[Correlation analysis and benchmark dose study on bone metabolic biochemical index of low doses of exposed hydrogen fluoride workers]

Objective: To analyze correlation of occupational hydrogen fluoride exposure to low doses of bone metabolism index through occupational epidemiological investigation and benchmark dose calculation. Methods: In May 2021, using cluster sampling method, 237 workers exposed to hydrogen fluoride in a company were selected as the contact group, and 83 workers not exposed to hydrogen fluoride in an electronics production company were selected as the control group. The external exposure dose and urinary fluoride concentration, blood and urine biochemical indicators of the workers was measured.The relationship between external dose and internal dose of hydrogen fluoride was analyzed. The external dose, urinary fluoride was used as exposure biomarkers, while serum osteocalcin (BGP), serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and urinary hydroxyproline (HYP) were used as effect biomarkers for bone metabolism of hydrogen fluoride exposure. The benchmark dose calculation software (BMDS1.3.2) was used to calculate benchmark dose (BMD) . Results: Urine fluoride concentration in the contact group was correlated with creatinine-adjusted urine fluoride concentration (r=0.69, P=0.001). There was no significant correlation between the external dose of hydrogen fluoride and urine fluoride in the contact group (r=0.03, P=0.132). The concentrations of urine fluoride in the contact group and the control group were (0.81±0.61) and (0.45±0.14) mg/L, respectively, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=5.01, P=0.025). Using BGP, AKP and HYP as effect indexes, the urinary BMDL-05 values were 1.28, 1.47 and 1.08 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: Urinary fluoride can sensitively reflect the changes in the effect indexes of biochemical indexes of bone metabolism. BGP and HYP can be used as early sensitive effect indexes of occupational hydrogen fluoride exposure.

[Clinical characteristics and outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia]

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia. Methods: From June 2016 to January 2021, 10 cases were diagnosed as severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia induced ARDS in Intensive Care Unit of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Department (RICU) of Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University. We collected the clinical data including clinical features, laboratory tests, imaging and outcomes of the patients. Results: The pathogenic diagnosis was confirmed by metagenomic Next-generation Sequencing (mNGS) in these 10 patients, with a median age of 59 (46, 67) years. In addition to high fever, cough and dyspnea, the patients also had multiple organ involvement. Six patients had elevated peripheral leukocyte count, 10 cases had increased type B natriuretic peptide, 7 cases had increased aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase, 9 cases had hyponatremia and 3 cases had elevated creatinine. The imaging findings were bilateral consolidation with air bronchogram and infiltrates, and pleural effusion were found in 5 cases. All cases were combined with respiratory failure. Six patients received invasive mechanical ventilation. Nine patients received moxifloxacin and one patient was administrated with Azithromycin. All the patients were improved and discharged after the treatment, and the mean duration of RICU stay was 13.5 (11, 16.7) days. One month follow-up of nine patients showed significant improvement in lung lesions. Conclusions: Severe Chlamydia psittiaci pneumonia may be complicated with respiratory failure and/or multiple organ involvement. For severe pneumonia with an exposure history of sick birds, the possibility of Chlamydia psittaci infection should be considered. mNGS may help etiological diagnosis. All patients in this study had a good prognosis after targeted treatment.

[Long-term outcomes of 328 patients with of autism spectrum disorder after fecal microbiota transplantation]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted. Clinical data from ASD patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and who underwent FMT in the Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University or Jinling Hospital between May 2012 to May 2021 were retrospectively collected. Scores derived from the autism behavior checklist (ABC), the childhood autism rating scale (CARS), the Bristol stool form scale (BSFS), and the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) were analyzed at baseline and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th and 60th month after FMT. Records of any adverse reactions were collected. Generalized estimating equations were used for analysis of data on time points before and after FMT. Results: A total of 328 patients met the inclusion criteria for this study. Their mean age was 6.1±3.4 years old. The cohort included 271 boys and 57 girls. The percentage of patients remaining in the study for post-treatment follow-up at the 1st, 3rd, 12th, 24th, 36th, 48th and 60th month were as follows: 303 (92.4%), 284 (86.7%), 213 (64.9%), 190 (57.9%), 143 (43.6%), 79 (24.1%), 46 (14.0%), 31 (9.5%). After FMT, the average ABC score was significantly improved in the first 36 months and remained improved at the 48th month. However, the average score was not significantly different from baseline by the 60th month (1st-36th month, P<0.001; 48th month, P=0.008; 60th month, P=0.108). The average CARS score improved significantly during the first 48 months and remained improved at the 60th month (1st-48th month, P<0.001; 60th month, P=0.010). The average BSFS score was also significantly improved in the first 36 months (with an accompanying stool morphology that resembled type 4). This improvement was maintained at the 48th month. However, the average score was similar to baseline at the 60th month (1st-36th month, P<0.001; 48th month, P=0.008; 60th month, P=0.109). The average GSRS score was significantly improved during the first 24 months, but not afterwards (1st-24th month, P<0.001; 36th month, P=0.209; 48th month, P=0.996; 60th month, P=0.668). The adverse events recorded during treatment included abdominal distension in 21 cases (6.4%), nausea in 14 cases (4.3%), vomiting in 9 cases (2.7%), abdominal pain in 15 cases (4.6%), diarrhea in 18 cases (5.5%), fever in 13 cases (4.0%), and excitement in 24 cases (7.3%). All adverse reactions were mild to moderate and improved immediately after suspension of FMT or on treatment of symptoms. No serious adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion: FMT has satisfactory long-term efficacy and safety for the treatment of ASD with gastrointestinal symptoms.

[The influence of cachexia on the immunotherapy efficacy of Sintilimab for non-small cell lung cancer]

Objective: To investigate whether cachexia affects the treatment effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: The prognosis of 62 patients with advanced NSCLC who received anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) in Henan Provincial People's Hospital from 2019 to 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The cachexia was evaluated before and after the second course of immunotherapy. Kaplan-Meier and Log rank methods were used for survival analysis, Cox regression model was used for multivariate analysis, and Spearman's correlation analysis was used for correlation analysis. Results: After the second course of immunotherapy, psoas major muscle area (PMMA) values of the cachexia group and the control group were (14.10±4.09) and (11.66±3.22) cm(2) respectively, with statistics significance (P=0.001). The level of Prealbumin and body weight were correlated with cachexia (P<0.05). The 6-month and 1-year survival rates of 62 cases in the whole group were 58.6% and 42.5%, respectively. The progression-free survival (PFS) in the control group (7.6 months) was higher than that in the cachexia group (3.8 months, P=0.006). The PFS in patients with high expression of PD-L1 (7.1 months) was longer than that of patients with low expression (3.8 months, P=0.009). The overall survival (OS) in the cachexia group (6.3 months) was lower than that in the control group (18.2 months, P=0.006). The OS in patients with high expression of PD-L1 (14.5 months) was longer than that of patients with low expression (1 months, P=0.038). The level of Prealbumin, the level of PD-L1 expression and the change rate of PMMA were related to the OS of the patients (P<0.05). The level of Prealbumin and the change rate of PMMA were the independent influencing factors of the OS (P<0.05). The PMMA and the level of Prealbumin were negatively correlated (r=-0.003 8, P<0.05). Conclusion: Cachexia has a negative impact on the outcomes of patients who received anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

Crystal Structures, Phase Stabilities, Electronic Properties, and Hardness of Yttrium Borides: New Insight from First-Principles Calculations

Yttrium borides have attracted much attention for their superconducting and high chemical stability. However, the fundamental knowledge of the mechanical properties and hardness of yttrium borides is rather lack. Here, we performed a systematic investigation on yttrium borides with various stoichiometries based on an unbiased CALYPSO structure search method and first-principles calculations. A new YB₆ compound with R3m hexagonal structure is observed, which is more stable than the experimental synthesized Pm3̅m phase. The calculated formation enthalpy, elastic constants, and phonon dispersions distinctly show that the R3m-YB₆ is energetically, mechanically, and dynamically stable. The density of states and electronic band structure reveal that all the stable yttrium borides are metallic. Based on a semiempirical method, the Vicker hardness of R3m-YB₆ is expectant to be 37.0 GPa, indicating it is a potential ultrahard metal. Our results provide insights for future synthesis and design of new type functional materials.

[The role of CT coronary angiography in improving the positive rate of coronary angiography in patients with low-or moderate-risk non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction]

Objective: To investigate whether CT coronary angiography (CTA) can safely and effectively reduce the number of invasive coronary angiography (ICA) in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) whose Grace score is low-or moderate-risk, and increase ICA positive rate. Methods: One hundred and two NSTEMI patients, including 61 males and 41 females, aged 38-80 (58±12) years, were prospectively included and treated in Henan Provincial People's Hospital from February 2017 to February 2018. By using random number method, the patients were divided into control group (51 cases) and experimental group (51 cases). Patients in the control group were arranged for elective ICA examination according to the risk stratification. If further intervention or surgical treatment was required, the ICA examination was positive; in the experimental group, the CTA examination was completed through the green channel first. If the CTA showed that the main coronary artery and its main branches were severe or extreme stenosis, further ICA examination was arranged; otherwise, a secondary prophylactic drug treatment was developed and the patients were then discharged and followed up for 1 year. ICA number, ICA positive rate, length of hospital stay, hospital cost, hospital anxiety and depression score (HADS), major cardiovascular events (MACE) within 1 year, and other serious adverse events related to examination or surgery were compared between the two groups. Results: A total of 37 patients in the experimental group underwent ICA, and the positive rate of ICA was 94.59% (35/37), which was significantly higher than that of the control group [62.75% (32/51)] (P<0.05). The average length of hospital stay and the HADS score before ICA in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group [(3.8±2.2) d vs (4.8±2.4) d; 8.8±4.5 vs 11.4±6.8] (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the cumulative incidence of MACE (3 cases vs 5 cases, P=0.423) and other serious adverse events (8 cases vs 10 cases, P=0.548) within 1 year between the two groups. Conclusion: CTA significantly reduces the number of ICA and the average length of hospital stay, and increases the positive rate of ICA in NSTEMI patients whose Grace score is low-or moderate-risk. There is no increase in cardiovascular risks within 1 year.

[Comparison the clinical efficacy of 3D versus 2D total laparoscopic thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer by via-breast approach]

Objective:To summarize and analyze the clinical efficacy of 3D and 2D laparoscopic surgery in thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. Method: Thirty-seven patients with early-differentiated thyroid cancer underwent laparoscopic surgery from August 2016 to November 2018. Their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into 3D laparoscopic group and 2D laparoscopic group based on laparoscopic imaging systems. The perioperative clinical indicators and postoperative complications of the two groups were compared. Result: Compared with the 2D laparoscopic group, the 3D laparoscopic group had shorter operation time and less bleeding, and the incidence of postoperative complications was less, but the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant(P>0.05). Conclusion: Compared with the 2D laparoscopic thyroidectomy, 3D laparoscopic thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer allows higher surgical precision, shorter operation time, lower operation risk and smoother surgical procedure, thus improves surgical efficiency.

[Determination of diphenylmethane diisocyanate in workplace air by HPLC with impregnated filter membrane]

Objective: To develop a method for determining diphenylmethane diisocyanate in workplace air by HPLC with impregnated filter membrane. Methods: MDI in workplace air reacted with 1- (2-pyridyl) piperazine on impregnated filter membrane to form MDI-urea derivatives, after elution and filtration, it was detected by HPLC-UV. Results: Limit of detection was 0.003 8 μg/ml and limit of quantification was 0.013 μg/ml. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.013~2.000 μg/ml (r=0.999 7) . The precision was 3.10%~8.03% (n=6) , while the recovery was 96.3%~101.9%. Asorption capacity of the membrane was 40.8 μg MDI, and could be stored for 14 days in the light-proof environment of 2~8 ℃. Conclusion: The method optimized testing steps for MDI's standard curve, and provided good guidance for determination of MDI in workplace air with impregnated fiter membrane.

[Low temperature plasma minimally invasive treatment of children piriform fossa fistula]

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of lowtemperature plasma minimally invasive treatment of piriform fossa fistula in children at the infection stage and non-infection stage. Method: Twenty-five pediatric patients of piriform fovea fistula were treated with low-temperature plasma minimally invasive treatment. These patients were divided into the infection stage group(16 cases) and the non-infection stage group(9 cases). In both groups, low-temperature plasma ablation was performed to close the piriform fossa fistula under laryngoscope supported by endotracheal intubation under general anesthesia. For patients in infection stage, simultaneous cervical abscess incision and drainage were performed. The efficacy, postoperative recurrence rate and complications of the two groups were compared. Result: In the non-infection stage group, 7 cases were cured by 1 operation, and 2 cases were cured by the reoperation. In the infection stage group, 10 cases were cured by 1 operation, 5 cases were cured by the reoperation, and 1 case was cured by external fistula resection due to repeated purulent discharge of neck infection. No recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, massive hemorrhage or other complications occurred in these patients. Conclusion: Low temperature plasma minimally invasive treatment is safe and effective for pediatric patients of piriform fossa fistula.

[Biomarkers screening for viral myocarditis through proteomics analysis of plasma exosomes]

Objective: To compare and analyze the differentially expressed plasma exosomic proteome between healthy control group (Control group) and viral myocarditis group (VMC group) to search for biomarkers that maybe used for early diagnosis of VMC. Methods: Fifty plasma samples of Control group and VMC group were collected respectively from Henan Provincial People's Hospital (from January 2016 to December 2017), and then 5 samples (1 ml) of each group were selected randomly, after exosomes extraction with ultra-centrifugation, difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) was used to isolate the total proteins, and then the protein spots with more than 2-fold changes between VMC and Control group were picked up after the software analysis, afterward, the varied proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Finally, the specifically related protein was selected to be verified by ELISA with the plasma exosomic samples of Control (n=40) and VMC (n=40). Results: A total of 10 varied protein spots were found including 8 up-regulated proteins and 2 down-regulated proteins between VMC and Control group. After MS analysis, the up-regulated proteins in VMC group contained KRT2, KRT5, KRT9, KRT77, KRT78, AZGP1, HP and RBP4, whereas the down-regulated ones were CD5L and C1QB. RBP4 was selected to validate by ELISA analysis, and the corresponding results showed that RBP4 was increased specifically in plasma exosomes of VMC group (P<0.05) after comparing with Control group, which was consistent with DIGE. Conclusion: Ten proteins related to VMC are detected in total, and RBP4 might serve as a potential specific biomarker for early screening and diagnosis of VMC.

[Current status of laparoscopic techniques in the surgical treatment of biliary carcinoma]

Biliary carcinoma includes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, hilar cholangiocarcinoma, distal cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancer. There are few studies about laparoscopic treatment for biliary malignancy due to the complicated dissection of porta hepatic structure, and even reconstruction of biliary tract and(or) vessel under laparoscopy, which increases the difficulty of the laparoscopic radical resection of biliary malignancy. To promote the standardized application and development of laparoscopic techniques in operation of biliary malignancy, the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic techniques are explained in this paper.

Millimeter-wave imaging diagnostics systems on the EAST tokamak (invited)

Millimeter-wave imaging diagnostics, with large poloidal span and wide radial range, have been developed on the EAST tokamak for visualization of 2D electron temperature and density fluctuations. A 384 channel (24 poloidal × 16 radial) Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) system in F-band (90-140 GHz) was installed on the EAST tokamak in 2012 to provide 2D electron temperature fluctuation images with high spatial and temporal resolution. A co-located Microwave Imaging Reflectometry (MIR) will be installed for imaging of density fluctuations by December 2016. This "4th generation" MIR system has eight independent frequency illumination beams in W-band (75-110 GHz) driven by fast tuning synthesizers and active multipliers. Both of these advanced millimeter-wave imaging diagnostic systems have applied the latest techniques. A novel design philosophy "general optics structure" has been employed for the design of the ECEI and MIR receiver optics with large aperture. The extended radial and poloidal coverage of ECEI on EAST is made possible by innovations in the design of front-end optics. The front-end optical structures of the two imaging diagnostics, ECEI and MIR, have been integrated into a compact system, including the ECEI receiver and MIR transmitter and receiver. Two imaging systems share the same mid-plane port for simultaneous, co-located 2D fluctuation measurements of electron density and temperature. An intelligent remote-control is utilized in the MIR electronics systems to maintain focusing at the desired radial region even with density variations by remotely tuning the probe frequencies in about 200 μs. A similar intelligent technique has also been applied on the ECEI IF system, with remote configuration of the attenuations for each channel.

Endoscope-assisted conservative condylectomy in the treatment of condylar osteochondroma through an intraoral approach

Mandibular condylar osteochondroma (OC) can result in morphological and functional disturbances, including facial asymmetry and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of endoscope-assisted tumour resection and conservative condylectomy via an intraoral approach. Seven patients with condylar OC were enrolled in this study. Endoscope-assisted tumour resection and conservative condylectomy were achieved intraorally, and no conventional extraoral incision was needed. Direct vision of the magnified and illuminated operative field was realized with the assistance of an endoscope. No facial nerve injury or salivary fistula occurred in any patient. Stable occlusion was realized through postoperative orthodontic treatment. The patients showed no signs of tumour recurrence or TMJ ankylosis during follow-up (range 18-43 months). Endoscope-assisted condylar OC resection and conservative condylectomy via intraoral approach offers great advantages with no significant complications compared with conventional extraoral incisions. The endoscope provides us with a valuable treatment option for this potentially complicated procedure.

Novel SNPs of the mannan-binding lectin 2 gene and their association with production traits in Chinese Holsteins

The mannan-binding lectin gene (MBL) participates as an opsonin in the innate immune system of mammals, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MBL cause various immune dysfunctions. In this study, we detected SNPs in MBL2 at exon 1 using polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing techniques in 825 Chinese Holstein cows. Four new SNPs with various allele frequencies were also found. The g.1164 G>A SNP was predicted to substitute arginine with glutamine at the N-terminus of the cysteine-rich domain. In the collagen-like domain, SNPs g.1197 C>A and g.1198 G>A changed proline to glutamine, whereas SNP g.1207 T>C was identified as a synonymous mutation. Correlation analysis showed that the g.1197 C>A marker was significantly correlated to somatic cell score (SCS), and the g.1164 G>A locus had significant effects on SCS, fat content, and protein content (P < 0.05), suggesting possible roles of these SNPs in the host response against mastitis. Nine haplotypes and nine haplotype pairs corresponding to the loci of the 4 novel SNPs were found in Chinese Holsteins. Haplotype pairs MM, MN, and BQ were correlated with the lowest SCS; MN with the highest protein yield; MM with the highest protein rate, and MN with the highest 305- day milk yield. Thus, MM, MN, and BQ are possible candidates for marker-assisted selection in dairy cattle breeding programs.

ηπ+ π- resonant structure around 1.8 GeV/c(2) and η(1405) in J/ψ → ωηπ+ π-

We present results of a study of the decay J/ψ → ωηπ+ π- using a sample of (225.2 ± 2.8) × 10(6) J/ψ events collected by the BESIII detector, and report the observation of a new process J/ψ → ωX(1870) with a statistical significance of 7.2σ, in which X(1870) decays to a(0)(±)(980)π±. Fitting to ηπ+ π- mass spectrum yields a mass M = 1877.3 ± 6.3(stat)(-7.4)(+3.4)(syst) MeV/c(2), a width Γ = 57 ± 12(stat)(-4)(+19)(syst) MeV/c(2), and a product branching fraction B(J/ψ → ωX) × B(X→a(0)(±)(980)π±) × B(a(0) (±)(980) → ηπ±) = [1.50 ± 0.26(stat)(-0.36)(+0.72) (syst)] × 10(-4). Signals for J/ψ → ωf(1)(1285) and J/ψ → ω η(1405) are also clearly observed and measured.

Observation of χ(c1) decays into vector meson pairs φφ, ωω, and ωφ

Using (106±4)×10⁻⁶ ψ(3686) events accumulated with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII e⁺e⁻ collider, we present the first measurement of decays of χ(c1) to vector meson pairs φφ, ωω, and ωφ. The branching fractions are measured to be (4.4±0.3±0.5)×10⁻⁴, (6.0±0.3±0.7)×10⁻⁴, and (2.2±0.6±0.2)×10⁻⁵, for χ(c1)→φφ, ωω, and ωφ, respectively, which indicates that the hadron helicity selection rule is significantly violated in χ(cJ) decays. In addition, the measurement of χ(cJ)→ωφ provides the first indication of the rate of doubly OZI-suppressed χ(cJ) decay. Finally, we present improved measurements for the branching fractions of χ(c0) and χ(c2) to vector meson pairs.

Confirmation of the X(1835) and observation of the resonances X(2120) and X(2370) in J/ψ→γπ+π-η'

With a sample of (225.2±2.8)×10(6) J/ψ events registered in the BESIII detector, J/ψ→γπ(+)π(-)η(') is studied using two η(') decay modes: η(')→π(+)π(-)η and η(')→γρ(0). The X(1835), which was previously observed by BESII, is confirmed with a statistical significance that is larger than 20σ. In addition, in the π(+)π(-)η(') invariant-mass spectrum, the X(2120) and the X(2370), are observed with statistical significances larger than 7.2σ and 6.4σ, respectively. For the X(1835), the angular distribution of the radiative photon is consistent with expectations for a pseudoscalar.

Evidence for ψ' decays into γπ0 and γη

The decays ψ'→γπ(0), γη and γη' are studied using data collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII e(+)e(-) collider. The processes ψ'→γπ(0) and ψ'→γη are observed for the first time with signal significances of 4.6σ and 4.3σ, respectively. The branching fractions are determined to be B(ψ'→γπ(0))=(1.58±0.40±0.13)×10(-6), B(ψ'→γη)=(1.38±0.48±0.09)×10(-6), and B(ψ'→γη')=(126±3±8)×10(-6), where the first errors are statistical and the second ones systematic.

Identification of medicinal plants used as Tibetan Traditional Medicine jie-ji

AIM OF THE STUDY

Based on the authors' collection of specimens used as jie-ji in local Tibetan areas, China, and taxonomic determination, this paper aims to give a list of medicinal plants as jie-ji, formally identify the ones recognized as jie-ji ga-bao or jie-ji na-bao and to offer basic data for further studies on these Tibetan herbs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Local herbalists were visited in Tibetan areas, China to observe which plants were being used as jie-ji. Samples of the indigenous plants were collected at the same time. Also, the medicinal plants as jie-ji were taxonomically identified.

RESULTS

A list of medicinal plants including 10 species of jie-ji in local Tibetan areas is given, including their morphological pictures used for identification.

CONCLUSIONS

The origin of jie-ji is from 10 species of the Section Cruciata, Genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae). five species with dark blue flowers are used as jie-ji na-bao, the other five with white flowers are used as jie-ji ga-bao. Also, Gentiana macrophylla Pall. with dark blue flowers in the Section Cruciata, Genus Gentiana is not the original plant of jie-ji na-bao. The species endemic to the province are used as the original plants of jie-ji only in local Tibetan area of the province. Finally, the drug use of jie-ji in Traditional Tibetan Medicine is reasonable and it is efficacious.

Identification of Dryopteris crassirhizoma and the adulterant species based on cpDNA rbcL and translated amino acid sequences

Dry rhizome of Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai (Dryopteridaceae), also known as Guan Zhong, is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used in the treatment of viral disease. But the dry rhizomes of Woodwardia JAPONICA (L. f.) Sm., OSMUNDA JAPONICA Thunb. and Cyrtomium fortunei J. Sm. are also used as Guan Zhong in local areas. The adulterants are similar to Dryopteris crassirhizoma. It is difficult to identify the botanical origin of these herbs. In our study, sequences of the cpDNA RBCL gene were determined and analyzed for Dryopteris crassirhizoma and adulterant species, where nineteen molecular markers had been determined. Also, amino acid sequences translated from the RBCL gene were analyzed and four important molecular markers were detected. Based on cpDNA RBCL and translated amino acid sequences, Dryopteris crassirhizoma can easily be distinguished from the other three fern species.

Independent maternal origin of Chinese swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

To obtain more knowledge on the origin and genetic diversity of the swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in China, the complete mitochondrial D-loop sequences of 119 samples representing seven native types were compared. Two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages (lineages A and B) were determined for the Chinese swamp buffalo. Examination of the diversity patterns suggest that lineage A has undergone a population expansion event. Divergence of lineages A and B was estimated at 18,000 years ago. Combined analyses of mtDNA sequences from Chinese, Indian, Brazilian/Italian and Southeast Asian/Australian buffalo samples showed independent domestication events in the swamp buffalo from China and the river buffalo from the India subcontinent. The spread of swamp and river buffalo from China and India respectively to mainland Southeast Asia suggests that Southeast Asia is a hybrid zone for buffalo. Our data support the hypothesis of the evolution of domesticated swamp and river buffalo from ancestral swamp-like animals. These ancestral animals were extensively distributed across mainland Asia and most likely are represented today by the wild Asian buffalo (Bubalus arnee).

Studies on the molecular markers of rhizomes of some Alpinia species

The rhizomes of Alpinia jianganfeng are used as a traditional Chinese medicine, Jian Gan Feng, to cure rheumatism in Guangdong, China. The rhizomes of some other species of the genus Alpinia such as A. japonica, A. suishaensis and A. nanchuanensis are also used as Jian Gan Feng in Southwest China. However, the identification of the original plants of the crude drugs is difficult. The internal transcribed spacers and the 5.8S coding region of nuclear ribosomal DNA of the four species were sequenced and analyzed. The DNA markers have been determined and they can be used for the molecular identification of these medicinal plants.

[Study on the reaction between 3-amino-6-dimethylamino-2-methlphenazine hydrochloride and deoxyribonucleic acid]

The interaction of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and 3-amino-6-dimethylamino-2-methlphenazine hydrochloride (ZR) was investigated by UV spectrophotometric method in solution (pH 7.4). When DNA was added into ZR solution, the red color was observed, which indicated formation of the DNA-ZR complex. The maximum absorption of the complex was 520 nm with the apparent molar absorptivity of epsilon = 1.5 x 10(6) mol-1.L.cm-1. The maximum absorption of the complex was shifted 70 nm than with ZR. The maximum binding number is n = 303. The basic reaction conditions were investigated. It is found that sodium chloride concentration of the solution has significant effect on the sensitivity of DNA-ZR complex. The Scatchard model is appropriate in the treatment of data obtained here.

Characters of nrDNA ITS region sequences of fruits of Alpinia galanga and their adulterants

The fruits of Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. are used as a traditional Chinese medicine; but the dry fruits of A. conchigera, A. suishaensis, A. maclurei and A. polyantha are also used as the medicine in local areas. Because dry fruits of these related plants are similar to those of Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. in odor, morphological characters and chemical components, and even anatomical characters, it is difficult to identify the medicine. Nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the five taxa were directly sequenced using an automated sequencer. Sequence analysis showed that the ITS 1 ranges from 177 to 178 base pairs (bp), and the ITS 2 from 225 to 234 bp. The size of the 5.8S coding region is 164 bp for all species. Also, the pairwise sequence divergence is higher and some molecular markers were determined. According to these molecular markers, Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. and the related species can easily be distinguished from each other. Therefore, evidence from nrDNA ITS sequence variation can identify the medicine at the DNA level.

Improved PCR-based subtractive hybridization strategy for cloning differentially expressed genes

An improved PCR-based subtractive hybridization strategy was used to clone apoptosis-related genes induced by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) from human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 cells. The protocol used the cap-finder method, long-distance PCR, streptavidin magnetic bead-mediated subtraction and spin column chromatography. Twenty-seven clones related to apoptosis were identified by reverse dot blot assay. Seventeen were known genes, of which seven have been reported to be apoptosis related. The remaining 10 were unknown genes, five of which were sequenced and named apr-1 to apr-5. apr-1, apr-2, apr-3 and TNF were reidentified by reverse dot blot, and it is suggested that they might be related to apoptosis. The results suggest that this strategy might be efficient for large-scale cloning of differentially expressed genes in target cells.

Polymorphism of ADH and ALDH genes among four ethnic groups in China and effects upon the risk for alcoholism

The alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) that metabolize ethanol are polymorphic. Different alleles encode subunits of the enzymes that differ in their rate of metabolizing ethanol. These polymorphisms are distributed differently among populations and have been shown to influence the risk for alcoholism in some Asian populations. We have examined the allele frequencies at the ADH2, ADH3, and ALDH2 loci in four populations from China (Han, Mongolian, Korean, and Elunchun) and in alcoholics within each population. The four populations differ in allele frequencies, with the Elunchun having a much lower frequency of ADH2*2 alleles, and the Mongolian and Elunchun having a much lower frequency of ALDH2*2 alleles. Within each population, alleles at one or more of these three loci are protective against alcoholism, although the populations differ in which loci play significant roles. The protective allele at each locus (ALDH2*2, ADH2*2, and ADH3*1) encodes a subunit that either metabolizes ethanol to acetaldehyde more rapidly or slows the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate. Taken as a whole, data demonstrate that genetic differences in the enzymes that metabolize alcohol can substantially affect the risk for alcoholism.

[Effects of sodium fluoride on the activity of Ca2+Mg(2+)-ATPase in synaptic membrane in rat brain]

Effects of sodium fluoride on Ca2+Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of synaptic membrane in rat brain were studied with in vitro or in vivo methods. Concentrations of sodium fluoride of 0.3, 1.6, 8.0, 20.0 and 40.0 mmol/L can significantly inhibit the activity of the enzyme with proportions of 6.6%, 18.0%, 41.0%, 55.5% and 63.1%, respectively, and with a half inhibitory concentration of 14.8 mmol/L reflecting an obvious dose-effect and time effect relationship. Analysis of enzyme substrate kinetics showed the effect that sodium fluoride had was a non competitive inhibition. Activity of Ca2+Mg(2+)-ATPase on synaptic membrane in female rat brain showed a decreasing tendency after feeding with water fluorinated with 5, 15 and 50 mg/L of fluoride during their gestation and lactation for 50 days, and that in their newborn offsprings with 5 and 50 mg/L of fluoride was inhibited by 11.3 and 32.1%, respectively.

[Different manifestation of DNA binding protein in healthy individuals and cancer patients]

By a modified serum 64-DP isolation method we successfully isolated alpha-DNA binding protein (alpha DBP) to electrophoretic purity. Analysis by SDS-PAGE revealed a molecular weight of 59,000. It suggested that alpha DBP is a glycoprotein. Goat anti-alpha DBP anti-serum was prepared and single radial immunodiffusion assay was used to screen 256 healthy individuals (teachers, students, workers and peasants) and serum samples from 969 patients with various kinds of cancers. Contrary to previous findings, we found that serum alpha DBP was abundant in healthy individuals with homogeneous precipitation rings, and was not significantly increased in the serum of cancer patients. However, it depicted a heterogeneous pattern with 1-4 rings of various thickness. This phenomenon was observed in 94.2% of patients with liver cancer regardless of the presence or absence of AFP. We would suggest that the change of alpha DBP band from homogeneity to heterogeneity may be a sign of carcinogenesis in the body.

Dehydroandrographolide succinic acid monoester as an inhibitor against the human immunodeficiency virus

Dehydroandrographolide succinic acid monoester (DASM) is the dehydroandrographolyl ester of succinic acid; and andrographolide, from which DASM is made, is the major diterpenoid lactone found in the Chinese medicinal herb, Andrographis paniculata. DASM has been found to be an inhibitor against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro. It was nontoxic to the H9 cell at the concentrations of 50-200 (average, 108) micrograms/ml and was inhibitory to the HIV-1 (IIIB) at the minimal concentration of 1.6-3.1 (average 2.0) micrograms/ml. It was also inhibitory to two other strains of HIV-1 and a strain of HIV-2. This inhibitory effect could also be demonstrated in cultures of activated human blood mononuclear cells; the 50% toxic dose and the 50% HIV inhibitory dose were about 200-greater than or equal to 400 and 0.8-2 micrograms/ml, respectively. At the subtoxic concentration, DASM partially interfered with HIV-induced cell fusion and with the binding of HIV to the H9 cell. Presumably, it also interfered with HIV replication at another unidentified step(s).