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Lee JW, Kim JM, Kim DJ, Seo JS, Ha BK, Kwon SJ. Identification of SNPs associated with fatty acid contents in mutant soybean lines by a genome-wide association study. Genes Genomics 2024:10.1007/s13258-024-01608-5. [PMID: 39714591 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-024-01608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/06/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vegetable oils are primarily composed of unsaturated fatty acids. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil, accounting for 28% of the global production of vegetable oil, contains mainly two saturated fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid) and three unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid) in seeds. OBJECTIVE The five fatty acids determine soybean oil quality. We aimed to identify genetic relationship between genomics and fatty acid contents in soybean mutant pool. METHODS This study used a mutant diversity pool (MDP) comprising 192 soybean lines. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted with the diverse fatty acid contents in MDP and 17,631 filtered SNPs from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). RESULTS The GWAS revealed nine significant SNPs within intragenic regions that were associated with fatty acid composition. These SNPs corresponded to six genes (Glyma.03g042500, Glyma.07g069200, Glyma.13g150200, Glyma.14g223100, Glyma.15g084700, and Glyma.15g274000), of which three (Glyma.03g042500, Glyma.13g150200, and Glyma.15g274000) were predicted to be candidate genes influencing oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid contents. Analyses of SNP allelic effects revealed the largest and smallest significant differences in fatty acid contents were 5.53% (linolenic acid) and 0.4% (stearic acid), respectively. CONCLUSION The present study detected significant phenotypic variations and genetic associations underlying the fatty acid composition of soybean seeds in MDP lines. The mutant seeds differed from the original cultivars in terms of fatty acids composition, with the allelic effects of significant SNPs influencing the fatty acid content in seeds. These findings may be useful for enhancing breeding strategies to optimize soybean oil quality for various uses.
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Han AR, Ryu HW, Jin CH. Silybin Derivatives Produced by γ-Irradiation and Their Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities. Molecules 2024; 29:5332. [PMID: 39598721 PMCID: PMC11596366 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29225332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Silybin, which belongs to the flavonolignan group, is the major component of the fruit extract of Silybum marianum (common name: milk thistle). Silybin is a medicinal compound with hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. In this study, silybin derivatives were produced through γ-radiolysis, and their tyrosinase inhibitory activities were evaluated to explore the enhanced activities of silybin derivatives compared to silybin (1). Isosilandrin (2) and 2,3-dehydrosilybin (3) were obtained from a silybin sample irradiated at 300 kGy. The optimal dose showed significant changes in radiolysis product content. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited an IC50 of 274.6 and 109.5 μM, respectively, which are more potent than that of 1 (IC50 > 500 μM). In addition, a molecular docking simulation revealed the binding affinity of these compounds to tyrosinase and their mechanisms of inhibition. Thus, γ-irradiation is an effective method for structural modification of silybin. We also demonstrated that 2,3-dehydrosilybin is a potential tyrosinase inhibitor.
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Park B, Park WW, Choi JY, Bang K, Kim S, Choi YJ, Sul S, Kwon OH, Song H. Metal Cocatalyst Engineering in Metal-Semiconductor Hybrid Photocatalysts Achieves a Fivefold Enhancement of Hydrogen Evolution. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402370. [PMID: 39140619 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the optimal morphology of photochemical hydrogen evolution catalysts in a one-dimensional system. Systematic engineering of metal tips on precisely defined CdSe@CdS dot-in-rods is conducted to exert control over morphology, composition, and both factors. The outcome yields an optimized configuration, a Au-Pt core-shell structure with a rough Pt surface (Au@r-Pt), which exhibits a remarkable fivefold increase in quantum efficiency, reaching 86 % at 455 nm and superior hydrogen evolution rates under visible and AM1.5 G irradiation conditions with prolonged stability. Kinetic investigations using photoelectrochemical and time-resolved measurements demonstrate a greater extent and extended lifetime of the charge-separated state on the tips as well as rapid water reduction kinetics on high-energy surfaces. This approach sheds light on the critical role of cocatalysts in hybrid photocatalytic systems for achieving high performance.
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Yoon KN, Yoon YS, Hong HJ, Yeom SJ, Park JH, Song BS, Eun JB, Kim JK. Improving storage duration of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) through electron beam technology. J Food Sci 2024; 89:7928-7943. [PMID: 39415076 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
Electron beam (EB) technology typically consists of high-energy electron streams produced by a linear accelerator. Although promising, the use of EB irradiation as a technique to delay ripening and prevent spoilage in tomatoes has not been extensively investigated. In this study, the effectiveness of EB irradiation in prolonging the shelf life of tomatoes postharvest was investigated. The results indicated that EB irradiation successfully reduced microbial contamination and decay, preserved key quality attributes (such as total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, and firmness), and significantly minimized weight loss. Notably, the treatment delayed the biosynthesis of lycopene, a key indicator of ripening, without adversely affecting phenolic content and antioxidant activity, which remained consistent regardless of irradiation. Additionally, different methods for detecting irradiation were evaluated. Thermoluminescence analysis proved to be the most dependable technique, especially for doses exceeding 600 Gy, due to its high sensitivity and specificity. In contrast, photostimulated luminescence and electron spin resonance analyses showed limitations in accurately identifying the irradiation status of foods with high moisture content, such as tomatoes. This study confirms that EB irradiation, while maintaining postharvest quality, extends the shelf life of tomatoes by 5-10 days, suggesting its potential for commercial application in food preservation.
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Lee MS, Shim HS, Lee JS. Strategies for mitigating inter-crystal scattering effects in positron emission tomography: a comprehensive review. Biomed Eng Lett 2024; 14:1243-1258. [PMID: 39465104 PMCID: PMC11502689 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-024-00427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Inter-crystal scattering (ICS) events in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) present challenges affecting system sensitivity and image quality. Understanding the physics and factors influencing ICS occurrence is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate its impact. This review paper explores the physics behind ICS events and their occurrence within PET detectors. Various methodologies, including energy-based comparisons, Compton kinematics-based approaches, statistical methods, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, which have been proposed for identifying and recovering ICS events accurately are introduced. Energy-based methods offer simplicity by comparing energy depositions in crystals. Compton kinematics-based approaches utilize trajectory information for first interaction position estimation, yielding reasonably good results. Additionally, statistical approach and AI algorithms contribute by optimizing likelihood analysis and neural network models for improved positioning accuracy. Experimental validations and simulation studies highlight the potential of recovering ICS events and enhancing PET sensitivity and image quality. Especially, AI technologies offers a promising avenue for addressing ICS challenges and improving PET image accuracy and resolution. These methods offer promising solutions for overcoming the challenges posed by ICS events and enhancing the accuracy and resolution of PET imaging, ultimately improving diagnostic capabilities and patient outcomes. Further studies applying these approaches to real PET systems are needed to validate theoretical results and assess practical implementation feasibility.
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Lim S, Song HY, Park HR, Ahn KB. A Novel Deinococcus Antioxidant Peptide Mitigates Oxidative Stress in Irradiated CHO-K1 Cells. Microorganisms 2024; 12:2161. [PMID: 39597551 PMCID: PMC11596967 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), byproducts of cellular metabolism and environmental factors, are linked to diseases like cancer and aging. Antioxidant peptides (AOPs) have emerged as effective countermeasures against ROS-induced damage. The Deinococcus genus is well known for its extraordinary resilience to ionizing radiation (IR) and possesses complex antioxidant systems designed to neutralize ROS generated by IR. In this study, we developed four peptides, each containing 9 to 11 amino acids, from the leaderless mRNA (lmRNA) sequences of D. deserti. Lacking a 5' untranslated region, lmRNAs directly initiate protein synthesis, potentially encoding small peptides such as AOPs. Of the four peptides, Ddes-P3 was found to exhibit significant antioxidant capabilities in vitro, effectively scavenging ABTS radicals. Ddes-P3 provided considerable defense against IR-induced oxidative stress in CHO-K1 cells, demonstrating a notable reduction in ROS production and lipid peroxidation. The peptide's potential was highlighted by its ability to enhance cell survival and maintain mitochondrial membrane potential under irradiative stress, suggesting its utility as a nontoxic and effective radioprotector in mitigating radiation-induced cellular damage. This study explores the potential role of lmRNA in synthesizing AOPs within Deinococcus. Identifying lmRNAs that encode AOPs could deepen our understanding of their cellular resistance to oxidative stress and pave the way for creating innovative biotechnological and therapeutic AOPs.
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Kim BH, Jang DS, Lee JH, Lee MK, Lee GJ. Development and Field Test of Integrated Electronics Piezoelectric Accelerometer Based on Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramic for Centrifugal Pump Monitoring. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:6436. [PMID: 39409476 PMCID: PMC11479350 DOI: 10.3390/s24196436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2024] [Revised: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an Integrated Electronics Piezoelectric (IEPE)-type accelerometer based on an environmentally friendly lead-free piezoceramic was fabricated, and its field applicability was verified using a cooling pump owned by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). As an environmentally friendly piezoelectric material, 0.96(K,Na)NbO3-0.03(Bi,Na,K,Li)ZrO3-0.01BiScO3 (0.96KNN-0.03BNKLZ-0.01BS) piezoceramic with an optimized piezoelectric charge constant (d33) was introduced. It was manufactured in a ring shape using a solid-state reaction method for application to a compression mode accelerometer. The fabricated ceramic ring has a high piezoelectric constant d33 of ~373 pC/N and a Curie temperature TC of ~330 °C. It was found that the electrical and physical characteristics of the 0.96KNN-0.03BNKLZ-0.01BS piezoceramic were comparable to those of a Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) ring ceramic. As a result of a vibration test of the IEPE accelerometer fabricated using the lead-free piezoelectric ceramic, the resonant frequency fr = 20.0 kHz and voltage sensitivity Sv = 101.1 mV/g were confirmed. The fabricated IEPE accelerometer sensor showed an excellent performance equivalent to or superior to that of a commercial IEPE accelerometer sensor based on PZT for general industrial use. A field test was carried out to verify the applicability of the fabricated sensor in an actual industrial environment. The test was conducted by simultaneously installing the developed sensor and a commercial PZT-based sensor in the ball bearing housing location of a centrifugal pump. The centrifugal pump was operated at 1180 RPM, and the generated vibration signals were collected and analyzed. The test results confirmed that the developed eco-friendly lead-free sensor has comparable vibration measurement capability to that of commercial PZT-based sensors.
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Dubey SK, Lee SS, Kim JH. Efficient enhancement of the antimicrobial activity of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii extract by transgene expression and molecular modification using ionizing radiation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:125. [PMID: 39354614 PMCID: PMC11443672 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation has been used for mutagenesis or material modification. The potential to use microalgae as a platform for antimicrobial production has been reported, but little work has been done to advance it beyond characterization to biotechnology. This study explored two different applications of ionizing radiation as a metabolic remodeler and a molecular modifier to enhance the antimicrobial activity of total protein and solvent extracts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. RESULTS First, highly efficient transgenic C. reinhardtii strains expressing the plant-derived antimicrobial peptides, AtPR1 or AtTHI2.1, were developed using the radiation-inducible promoter, CrRPA70Ap. Low transgene expression was significantly improved through X-irradiation (12-50 Gy), with peak activity observed within 2 h. Protein extracts from these strains after X-irradiation showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against the prokaryotic bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae, and the eukaryotic fungus, Cryptococcus neoformans. In addition, X-irradiation (12 Gy) increased the growth and biomass of the transgenic strains. Second, C. reinhardtii cell extracts in ethanol were γ-irradiated (5-20 kGy), leading to molecular modifications and increased antimicrobial activity against the phytopathogenic bacteria, P. syringae and Burkholderia glumae, in a dose-dependent manner. These changes were associated with alterations in fatty acid composition. When both transgenic expression of antimicrobial peptides and molecular modification of bioactive substances were applied, the antimicrobial activity of C. reinhardtii cell extracts was further enhanced to some extent. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings suggest that ionizing radiation can significantly enhance the antimicrobial potential of C. reinhardtii through efficient transgene expression and molecular modification of bioactive substances, making it a valuable source of natural antimicrobial agents. Ionizing radiation can act not only as a metabolic remodeler of transgene expression in microalgae but also as a molecular modifier of the bioactive substances.
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Duan S, Kwon SJ, Jeong DY, Kim JH, Park YR, Kim CK, Kim JH, Eom SH. Antioxidant Activities in Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus) Shoots during Growth Stages and Destination of Chlorogenic Acid and Kaempferol Glycosides. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:532. [PMID: 38790637 PMCID: PMC11117515 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Apart from being utilized as a commercial fiber at maturity, kenaf shoots have potential as a food and feed source because of their diverse bioactivities. Previous studies have focused on mature stems because of their high biomass, whereas the antioxidant activities (AA) and the destination of AA contributors of kenaf stems and their high-yielding byproduct leaves during the growth stage have rarely been studied. Therefore, we investigated changes in AA and its relative components in kenaf leaves and stems during the four vital growth stages. Higher ABTS radical cation and DPPH radical scavenging abilities and ferric reducing antioxidant power, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total polysaccharide content were observed at all leaf stages and in the late stem stages. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) and kaempferol glycosides, especially kaempferitrin (Kfr), were identified as representative phenolic acids and flavonoids in both kenaf leaves and stems. The content of CGA in both leaves and stems increased corresponding to the plant's growth stage, whereas kaempferol glycosides were enhanced in leaves but declined in stems. The highest correlation was observed between TPC and AA in all organs. Further evaluation of CGA and Kfr verified that CGA was the predominant contributor to AA, surpassing Kfr. These findings suggest that kenaf leaves increase antioxidant levels as they grow and can be a useful source of stem harvesting byproducts.
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Park YR, Kwon SJ, Kim JH, Duan S, Eom SH. Light-Induced Antioxidant Phenolic Changes among the Sprouts of Lentil Cultivar. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:399. [PMID: 38671847 PMCID: PMC11047427 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lentil is a leguminous crop with a high content of health-beneficial polyphenols. Lentil sprouts are popularly consumed in fresh vegetable markets, although their phytochemical qualities are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the accumulation of phenolics in lentil sprouts in response to photosynthetic and stress light qualities, including fluorescent light (FL), red LED (RL), blue LED (BL), ultraviolet A (UV-A), and ultraviolet B (UV-B). Three lentil cultivars, Lentil Green (LG), French Green (FG), and Lentil Red (LR), were used to evaluate sprouts grown under each light condition. The adequate light intensities for enhancing the antioxidant activity of lentil sprouts were found to be 11 W/m2 under photosynthetic lights (FL, RL, BL), and 1 W/m2 under stress lights (UV-A, UV-B). Subsequently, HPLC-ESI/Q-TOF MS analysis was conducted for the quantitative analysis of the individual phenolics that were accumulated in response to light quality. Four main phenolic compounds were identified: ferulic acid, tricetin, luteolin, and kaempferol. Notably, tricetin accumulation was significantly enhanced under BL across all three lentil cultivars examined. Furthermore, the study revealed that the other phenolic compounds were highly dependent on FL, BL, or UV-B exposure, exhibiting cultivar-specific variations. Additionally, the antioxidant activities of lentil extracts indicated that BL was most effective for LG and FG cultivars, whereas FL was most effective for enhancing antioxidant activity of LR cultivars as the sprouts grew.
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Kim JM, Lee JW, Seo JS, Ha BK, Kwon SJ. Differentially Expressed Genes Related to Isoflavone Biosynthesis in a Soybean Mutant Revealed by a Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:584. [PMID: 38475431 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] isoflavones, which are secondary metabolites with various functions, are included in food, cosmetics, and medicine. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating the glycosylation and malonylation of isoflavone glycoconjugates remain unclear. In this study, we conducted an RNA-seq analysis to compare soybean genotypes with different isoflavone contents, including Danbaek and Hwanggeum (low-isoflavone cultivars) as well as DB-088 (high-isoflavone mutant). The transcriptome analysis yielded over 278 million clean reads, representing 39,156 transcripts. The analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) detected 2654 up-regulated and 1805 down-regulated genes between the low- and high-isoflavone genotypes. The putative functions of these 4459 DEGs were annotated on the basis of GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. These DEGs were further analyzed to compare the expression patterns of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and the genes encoding transcription factors. The examination of the relative expression levels of 70 isoflavone biosynthetic genes revealed the HID, IFS, UGT, and MAT expression levels were significantly up/down-regulated depending on the genotype and seed developmental stage. These expression patterns were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Moreover, a gene co-expression analysis detected potential protein-protein interactions, suggestive of common functions. The study findings provide valuable insights into the structural genes responsible for isoflavone biosynthesis and accumulation in soybean seeds.
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Park JY, Lee M, Jeong SH, Lee HK. Beagle: a near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy data processing solution for beamline experiments at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:202-207. [PMID: 37930256 PMCID: PMC10833428 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523008755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for identifying chemical bonding states at synchrotron radiation facilities. Advances in new materials require researchers in both academia and industry to measure tens to hundreds of samples during the available beam time on a synchrotron beamline, which is typically allocated to users. Automated measurement methods, along with analysis software, have been developed for beamlines. Automated measurements facilitate high-throughput experiments and accumulate vast amounts of measured spectral data. The analysis software supports various functions for analyzing the experimental data; however, these analysis methods are complicated, and learning them can be time-consuming. To process large amounts of spectral data, a new analysis software, dedicated to NEXAFS spectroscopy, that is easy to use and can provide results in a short time is desired. Herein, the development of Beagle is described, software calculating molecular orientation from NEXAFS spectroscopy data that can report results in a short time comparable with that required to measure one sample at the beamline. It was designed to progress in a single sequence from data loading to the printing of the results with a `click of a button'. The functions of the software include recognizing the dataset, correcting the background, normalizing the plot, calculating the electron yield and determining the molecular orientation. The analysis results can be saved as {\tt{.txt}} files (spectral data), {\tt{.pdf}} files (graphic images) and Origin files (spectral data and graphic images).
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Park J, Kil YS, Ryoo GH, Jin CH, Hong MJ, Kim JB, Jung CH, Nam JW, Han AR. Phytochemical profile and anti-inflammatory activity of the hull of γ-irradiated wheat mutant lines ( Triticum aestivum L.). Front Nutr 2023; 10:1334344. [PMID: 38188878 PMCID: PMC10771830 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1334344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.; Poaceae) is the second most cultivated food crop among all global cereal crop production. The high carbohydrate content of its grains provides energy, multiple nutrients, and dietary fiber. After threshing, a substantial amount of wheat hull is produced, which serves as the non-food component of wheat. For the valorization of these by-products as a new resource from which functional components can be extracted, the hull from the seeds of cultivated wheat mutant lines bred after γ-irradiation were collected. Untargeted metabolite analysis of the hull of the original cultivar (a crossbreeding cultivar., Woori-mil × D-7) and its 983 mutant lines were conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique. A total of 55 molecules were tentatively identified, including 21 compounds found in the Triticum species for the first time and 13 compounds not previously described. Among them, seven flavonolignans with a diastereomeric structure, isolated as a single compound from the hull of T. aestivum in our previous study, were used as the standards in the metabolite analysis. The differences in their collision cross-section values were shown to contribute to the clear distinction between tricine-lignan stereoisomers. To select functionally active agents with anti-inflammatory activity among the identified compounds, the wheat hull samples were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. As a result of multivariate analysis based on the results of chemical and biological profiles of the wheat hull samples, 10 metabolites were identified as key markers, contributing to the distinction between active and inactive mutant lines. Considering that one of the four key markers attributed to anti-inflammatory activity has been identified to be a flavonolignan, the wheat hull could be a valuable source of diverse tricin-lignan type compounds and used as a natural health-promoting product in food supplements.
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Chae H, Lim S, Lee T, Shin E, Suh J, Kang SH, Lee SY. Optimization of Aging Temperature and Heat-Treatment Pathways in Additively Manufactured 17-4PH Stainless Steel. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7557. [PMID: 38138699 PMCID: PMC10744755 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the tensile behaviors of additively manufactured (AM) 17-4PH stainless steels heat-treated within various temperature ranges from 400 °C to 700 °C in order to identify the effective aging temperature. Despite an aging treatment of 400-460 °C increasing the retained austenite content, an enhancement of the tensile properties was achieved without a strength-ductility trade-off owing to precipitation hardening by the Cu particles. Due to the intricate evolution of the microstructure, aging treatments above 490 °C led to a loss in yield strength and ductility. A considerable rise in strength and a decrease in ductility were brought about by the increase in the fraction of precipitation-hardened martensitic matrix in aging treatments over 640 °C. The impact of heat-treatment pathways on aging effectiveness and tensile anisotropy was then examined. Direct aging at 482 °C for an hour had hardly any effect on wrought 17-4PH, but it increased the yield strength of AM counterparts from 436-457 to 588-604 MPa. A solid-solution treatment at 1038 °C for one hour resulted in a significant drop in the austenite fraction, which led to an increase in the yield (from 436-457 to 841-919 MPa) and tensile strengths (from 1106-1127 to 1254-1256 MPa) with a sacrifice in ductility. Improved strength and ductility were realized by a solid-solution followed by an aging treatment, achieving 1371-1399 MPa. The tensile behaviors of AM 17-4PH were isotropic both parallel and perpendicular to the building direction.
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Yoon KN, Yoon YS, Hong HJ, Park JH, Song BS, Eun JB, Kim JK. Gamma irradiation delays tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ripening by inducing transcriptional changes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:6640-6653. [PMID: 37267467 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has a relatively short shelf life as a result of rapid ripening, limiting its transportability and marketability. Recently, gamma irradiation has emerged as a viable method for delaying tomato fruit ripening. Although few studies have shown that gamma irradiation delays the ripening of tomatoes, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effects of gamma irradiation on tomato fruit ripening and the underlying mechanisms using transcriptomics. RESULTS Following gamma irradiation, the total microbial count, weight loss, and decay rate of tomatoes significantly reduced during storage. Furthermore, the redness (a*), color change (∆E), and lycopene content of gamma-irradiated tomatoes decreased in a dose-dependent manner during storage. Moreover, gamma irradiation significantly upregulated the expression levels of genes associated with DNA, chloroplast, and oxidative damage repairs, whereas those of ethylene and auxin signaling-, ripening-, and cell wall metabolism-related, as well as carotenoid genes, were downregulated. CONCLUSION Gamma irradiation effectively delayed ripening by downregulating the expression of ripening-related genes and inhibiting microbial growth, which prevented decay and prolonged the shelf life of tomatoes. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Han AR, Choi E, Park J, Jo SH, Hong MJ, Kim JB, Ryoo GH, Jin CH. Comparison of Policosanol Profiles of the Sprouts of Wheat Mutant Lines and the Effect of Differential LED Lights on Selected Lines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3377. [PMID: 37836116 PMCID: PMC10574449 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Policosanols (PCs) are long-chain linear aliphatic alcohols that are present in the primary leaves of cereal crops, such as barley and wheat, sugar cane wax, and beeswax. PCs have been used as a nutraceutical for improving hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. However, the PC content in mutant wheat lines has not been investigated. To select highly functional wheat sprouts with a high content of PCs in wheat mutant lines developed via gamma-irradiated mutation breeding, we cultivated the sprouts of wheat mutant lines in a growth chamber with white LED light (6000 K) and analyzed the PC content in these samples using GC-MS. We studied the PC content in 91 wheat sprout samples: the original variety (Woori-mil × D-7; WS01), commercially available cv. Geumgang (WS87) and cv. Cheongwoo (WS91), and mutant lines (WS02-WS86 and WS88-WS90) developed from WS01 and WS87. Compared to WS01, 18 mutant lines exhibited a high total PC content (506.08-873.24 mg/100 g dry weight). Among them, the top 10 mutant lines were evaluated for their PC production after cultivating under blue (440 nm), green (520 nm), and red (660 nm) LED light irradiation; however, these colored LED lights reduced the total PC production by 35.8-49.7%, suggesting that the cultivation with white LED lights was more efficient in promoting PCs' yield, compared to different LED lights. Therefore, our findings show the potential of radiation-bred wheat varieties as functional foods against hyperlipidemia and obesity and the optimal light conditions for high PC production.
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Park J, Paudel SB, Jin CH, Lee G, Choi HI, Ryoo GH, Kil YS, Nam JW, Jung CH, Kim BR, Na MK, Han AR. Comparative Analysis of Coumarin Profiles in Different Parts of Peucedanum japonicum and Their Aldo-Keto Reductase Inhibitory Activities. Molecules 2022; 27:7391. [PMID: 36364218 PMCID: PMC9657185 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Peucedanum japonicum (Umbelliferae) is widely distributed throughout Southeast Asian countries. The root of this plant is used in traditional medicine to treat colds and pain, whereas the young leaves are considered an edible vegetable. In this study, the differences in coumarin profiles for different parts of P. japonicum including the flowers, roots, leaves, and stems were compared using ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Twenty-eight compounds were tentatively identified, including three compounds found in the genus Peucedanum for the first time. Principal component analysis using the data set of the measured mass values and intensities of the compounds exhibited distinct clustering of the flower, leaf, stem, and root samples. In addition, their anticancer activities were screened using an Aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1C1 assay on A549 human non-small-cell lung cancer cells and the flower extract inhibited AKR1C1 activity. Based on these results, seven compounds were selected as potential markers to distinguish between the flower part versus the root, stem, and leaf parts using an orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis. This study is the first to provide information on the comparison of coumarin profiles from different parts of P. japonicum as well as their AKR1C1 inhibitory activities. Taken together, the flowers of P. japonicum offer a new use related to the efficacy of overcoming anticancer drug resistance, and may be a promising source for the isolation of active lead compounds.
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Kim DG, Lyu JI, Kim JM, Seo JS, Choi HI, Jo YD, Kim SH, Eom SH, Ahn JW, Bae CH, Kwon SJ. Identification of Loci Governing Agronomic Traits and Mutation Hotspots via a GBS-Based Genome-Wide Association Study in a Soybean Mutant Diversity Pool. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10441. [PMID: 36142354 PMCID: PMC9499481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed a genotyping-by-sequencing analysis and a genome-wide association study of a soybean mutant diversity pool previously constructed by gamma irradiation. A GWAS was conducted to detect significant associations between 37,249 SNPs, 11 agronomic traits, and 6 phytochemical traits. In the merged data set, 66 SNPs on 13 chromosomes were highly associated (FDR p < 0.05) with the following 4 agronomic traits: days of flowering (33 SNPs), flower color (16 SNPs), node number (6 SNPs), and seed coat color (11 SNPs). These results are consistent with the findings of earlier studies on other genetic features (e.g., natural accessions and recombinant inbred lines). Therefore, our observations suggest that the genomic changes in the mutants generated by gamma irradiation occurred at the same loci as the mutations in the natural soybean population. These findings are indicative of the existence of mutation hotspots, or the acceleration of genome evolution in response to high doses of radiation. Moreover, this study demonstrated that the integration of GBS and GWAS to investigate a mutant population derived from gamma irradiation is suitable for dissecting the molecular basis of complex traits in soybeans.
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Kayani A, Raza MA, Raza A, Hussain T, Akram MS, Sabir A, Islam A, Haider B, Khan RU, Park SH. Effect of Varying Amount of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG-600) and 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane on the Properties of Chitosan based Reverse Osmosis Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2290. [PMID: 33668995 PMCID: PMC7956462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG-600) membranes were synthesized and crosslinked with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The main purpose of this research work is to synthesize RO membranes which can be used to provide desalinated water for drinking, industrial and agricultural purposes. Hydrogen bonding between chitosan and PEG was confirmed by displacement of the hydroxyl absorption peak at 3237 cm-1 in pure chitosan to lower values in crosslinked membranes by using FTIR. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that PEG lowers Tg of the modified membranes vs. pure chitosan from 128.5 °C in control to 120 °C in CS-PEG5. SEM results highlighted porous and anisotropic structure of crosslinked membranes. As the amount of PEG was increased, hydrophilicity of membranes was increased and water absorption increased up to a maximum of 67.34%. Permeation data showed that flux and salt rejection value of the modified membranes was increased up to a maximum of 80% and 40.4%, respectively. Modified films have antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli as compared to control membranes.
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Choi HI, Han SM, Jo YD, Hong MJ, Kim SH, Kim JB. Effects of Acute and Chronic Gamma Irradiation on the Cell Biology and Physiology of Rice Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:439. [PMID: 33669039 PMCID: PMC7996542 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The response to gamma irradiation varies among plant species and is affected by the total irradiation dose and dose rate. In this study, we examined the immediate and ensuing responses to acute and chronic gamma irradiation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Rice plants at the tillering stage were exposed to gamma rays for 8 h (acute irradiation) or 10 days (chronic irradiation), with a total irradiation dose of 100, 200, or 300 Gy. Plants exposed to gamma irradiation were then analyzed for DNA damage, oxidative stress indicators including free radical content and lipid peroxidation, radical scavenging, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that all stress indices increased immediately after exposure to both acute and chronic irradiation in a dose-dependent manner, and acute irradiation had a greater effect on plants than chronic irradiation. The photosynthetic efficiency and growth of plants measured at 10, 20, and 30 days post-irradiation decreased in irradiated plants, i.e., these two parameters were more severely affected by acute irradiation than by chronic irradiation. In contrast, acutely irradiated plants produced seeds with dramatically decreased fertility rate, and chronically irradiated plants failed to produce fertile seeds, i.e., reproduction was more severely affected by chronic irradiation than by acute irradiation. Overall, our findings suggest that acute gamma irradiation causes instantaneous and greater damage to plant physiology, whereas chronic gamma irradiation causes long-term damage, leading to reproductive failure.
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Ali I, Raza MA, Mehmood R, Islam A, Sabir A, Gull N, Haider B, Park SH, Khan RU. Novel Maleic Acid, Crosslinked, Nanofibrous Chitosan/Poly (Vinylpyrrolidone) Membranes for Reverse Osmosis Desalination. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7338. [PMID: 33020456 PMCID: PMC7582265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fresh and clean water is consistently depleting and becoming a serious problem with rapid increases in population, so seawater desalination technology has captured global attention. For an efficient desalination process, this work proposes a novel, nanofibrous, thin-film composite membrane (NF-TFC) based on the deposition of the nanofibrous active layer of a blend of chitosan (CS) and poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) crosslinked with maleic acid on a 3-triethoxysilylpropylamine functionalized cellulose acetate substrate. FTIR analysis demonstrated the development of chemical and physical interactions and confirmed the incorporation of functional groups present in the NF-TFC. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs depict the fibrous structure of the active layers. The reverse osmosis (RO) desalination characteristics of NF-TFC membranes are elevated by increasing the concentration of the crosslinker in a CS/PVP blend. Cellulose acetate (CA)-S4 attained an optimal salt rejection of 98.3% and permeation flux of 42.9 L/m2h, suggesting that the NF-TFC membranes could be favorable for seawater desalination.
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Koo N, Shin AY, Oh S, Kim H, Hong S, Park SJ, Sim YM, Byeon I, Kim KY, Lim YP, Kwon SY, Kim YM. Comprehensive analysis of Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) provides insights for lineage-specific evolution and functional divergence. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232029. [PMID: 32374732 PMCID: PMC7202613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a conserved, multifunctional protein involved in numerous cellular processes in eukaryotes. Although the functions of TCTP have been investigated sporadically in animals, invertebrates, and plants, few lineage-specific activities of this molecule, have been reported. An exception is in Arabidopsis thaliana, in which TCTP (AtTCTP1) functions in stomatal closuer by regulating microtubule stability. Further, although the development of next-generation sequencing technologies has facilitated the analysis of many eukaryotic genomes in public databases, inter-kingdom comparative analyses using available genome information are comparatively scarce. METHODOLOGY To carry out inter-kingdom comparative analysis of TCTP, TCTP genes were identified from 377 species. Then phylogenetic analysis, prediction of protein structure, molecular docking simulation and molecular dynamics analysis were performed to investigate the evolution of TCTP genes and their binding proteins. RESULTS A total of 533 TCTP genes were identified from 377 eukaryotic species, including protozoa, fungi, invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants. Phylogenetic and secondary structure analyses reveal lineage-specific evolution of TCTP, and inter-kingdom comparisons highlight the lineage-specific emergence of, or changes in, secondary structure elements in TCTP proteins from different kingdoms. Furthermore, secondary structure comparisons between TCTP proteins within each kingdom, combined with measurements of the degree of sequence conservation, suggest that TCTP genes have evolved to conserve protein secondary structures in a lineage-specific manner. Additional tertiary structure analysis of TCTP-binding proteins and their interacting partners and docking simulations between these proteins further imply that TCTP gene variation may influence the tertiary structures of TCTP-binding proteins in a lineage-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis suggests that TCTP has undergone lineage-specific evolution and that structural changes in TCTP proteins may correlate with the tertiary structure of TCTP-binding proteins and their binding partners in a lineage-specific manner.
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Baek SE, Lee GJ, Rhee CK, Rho DY, Kim DH, Huh S, Lee SK. Decreased Total Antioxidant Activity in Major Depressive Disorder Patients Non-Responsive to Antidepressant Treatment. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:222-6. [PMID: 27081384 PMCID: PMC4823199 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.2.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the total antioxidant activity (TAA) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and the effect of antidepressants on TAA using a novel potentiometric method. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with MDD and thirty-one healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The control group comprised 31 healthy individuals matched for gender, drinking and smoking status. We assessed symptoms of depression using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). We measured TAA using potentiometry. All measurements were made at baseline and four and eight weeks later. RESULTS There was a significant negative correlation between BDI scores and TAA. TAA was significantly lower in the MDD group than in controls. When the MDD group was subdivided into those who showed clinical response to antidepressant therapy (response group) and those who did not (non-response group), only the non-response group showed lower TAA, while the response group showed no significant difference to controls at baseline. After eight weeks of antidepressant treatment, TAA in both the response and non-response groups was similar, and there was no significant difference among the three groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the response to antidepressant treatment in MDD patients might be predicted by measuring TAA.
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