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Takahashi Y, Bosmans KC, Hsu PK, Paul K, Seitz C, Yeh CY, Wang YS, Yarmolinsky D, Sierla M, Vahisalu T, McCammon JA, Kangasjärvi J, Zhang L, Kollist H, Trac T, Schroeder JI. Stomatal CO 2/bicarbonate sensor consists of two interacting protein kinases, Raf-like HT1 and non-kinase-activity requiring MPK12/MPK4. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabq6161. [PMID: 36475789 PMCID: PMC9728965 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq6161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The continuing rise in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration causes stomatal closing, thus critically affecting transpirational water loss, photosynthesis, and plant growth. However, the primary CO2 sensor remains unknown. Here, we show that elevated CO2 triggers interaction of the MAP kinases MPK4/MPK12 with the HT1 protein kinase, thus inhibiting HT1 kinase activity. At low CO2, HT1 phosphorylates and activates the downstream negatively regulating CBC1 kinase. Physiologically relevant HT1-mediated phosphorylation sites in CBC1 are identified. In a genetic screen, we identify dominant active HT1 mutants that cause insensitivity to elevated CO2. Dominant HT1 mutants abrogate the CO2/bicarbonate-induced MPK4/12-HT1 interaction and HT1 inhibition, which may be explained by a structural AlphaFold2- and Gaussian-accelerated dynamics-generated model. Unexpectedly, MAP kinase activity is not required for CO2 sensor function and CO2-triggered HT1 inhibition and stomatal closing. The presented findings reveal that MPK4/12 and HT1 together constitute the long-sought primary stomatal CO2/bicarbonate sensor upstream of the CBC1 kinase in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Takahashi
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.T.); (J.I.S.)
| | - Krystal C. Bosmans
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Po-Kai Hsu
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Karnelia Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Christian Seitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chung-Yueh Yeh
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Yuh-Shuh Wang
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Dmitry Yarmolinsky
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Maija Sierla
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Triin Vahisalu
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - J. Andrew McCammon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Thien Trac
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
- Corresponding author. (Y.T.); (J.I.S.)
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