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Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has impacted millions of people and the global economy. Tourism has been one the most affected economic sectors because of the mobility restrictions established by governments and uncoordinated actions from origin and destination regions. The coordination of restrictions and reopening policies could help control the spread of virus and enhance economies, but this is not an easy endeavor since touristic companies, citizens, and local governments have conflicting interests. We propose an evolutionary game model that reflects a collective risk dilemma behind these decisions. To this aim, we represent regions as players, organized in groups; and consider the perceived risk as a strict lock-down and null economic activity. The costs for regions when restricting their mobility are heterogeneous, given that the dependence on tourism of each region is diverse. Our analysis shows that, for both large populations and the EU NUTS2 case study, the existence of heterogeneous costs enhances global agreements. Furthermore, the decision on how to group regions to maximize the regions' agreement of the population is a relevant issue for decision makers to consider. We find out that a layout of groups based on similar costs of cooperation boosts the regions' agreements and avoid the risk of having a total lock-down and a negligible tourism activity. These findings can guide policy makers to facilitate agreements among regions to maximize the tourism recovery.
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Grants
- A-TIC-284-UGR18 Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía (Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment, Government of Andalucia)
- PGC2018-101216-B-I00 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness)
- P18-TP-4475 Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Junta de Andalucía (Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment, Government of Andalucia)
- COVID-19-04 Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria)
- COVID-19-04 Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria)
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Chica
- Andalusian Research Institute DaSCI "Data Science and Computational Intelligence", University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Juan M Hernández
- Department of Quantitative Methods in Economics and Management, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, 35017, Spain
- TIDES Institute for Sustainable Tourism and Economic Development, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, 35017, Spain
| | - Jacques Bulchand-Gidumal
- TIDES Institute for Sustainable Tourism and Economic Development, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, 35017, Spain
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Arregui M, Fernández A, Paz-Sánchez Y, Santana Á, Sacchini S, Sierra E, Arbelo M, de Quirós YB. Comparison of Three Histological Techniques for Fat Emboli Detection in Lung Cetacean's Tissue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8251. [PMID: 32427895 PMCID: PMC7237497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat embolism is the mechanical blockage of blood vessels by circulating fat particles. It is frequently related to traumas involving soft tissues and fat-containing bones. Different techniques have been used for decades to demonstrate histologically fat emboli, being the extremely toxic post-fixation with osmium tetroxide one of the most used techniques in the last decades. In the present study, the osmium tetroxide technique was compared qualitatively and quantitatively, for the first time, with chromic acid and Oil Red O frozen techniques for histological fat emboli detection in the lungs of eight sperm whales that died due to ship strikes. This was also the first time that chromic acid technique was tested in cetaceans. Results showed that the three techniques were valuable for the histological detection of fat embolism in cetaceans, even when tissues presented advanced autolysis and had been stored in formaldehyde for years. Although quantitative differences could not be established, the Oil Red O frozen technique showed the lowest quality for fat emboli staining. On the contrary, the chromic acid technique was proven to be a good alternative to osmium tetroxide due to its slightly lower toxicity, its equivalent or even superior capacity of fat emboli detection, and its significantly lower economic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Arregui
- Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmontaña, s/n, 35413, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmontaña, s/n, 35413, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Yania Paz-Sánchez
- Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmontaña, s/n, 35413, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Ángelo Santana
- Department of Mathematics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Campus de Tafira s/n, 35017, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Simona Sacchini
- Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmontaña, s/n, 35413, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Eva Sierra
- Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmontaña, s/n, 35413, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Manuel Arbelo
- Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmontaña, s/n, 35413, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Yara Bernaldo de Quirós
- Atlantic Cetacean Research Center, Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmontaña, s/n, 35413, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
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