Microbes as a tool for the bioremediation of fish waste from the environment and the production of value-added compounds: a review

Fish are the most edible protein source worldwide and generate several remnants such as scales, viscera, head, bone, and skin. Fish wastes are not disposed of properly, which adversely affects the environment, especially the water bodies where fish processing industries dispose of their waste. Fish waste mainly contains nitrogen, oil, fat, salts, heavy metals, and organic compounds, which increase the biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Fish waste can degrade in various ways, such as physicochemical or by enzymatic action, but using microbes is an environmentally friendly approach that can provide valuable compounds such as products such as collagen, chitin, minerals, and fish protein concentrates. This review is designed to focus on the suitability of microbes as tools for fish waste degradation and the production of certain associated. This study also provides insight into the production of other compounds such as protease, chitinase, and chitin applicability of these products. After processing, fish waste as a microbial growth media for enzyme production since microorganisms synthesize enzymes such as proteases, protein hydrolysates, lipids, and chitinase, which have broader applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, biomedical material, and food processing industries.

Facile construction of an anthracene-decorated highly luminescent coordination polymer for the selective detection of explosive nitroaromatics and the mutagenic pollutant TNP

Explosive nitroaromatic compounds (epNACs) are a group of chemicals that have caused significant human casualties through terrorist attacks and they also pose health risks. For the benefit of homeland security and environmental health, there is room for advancing research on the precise detection of epNACs. Coordination polymers (CPs) successfully serve this purpose because of their binding abilities and quenching capabilities. In this regard, a one-dimensional (1D) CP [Zn(bdc)(avp)2(H2O)]n (1; H2bdc = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid and avp = 4-[2-(9-anthryl)vinyl]pyridine) was synthesized, which remarkably demonstrated extremely efficient ratiometric and selective sensing capacity toward epNACs and the mutagenic pollutant 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) with a quick response. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provided a thorough analysis of the mechanistic routes behind the quenching reaction. Herein, geometrically accessible interaction sites were strategically decorated using anthracene moieties, allowing the quick and precise detection of explosive nitro derivatives and the carcinogenic pollutant TNP with increased sensitivity.

Melanin production and laccase mediated oxidative stress alleviation during fungal-fungal interaction among basidiomycete fungi

Fungal-fungal interaction often leads to the change in metabolite profile of both the interacting fungus which may have potential implication in industry or agriculture. In the present study, we performed two sets of fungal-fungal interaction-Trametes coccinea (F3) with Leiotrametes lactinea (F9) and T. coccinea (F3) with T. versicolor (F1) to understand the changes in the metabolite profile during the interaction process and how this process impacts the hyphal/mycelial morphology of the participating fungi. The metabolites produced during interaction of T. coccinea (F3) with L. lactinea (F9) and T. coccinea (F3) with T. versicolor (F1) was analysed through liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Most of the metabolites secreted or produced during interaction are associated with defensive response. Further, visualization with scanning electron microscopy revealed that interaction between the tested fungi led to the changes in the hyphal morphology. The bipartite fungal interaction resulted in the production of a dark brown colour pigment-melanin as confirmed by the LC-MS, FTIR and NMR analysis. Moreover, the fungal-fungal interaction also led to increase in the production of laccase, a group of multicopper oxidases involved in detoxification of toxic compounds. Further, increased activity of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide was also recorded during fungal-fungal interaction. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed upregulation of lcc1 (encoding a laccase enzyme) and few other stress related genes of T. versicolor during its hyphal interaction with T. coccinea, suggesting a direct correlation between laccase production and melanin production.