and P-selectin. In IgKO recipients the lower degree of vascular injury in the absence of alloantibody responses was reflected by the lack of release of von Willebrand factor and P-selectin, which remained confined to cytoplasmic storage granules of endothelial cells and platelets. Acute rejection of cardiac allografts was restored to IgKO recipients by passive transfer of proinflammatory IgG2b mAbs against donor MHC; recipients injected with isotype-matched control mAbs did not reject. In contrast, passive transfer of IgG1 mAbs against donor MHC failed to restore acute rejection of cardiac allografts to IgKO recipients. Passive transfer of IgG2b, but not IgG1 mAbs was associated with endothelial cell activation and plate. let aggregation together with the release of preformed von Willebrand factor and P-selectin from storage granules. CONCLUSIONS Acute rejection of cardiac allografts can be reconstituted in IgKO recipients by passive transfer of IgG2b, but not IgG1 antibody. This model allows the mechanism of alloantibody-mediate graft injury to be dissected in vivo.
Collapse
|
|
24 |
94 |
9
|
Liu YJ, Shen D, Yin X, Gavine P, Zhang T, Su X, Zhan P, Xu Y, Lv J, Qian J, Liu C, Sun Y, Qian Z, Zhang J, Gu Y, Ni X. HER2, MET and FGFR2 oncogenic driver alterations define distinct molecular segments for targeted therapies in gastric carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1169-78. [PMID: 24518603 PMCID: PMC3950883 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Since the approval
of trastuzumab, targeted therapies are emerging as promising treatment options for the
disease. This study aimed to explore the molecular segmentation of several known
therapeutics targets, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), MET and
fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), within GC using clinically approved or
investigational kits and scoring criteria. Knowledge of how these markers are segmented
in the same cohort of GC patients could improve future clinical trial designs. Methods: Using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and FISH methods, overexpression and amplification of
HER2, FGFR2 and MET were profiled in a cohort of Chinese GC samples. The correlations
between anti-tumour sensitivity and the molecular segments of HER2, MET and FGFR2
alterations were further tested in a panel of GC cell lines and the patient-derived GC
xenograft (PDGCX) model using the targeted inhibitors. Results: Of 172 GC patients, positivity for HER2, MET and FGFR2 alternations was found in 23
(13.4%), 21 (12.2%) and 9 (5.2%) patients, respectively. Positivity
for MET was found in 3 of 23 HER2-positive GC patients. Co-positivity for FGFR2 and MET
was found in 1 GC patient, and amplification of the two genes was found in different
tumour cells. Our study in a panel of GC cell lines showed that in most cell lines,
amplification or high expression of a particular molecular marker was mutually exclusive
and in vitro sensitivity to the targeted agents lapatinib, PD173074 and
crizotinib was only observed in cell lines with the corresponding high expression of the
drugs' target protein. SGC031, an MET-positive PDGCX mouse model, responded to
crizotinib but not to lapatinib or PD173074. Conclusions: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, MET and FGFR2 oncogenic driver alterations
(gene amplification and overexpression) occur in three largely distinct molecular
segments in GC. A significant proportion of HER2-negative patients may potentially
benefit from MET- or FGFR2-targeted therapies.
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
11 |
87 |
10
|
Qian Z, Brunovskis P, Rauscher F, Lee L, Kung HJ. Transactivation activity of Meq, a Marek's disease herpesvirus bZIP protein persistently expressed in latently infected transformed T cells. J Virol 1995; 69:4037-44. [PMID: 7769661 PMCID: PMC189137 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.7.4037-4044.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an avian herpesvirus that induces a variety of diseases, including T-cell lymphomas, in chickens. In latently infected, transformed lymphoid cells, very few viral transcripts or proteins are detected. We previously described a gene, meq (MDV EcoQ), which is persistently expressed in MDV-transformed tumor samples and cell lines. meq codes for a 339-amino-acid protein with a basic-leucine zipper domain near its N terminus and a proline-rich domain near its C terminus. The basic-leucine zipper domain shows homology with Jun/Fos family proteins, whereas the proline-rich domain resembles that of the WT-1 tumor suppressor protein. These structural features raise the possibility that Meq functions as a transcription factor in regulating viral latency or oncogenesis. In this report, we show that the proline-rich domain is a potent transcription activator when fused to the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Gal4(1-147) DNA-binding domain. The transactivation activity maps to the C-terminal 130 amino acids, with the last 33 amino acids essential. In the absence of these 33 amino acids, a two-and-one-half proline-rich repeat structure was found to exhibit repression activity. We further show that Meq is able to dimerize not only with itself but also with c-Jun. Meq/c-Jun heterodimers bind to an AP1-like sequence in the meq promoter region with an affinity much greater than that of Meq/Meq or c-Jun/c-Jun homodimers. Cotransfection chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays suggest that the Meq/c-Jun heterodimers can up-regulate Meq expression in both chicken embryo fibroblasts and F9 cells. Our data provide the first biochemical evidence that Meq is a transcriptional factor and identify c-Jun as one of Meq's interacting partners.
Collapse
|
research-article |
30 |
84 |
11
|
Lai F, Godley LA, Joslin J, Fernald AA, Liu J, Espinosa R, Zhao N, Pamintuan L, Till BG, Larson RA, Qian Z, Le Beau MM. Transcript map and comparative analysis of the 1.5-Mb commonly deleted segment of human 5q31 in malignant myeloid diseases with a del(5q). Genomics 2001; 71:235-45. [PMID: 11161817 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Loss of a whole chromosome 5, or a del(5q), are recurring abnormalities in malignant myeloid diseases. In previous studies, we defined a commonly deleted segment (CDS) of 1.5 Mb between D5S479 and D5S500 in patients with a del(5q), and we established a P1 artificial chromosome-based contig encompassing this interval. To identify candidate tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), we developed a transcript map of the CDS. The map contains 18 genes and 12 expressed sequence tags/UniGenes. Among the 18 genes are 10 genes that were previously cloned and 8 novel genes. The newly identified genes include CDC23, which encodes a component of the anaphase-promoting complex; RAB6KIFL, which encodes a kinesin-like protein involved in organelle transport; and KLHL3, which encodes a human homologue of the Drosophila ring canal protein, kelch. We determined the intron/exon organization of 14 genes and eliminated each gene as a classical TSG by mutation analysis. In addition, we established a single-nucleotide polymorphism map as well as a map of the mouse genome that is syntenic to the CDS of human 5q31. The development of a transcription map will facilitate the molecular cloning of a myeloid leukemia suppressor gene on 5q.
Collapse
|
|
24 |
83 |
12
|
Sobel E, Dunn M, Davanipour Z, Qian Z, Chui HC. Elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease among workers with likely electromagnetic field exposure. Neurology 1996; 47:1477-81. [PMID: 8960730 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.47.6.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a case-control study of the possible association of occupations with likely exposure to electromagnetic fields and Alzheimer's disease (AD) with patients from the Alzheimer Disease Treatment and Diagnostic Center, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey, CA. Patients with definite or probable AD were the case subjects (86 male, 240 female). Patients with cognitive impairment/dementia other than vascular dementia were control subjects (76 male, 76 female). The study was limited to patients who were at least age 65 at the time of their first examination at Rancho Los Amigos. The odds ratio for both sexes combined was adjusted for sex, education, and age at onset. The odds ratio for males was adjusted only for age at onset, and the odds ratio for females was adjusted for both education and age at onset. The adjusted odds ratio for both sexes was 3.93 (p = 0.006), 95% CI = (1.5 to 10.6). For males the adjusted odds ratio was 4.90 (p = 0.01), 95% CI = (1.3 to 7.9), and for females the adjusted odds ratio was 3.40 (p = 0.10), 95% CI = (0.8 to 16.0). These results are consistent with previous findings regarding the hypothesis that electromagnetic field exposure is etiologically associated with the occurrence of AD.
Collapse
|
|
29 |
82 |
13
|
Chen S, Luo H, Li Y, Sun Y, Wu Q, Niu Y, Song J, Lv A, Zhu Y, Sun C, Steinmetz A, Qian Z. 454 EST analysis detects genes putatively involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:1593-1601. [PMID: 21484331 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is one of the most highly valued medicinal plants in the world. To analyze the transcriptome of P. ginseng and discover the genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, cDNAs derived from the total RNA of 11-year-old, wood-grown P. ginseng roots were analyzed by 454 sequencing. A total of 217,529 high quality reads (expressed sequence tags, ESTs), with an average length of 409 bases, were generated from a one-quarter run to yield 31,741 unique sequences. The majority (20,198; 63.6%) of the unique sequences were annotated using BLAST similarity searches. A total of 16,810 and 16,577 unique sequences were assigned to functional classifications and biochemical pathways based on Gene Ontology analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes assignment, respectively. Nine genes involved in the biosynthesis of ginsenoside skeletons and many candidate genes putatively responsible for modification of the skeletons, including 133 cytochrome P450s and 235 glycosyltransferases, were identified. From these candidates, six transcripts encoding UDP-glycosyltransferases that were most likely to be involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis were selected. These results open a new avenue by which to explore and exploit biosynthetic and biochemical properties that may lead to drug improvement. These 454 ESTs will provide the foundation for further functional genomic research into the traditional herb P. ginseng or its closely related species.
Collapse
|
|
14 |
78 |
14
|
Qian Z, Stoodley P, Pitt WG. Effect of low-intensity ultrasound upon biofilm structure from confocal scanning laser microscopy observation. Biomaterials 1996; 17:1975-80. [PMID: 8894091 DOI: 10.1016/0142-9612(96)00022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic irradiation at 500 kHz and 10 mW cm-2 of a 24 h old biofilm of P. aeruginosa enhanced the killing of bacteria by gentamicin. To determine whether this bioacoustic effect was caused by ultrasonic-induced changes in the biofilm morphology (biofilm breakup or disruption), the biofilms were examined by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Such disruption would be undesirable in the possible ultrasonic treatment of implant infections. The CSLM results showed that the biofilm is a partial monolayer of cells with occasional aggregates of cells, non-cellular materials and extracellular spaces. The aggregates contained large amounts of exopolysaccharide. The structure of biofilm was not changed when the biofilm was exposed to continuous ultrasound at 500 kHz and 10 mW cm-2, the same irradiation parameters that increased cell killing by nearly two orders of magnitude. The observation that low-intensity ultrasound does not disrupt biofilm or disperse the bacteria has significance in the possible use of ultrasound to enhance the action of antibiotics against biofilms.
Collapse
|
|
29 |
72 |
15
|
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms growing on implanted medical devices are difficult to eradicate, even with aggressive antibiotic therapy. However, application of ultrasound enhances the effectiveness of the antibiotic. The possible mechanisms of this phenomenon were explored in light of the observed influence of various ultrasonic parameters on the enhanced action of gentamicin against biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is postulated that ultrasound increases the transport of gentamicin through the cell membranes, which is the proposed rate determining step in killing by gentamicin. It is possible that the ultrasound perturbs the cell membrane and stimulates active uptake or permits passive uptake by temporarily disrupting the membrane or other structural cell components. The cell membrane disruption could be caused by high pressure, high shear stress, or cavitation. The dependence upon peak power density suggests that acoustic pressure plays a significant role. There is also a strong frequency component that causes the killing effect to decrease as frequency increases. A mathematical analysis of oscillatory shear stress on the cell shows that the magnitude of stress increases with frequency; thus, the hypothesis of oscillatory shear inducing antibiotic uptake is discounted. In addition, the shear displacement caused by shear forces is very small, so the shear disruption caused by oscillatory flow in an acoustic field has minimal impact. The experimental data also rule out the existence of transient cavitation in the bioacoustic effect. It is possible that stable cavitation and the accompanying microstreaming contribute to the bioacoustic effect.
Collapse
|
|
26 |
65 |
16
|
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PCK) is a family of isoforms that are implicated in subcellular signal transduction. The authors investigated the distribution of several PKC isoforms (PKC-alpha, PKC-beta, PKC-gamma, PKC-delta, and PKC-epsilon) within major cerebellar cell types as well as cerebellar projection target neurons, including Purkinje neurons, cerebellar nuclear neurons, and secondary vestibular neurons. PKC-alpha, PKC-beta, PKC-gamma, PKC-delta, and PKC-epsilon are found within the cerebellum. Of these isoforms, PKC-gamma and PKC-delta are highly expressed in Purkinje cells. PKC-gamma is expressed in all Purkinje cells, whereas the expression of PKC-delta is restricted to sagittal bands of Purkinje cells in the posterior cerebellar cortex. In the lower folia of the uvula and nodulus, Purkinje cell expression of PKC-delta is uniformly high, and the sagittal banding for PKC-delta expression is absent. Within the cerebellar nuclei, PKC-delta-immunolabeled axons terminate within the medial aspect of the caudal half of the ipsilateral interpositus nucleus. PKC delta-immunolabeled axons also terminated within the caudal medial and descending vestibular nuclei (MVN and DVN, respectively), the parasolitary nucleus (Psol), and the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH). PKC-gamma-immunolabeled axons terminated in all of the cerebellar nuclei as well as in the lateral and superior vestibular nuclei and the MVN, DVN, Psol, and NPH. The projection patterns of PKC-immunolabeled Purkinje cells were confirmed by lesion-depletion studies in which unilateral uvula-nodular lesions caused depletion of PKC-immunolabeled terminals ipsilateral to the lesion in the vestibular complex. These data identify circuitry that is unique to cerebellar-vestibular interactions.
Collapse
|
|
25 |
64 |
17
|
Isfort RJ, Qian Z, Jones D, Silva RF, Witter R, Kung HJ. Integration of multiple chicken retroviruses into multiple chicken herpesviruses: herpesviral gD as a common target of integration. Virology 1994; 203:125-33. [PMID: 8030268 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1994.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Integration of two different avian retroviruses, reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and avian leukosis virus (ALV), into the genome of two different avian herpesviruses, the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) and Marek's disease virus (MDV), was investigated. Integration events occurred by the fourth and sixth in vitro passage of cells coinfected with REV/HVT and ALV/MDV, respectively. In order to further characterize the integration events, integrated proviruses and surrounding herpesviral genetic material were cloned and analyzed. In the REV/HVT coinfection experiment, one of the three unique integrated proviruses was found to have integrated into the HVT gD gene, resulting in disruption of the coding region of this gene. The two additional unique integrations were localized to the UL and IRL border regions of HVT, two previously described common sites of REV integration into MDV. Interestingly, one of the integrated proviruses in the HVT genome appeared to be full length, was infectious when transfected into CEF cells, and therefore could potentially function to produce infectious REV from an HVT infectious platform. In the ALV/MDV coinfection experiment, one of two unique integrated proviruses was found to have integrated into the gD gene, resulting in disruption of the coding region of this gene. The second unique integration site was in the polyadenylation site of the SORF2 gene at the boundary of the IRS and US, once again a common site of REV integration into MDV. These results demonstrate that the U/IR-TR border regions of herpesviruses are common sites of retroviral integration. In addition gD, in the US region of the herpesvirus, is a common site of retroviral integration in multiple herpesvirus, indicating a possible selective advantage for disruption of this gene in the in vitro growth of a herpesvirus. Finally, this is the first instance of a full-length provirus found integrated into a herpesvirus genome, indicating that a retrovirus could alter its route of infection by being carried in a herpesvirus genome.
Collapse
|
|
31 |
63 |
18
|
Wang PJ, Shang MY, Qian Z, Shao CW, Wang JH, Zhao XH. CT-guided percutaneous neurolytic celiac plexus block technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 31:710-8. [PMID: 17151902 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-006-9153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Up to now, the studies in the world have demonstrated that CT-guided percutaneous neurolytic celiac plexus block (PNCPB) is an invaluable therapeutic modality in the treatment of refractory abdominal pain caused by cancer. Its efficacy of pain relief varied in reported studies. The main technical considerations which would affect the analgesic effects on abdominal pain included the patients' cooperation, needle entry approaches, combined use of blocking approaches, localization of the target area, dosage of the blocker, and so on. A success of PNCPB depends greatly on close cooperation with patients. The patient should be educated about the purpose and steps of the procedure, and trained of breathing in and breathing hold. The needle entry can be divided into the posterior approach and the anterior approach. The former one is the most commonly used in clinical practice, but the latter one is rarely used except in the cases that the posterior approach becomes technically difficult. Bilateral multiple blocking of celiac plexus and splanchnic nerves is often required to achieve optimal analgesia. The needle entry site, insertion course, and depth should be preselected and simulated on CT monitor prior to the procedure in order to ensure an accurate and safe celiac plexus block. The magnitude of analgesic effect is closely related to the degree of degeneration and necrosis of the celiac plexus. Maximally filling with blocker in the retropancreatic space is an indication of sufficient blocking. We also provided an overview of indications and contraindications, preoperative preparations, complications and its treatment of PNCPB.
Collapse
|
Review |
18 |
63 |
19
|
Decamp D, Deschizeaux B, Goy C, Lees JP, Minard MN, Alemany R, Crespo JM, Delfino M, Fernandez E, Gaitan V, Garrido L, Mir LM, Pacheco A, Catanesi MG, Creanza D, Palma M, Farilla A, Iaselli G, Maggi G, Maggi M, Natali S, Nuzzo S, Quattromini M, Ranieri A, Raso G, Romano F, Ruggieri F, Selvaggi G, Silvestris L, Tempesta P, Zito G, Gao Y, Hu H, Huang D, Huang X, Lin J, Lou J, Qiao C, Ruan T, Wang T, Xie Y, Xu D, Xu R, Zhang J, Zhao W, Atwood WB, Bauerdick LAT, Bird F, Blucher E, Bonyicini G, Bossi F, Boudreau J, Brown D, Burnett TH, Drevermann H, Forty RW, Grab C, Hagelberg R, Haywood S, Hilgart J, Jost B, Kasemann M, Knobloch J, Lacourt A, Lan�on E, Lehraus I, Lohse T, Lusiani A, Marchioro A, Martinez M, Mato P, Menary S, Minten A, Miotto A, Miquel R, Moser HG, Nash J, Palazzi P, Ranjard F, Redlinger G, Roth A, Rothberg J, Rotscheidt H, Saich M, Denis RS, Schlatter D, Takashima M, Talby M, Tejessy W, Wachsmuth H, Wasserbaech S, Wheeler S, Wiedenmann W, Witzeling W, Wotschack J, Ajaltouni Z, Bardadin-Otwinowska M, Fellous R, Falvard A, Gay P, Harvey J, Henrard P, Jousset J, Michel B, Montret JC, Pallin D, Perret P, Proriol J, Prulhi�re F, Stimpfl G, Hansen JD, Hansen JR, Hansen PH, M�llerud R, Nilsson BS, Efthymiopoulos I, Simopoulou E, Vayaki A, Badier J, Blondel A, Bonneaud G, Bourotte J, Braems F, Brient JC, Fouque G, Gamess A, Guirlet R, Orteu S, Rosowsky A, Roug� A, Rumpf M, Tanaka R, Videau H, Candlin DJ, Veitch E, Parrini G, Corden M, Georgiopoulos C, Ikeda M, Lannutti J, Levinthal D, Mermikides M, Sawyer L, Antonelli A, Baldini R, Bencivenni G, Bologna G, Campana P, Capon G, Cerutti F, Chiarella V, D'Ettorre-Piazzoli B, Felici G, Laurelli P, Mannocchi G, Murtas F, Murtas GP, Nicoletti G, Passalacqua L, Pepe-Altarelli M, Picchi P, Zografou P, Altoon B, Boyle O, Halley AW, Have I, Hearns JL, Lynch JG, Morton WT, Raine C, Scarr JM, Smith K, Thompson AS, Turnbull RM, Brandl B, Braun O, Geiges R, Geweniger C, Hanke P, Hepp V, Kluge EE, Maumary Y, Putzer A, Rensch B, Stahl A, Tittel K, Wunsch M, Belk AT, Beuselinck R, Binnie DM, Cameron W, Cattaneo M, Dornan PJ, Dugeay S, Greene AM, Hassard JF, Lieske NM, Patton SJ, Payne DG, Phillips MJ, Sedgbeer JK, Taylor G, Tomalin IR, Wright AG, Girtler P, Kuhn D, Rudolph G, Bowdery CK, Brodbeck TJ, Finch AJ, Foster F, Hughes G, Keemer NR, Nuttall M, Patel A, Rowlingson BS, Sloan T, Snow SW, Whelan EP, Barczewski T, Kleinknecht K, Raab J, Renk B, Roehn S, Sander HG, Schmelling M, Schmidt H, Steeg F, Walther SM, Wolf B, Albanese JP, Aubert JJ, Benchouk C, Bernard V, Bonissent A, Courvoisier D, Etienne F, Papalexiou S, Payre P, Pietrzyk B, Qian Z, Becker H, Blum W, Cattaneo P, Cowan G, Dehning B, Dietl H, Dydak F, Fernandez-Bosman M, Hansl-Kozanecka T, Jahn A, Kozanecki W, Lange E, Lauber J, L�tjens G, Lutz G, M�nner W, Pan Y, Richter R, Schr�der J, Schwarz AS, Settles R, Stierlin U, Thomas J, Wolf G, Bertin V, Boucrot J, Callot O, Chen X, Cordier A, Davier M, Ganis G, Grivaz JF, Heusse P, Janot P, Kim DW, Diberder F, Lefran�ois J, Lutz AM, Veillet JJ, Videau I, Zhang Z, Zomer F, Abbaneo D, Amendolia SR, Bagliesi G, Batignani G, Bosisio L, Bottigli U, Bradaschia C, Carpinelli M, Ciocci MA, Dell'Orso R, Ferrante I, Fidecaro F, Fo� L, Focardi E, Forti F, Gatto C, Giassi A, Giorgi MA, Ligabue F, Mannelli EB, Marrocchesi PS, Messineo A, Moneta L, Palla F, Sanguinetti G, Steinberger J, Tenchini R, Tonelli G, Triggiani G, Vannini C, Venturi A, Verdini PG, Walsh J, Carter JM, Green MG, March PV, Medcalf T, Quazi IS, Strong JA, Thomas RM, West LR, Wildish T, Botterill DR, Clifft RW, Edgecock TR, Edwards M, Fisher SM, Jones TJ, Norton PR, Salmon DP, Thompson JC, Bloch-Devaux B, Colas P, Klopfenstein C, Locci E, Loucatos S, Monnier E, Perez P, Perlas JA, Perrier F, Rander J, Renardy JF, Roussarie A, Schuller JP, Schwindling J, Vallage B, Ashman JG, Booth CN, Buttar C, Carney R, Cartwright S, Combley F, Dinsdale M, Dogru M, Hatfield F, Martin J, Parker D, Reeves P, Thompson LF, Barberio E, Brandt S, Burkhardt H, Grupen C, Meinhard H, Mirabito L, Sch�fer U, Seywerd H, Apollinari G, Giannini G, Gobbo B, Liello F, Ragusa F, Rolandi L, Stiegler U, Bellantoni L, Cinabro D, Conway JS, Cowen DF, Feng Z, Ferguson DPS, Gao YS, Grahl J, Harton JL, Jacobsen JE, Jared RC, Johnson RP, Claire BW, Pan YB, Pater JR, Saadi Y, Sharma V, Shi ZH, Tang YH, Walsh AM, Wear JA, Weber FV, Whitney MH, Wu SL, Zobernig G. Improved measurements of electroweak parameters fromZ decays into fermion pairs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01483868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
|
33 |
62 |
20
|
Dong GH, Qian Z, Liu MM, Wang D, Ren WH, Fu Q, Wang J, Simckes M, Ferguson TF, Trevathan E. Obesity enhanced respiratory health effects of ambient air pollution in Chinese children: the Seven Northeastern Cities study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:94-100. [PMID: 22846775 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Experimental data suggest that obesity enhances the effects of ambient air pollutants on exacerbation of asthma; however, there is little supporting epidemiological evidence. The aim of present study is to evaluate whether obesity modifies the association between ambient air pollution and respiratory symptoms and asthma in children. METHODS In Northeast China, 30 056 children aged 2-14 years were selected from 25 districts of seven cities. Parents of the children completed questionnaires that characterized the children's histories of respiratory symptoms and illness, and associated risk factors. Overweight and obesity were calculated with an age and sex-specific body mass index (BMI, kg m(-2)), with BMIs of greater than the 85th and 95th percentiles defining overweight and obesity, respectively. Average annual ambient exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter 10 μm (PM(10)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen dioxides (NO(2)) and ozone (O(3)) was estimated from data collected at monitoring stations in each of the 25 study districts. RESULTS We observed consistent and significant interactions between exposure and obesity on respiratory symptoms and asthma. The associations between each pollutant's yearly concentrations and respiratory symptoms and asthma were consistently larger for overweight/obese children than for normal-weight children, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.17 per 31 μg m(-3) for PM(10) on wheeze (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.36) to 1.50 per 10 μg m(-3) for NO(2) on phlegm (95% CI: 1.21, 1.87) and cough (95% CI: 1.24, 1.81). CONCLUSION These results showed that overweight/obesity enhanced respiratory health effects of air pollution in the study children.
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
13 |
62 |
21
|
Campos M, Fadden P, Alms G, Qian Z, Haystead TA. Identification of protein phosphatase-1-binding proteins by microcystin-biotin affinity chromatography. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:28478-84. [PMID: 8910475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.45.28478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotinylated microcystin was used to affinity purify over avidin-Sepharose the entire cellular content of active forms of protein phosphatase (PP) 1 and 2A holoenzymes present in three subcellular fractions of skeletal muscle. Biotinylated microcystin displayed IC50 values in the nM range against PP-1C (1.58 +/- 0.6 nM S.E., n = 3), PP-2AC (0.63 +/- 0.2 nM S.E., n = 3) and SMPP-1M (5.9 +/- 1.3 S.E., n = 3). Subsequent anion-exchange chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the microcystin-biotin eluates of the three fractions revealed a complex pattern of proteins associated with PP-1C and PP-2AC. Far Western analysis and the rebinding interaction with recombinant PP-1C distinguished proteins in the eluates that bound PP-1C from those that bound PP-2AC. In Far Western analysis, 29 distinct proteins were identified to bind PP-1C. Significantly, these same proteins, plus seven others, were also recovered from the isothiocyanate eluates from microcystin-Sepharose by a rebinding interaction with PP-1C-microcystin-biotin. The number of proteins and range of novel molecular masses (18-125 kDa) identified to interact with PP-1C by these two techniques cannot be accounted for by the previously characterized subunits of PP-1. Our findings further support the concept that PP-1C is regulated in vivo by multiple and distinct substrate-targeting subunits.
Collapse
|
|
29 |
62 |
22
|
Zhang Q, Qian Z, Pan L, Li H, Zhu H. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 mediates the anti-apoptosis of berberine in neurons during hypoxia/ischemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 99:311-23. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.99.2012.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
|
13 |
61 |
23
|
Murata K, Fox-Talbot K, Qian Z, Takahashi K, Stahl GL, Baldwin WM, Wasowska BA. Synergistic deposition of C4d by complement-activating and non-activating antibodies in cardiac transplants. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:2605-14. [PMID: 17868071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of non-complement-activating alloantibodies in humoral graft rejection is unclear. We hypothesized that the non-complement-activating alloantibodies synergistically activate complement in combination with complement-activating antibodies. B10.A hearts were transplanted into immunoglobulin knock out (Ig-KO) mice reconstituted with monoclonal antibodies to MHC class I antigens. In allografts of unreconstituted Ig-KO recipients, no C4d was detected. Similarly, reconstitution with IgG1 or low dose IgG2b alloantibodies did not induce C4d deposition. However, mice administered with a low dose of IgG2b combined with IgG1 had heavy linear deposits of C4d on vascular endothelium. C4d deposits correlated with decreased graft survival. To replicate this synergy in vitro, mononuclear cells from B10.A mice were incubated with antibodies to MHC class I antigens followed by incubation in normal mouse serum. Flow cytometry revealed that both IgG2a and IgG2b synergized with IgG1 to deposit C4d. This synergy was significantly decreased in mouse serum deficient in mannose binding lectin (MBL) and in serum deficient in C1q. Reconstitution of MBL-A/C knock out (MBL-KO) serum with C1q-knock out (C1q-KO) serum reestablished the synergistic activity. This suggests a novel role for non-complement-activating alloantibodies and MBL in humoral rejection.
Collapse
|
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
18 |
60 |
24
|
Qian Z, Lin C, Espinosa R, LeBeau M, Rosner MR. Cloning and characterization of MST4, a novel Ste20-like kinase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:22439-45. [PMID: 11306563 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009323200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MST4, a novel member of the germinal center kinase subfamily of human Ste20-like kinases, was cloned and characterized. Composed of a C-terminal regulatory domain and an N-terminal kinase domain, MST4 is most closely related to mammalian Ste20 kinase family member MST3. Both the kinase and C-terminal regulatory domains of MST4 are required for full activation of the kinase. Northern blot analysis indicates that MST4 is ubiquitously distributed, and the MST4 gene is localized to chromosome Xq26, a disease-rich region, by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Although some members of the MST4 family function as upstream regulators of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, expression of MST4 in 293 cells was not sufficient to activate or potentiate extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, or p38 kinase. An alternatively spliced isoform of MST4 (MST4a) was isolated by yeast two-hybrid interaction with the catalytic domain of Raf from a human fetal brain cDNA library and also found in a variety of human fetal and adult tissues. MST4a lacks an exon encoding kinase subdomains IX-XI that stabilizes substrate binding. The existence of both MST4 isoforms suggests that the MST4 kinase activity is highly regulated, and MST4a may function as a dominant-negative regulator of the MST4 kinase.
Collapse
|
|
24 |
57 |
25
|
Buskulic D, Decamp D, Goy C, Lees JP, Minard MN, Mours B, Alemany R, Ariztizabal F, Comas P, Crespo JM, Delfino M, Fernandez E, Gaitan V, Garrido L, Mir LM, Pacheco A, Pascual A, Creanza D, Plama M, Farilla A, Iaselli G, Maggi G, Maggi M, Natali S, Nuzzo S, Quattromini M, Ranieri A, Raso G, Romano F, Ruggieri F, Selvaggi G, Silvestris L, Tempesta P, Zito G, Gao Y, Hu H, Huang D, Huang X, Lin J, Lou J, Qiao C, Wang T, Xie Y, Xu D, Xu R, Zhang J, Zhao W, Atwood WB, Bauerdick LAT, Blucher E, Bonvicini G, Bossi F, Boudreau J, Burnett TH, Drevermann H, Forty RW, Hagelberg R, Harvey J, Haywood S, Hilgart J, Jacobsen R, Jost B, Knobloch J, Lan�on E, Lehraus I, Lohse T, Lusiani A, Martinez M, Mato P, Mattison T, Meinhard H, Menary S, Meyer T, Minten A, Miotto A, Miquel R, Moser HG, Nash J, Palazzi P, Perlas JA, Ranjard G, Redlinger G, Rolandi L, Roth A, Rothberg J, Ruan T, Saich M, Schlatter D, Schmelling M, Sefkow F, Tejessy W, Wachsmuth H, Wiedenmann W, Wildish T, Witzeling W, Wotschak J, Ajaltouni Z, Badaud F, Bardadin-Otwinowska M, Bencheikh AM, Fellous R, Falvard A, Gay P, Guicheney C, Henrard P, Jousset J, Michel B, Montret JC, Pallin D, Perret P, Pietrzyk B, Proriol J, Preulhi�re F, Stimpfl G, Fearnley T, Hansen JD, Hansen JR, Hansen PH, M�llerud R, Nilsson BS, Efthymiopoulos I, Kyriakis A, simopoulou E, Vayaki A, Zachariadou K, Badier J, Blondel A, Bonneaud G, Brient JC, Fouque G, Gamess A, Orteu S, Rosowsky A, Roug� A, Rumpf M, Tanaka R, Videau H, Candlin DJ, Parsons MI, Veitch E, Moneta L, Parrini G, Corden M, Georgiopoulos C, Ikeda M, Lannutti J, Levinthal D, Mermikides M, Sawyer L, Wasserbaech S, Antonelli A, Baldini R, Bencivenni G, Bologna G, Campana P, Capon G, Cerutti F, Chiarella V, D'Ettorre-Piazzoli B, Felici G, Laurelli G, Mannocchi G, Murtas F, Murtas GP, Passalacqua L, Pepe-Altarelli M, Picchi P, Altoon B, Boyle O, Colrain P, Have I, Lynch JG, Maitland W, Morton WT, Raine C, Scarr JM, Smith K, Thompson AS, Turnbull RM, Brandl B, Braun O, Geiges R, Geweniger C, Hanke P, Hepp V, Kluge EE, Maumary Y, Putzer A, Rensch B, Stahl A, Tittel K, Wunsch M, Belk AT, Beuselinck R, Binnie DM, Cameron W, Cattaneo M, Colling DJ, Dornan PJ, Dugeay S, Greene AM, Hassard JF, Lieske NM, Patton SJ, Payne DG, Phillips MJ, Sedgbeer JK, Tomalin IR, Wright AG, Kneringer E, Kuhn D, Rudolph G, Bowdery CK, Brodbeck TJ, Finch AJ, Foster F, Hughes G, Jackson D, Keemer NR, Nuttall M, Patel A, Sloan T, Snow SW, Whelan EP, Barczewski T, Kleinknecht K, Raab J, Renk B, Roehn S, Sander HG, Schmidt H, Steeg F, Walther SM, Wolf B, Aubert JJ, Benchouk C, Bernard V, Bonissent A, Carr J, Coyle P, Drinkard J, Etienne F, Papalexiou S, Payre P, Qian Z, Rousseau D, Schwemling P, Talby M, Adlung S, Becker H, Blum W, Brown D, Cattaneo P, Cowan G, Dehning B, Dietl H, Dydak F, Fernandez-Bosman M, Frank M, Halley AW, Hansl-Kozanecka T, Lauber J, L�tjens G, Lutz G, M�nner W, Pan Y, Richter R, Rotscheidt H, Schr�der J, Schwarz AS, Settles R, Stierlin U, Stiegler U, Denis RS, Takashima M, Thomas J, Wolf G, Bertin V, Boucrot J, Callot O, Chen X, Cordier A, Davier M, Grivaz JF, Heusse P, Janot P, Kim DW, Diberder F, Lefran�ois J, Lutz AM, Schune MH, Veillet JJ, Videau I, Zhang Z, Zomer F, Abbaneo D, Amendolia SR, Bagliesi G, Batignani G, Bosisio L, Bottigli U, Bradaschia C, Carpinelli M, Ciocci MA, Dell'Orso R, Ferrante I, Fidecaro F, Fo� L, Focardi E, Forti F, Giassi A, Giorgi MA, Ligabue F, Mannelli EB, Marrocchesi PS, Messineo A, Palla F, Rizzo G, Sanguinetti G, Steinberger J, Technini R, Tonelli G, Triggiani G, Vannini C, Venturi A, Verdini PG, Walsh J, Carter JM, Green MG, March PV, Medcalf T, Quazi IS, Strong JA, West LR, Botterill DR, Clifft RW, Edgecock TR, Edwards M, Fisher SM, Jones TJ, Norton PR, Salmon DP, Thompson JC, Bloch-Devaux B, Colas P, Kozanecki W, Lemaire MC, Locci E, Loucatos S, Monnier E, Perez P, Perrier F, Rander J, Renardy JF, Roussarie A, Schuller JP, Schwindling J, Mohand D, Vallage B, Johnson RP, Litke AM, Taylor G, Wear J, Ashman JG, Babbage W, Booth CN, Buttar C, Carney RE, Cartwright S, Combley F, Hatfield F, Reeves P, Thompson LF, Barberio E, Brandt S, Grupen C, Mirabito L, Sch�fer U, Seywerd H, Ganis G, Giannini G, Gobbo B, Ragusa F, Bellantoni L, Cinabro D, Conway JS, Cowen DF, Feng Z, Ferguson DPS, Grahl J, Harton JL, Jared RC, LeClaire BW, Lishka C, Pater JR, Saadi Y, Sharma V, Schmitt M, Shi ZH, Tang YH, Walsh AM, Weber FV, Whitney MH, Wu SL, Wu X, Zobernig G. Properties of hadronicZ decays and test of QCD generators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01482583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
|
33 |
56 |