Ultrasound-guided Shoulder Intraarticular Ozone Injection Versus Pulsed Radiofrequency Application for Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

A diseased shoulder due to pain, stiffness, or weakness negatively affects patients' quality of life and their ability to carry out activities of daily living. Adhesive capsulitis is a disease characterized by shoulder pain and global limitation of movement in the shoulder joint. Many interventions have been proposed for the treatment of primary adhesive capsulitis. The current study compares the effect of ultrasound-guided intraarticular injection of ozone versus steroid versus intraarticular application of pulsed radiofrequency.

OBJECTIVES

The primary outcome of the current study was to compare the improvement in the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) after the 3 treatment modalities. The secondary outcomes included functional improvement measured by the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) and level of inflammatory biomarkers measured by serum intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP).

STUDY DESIGN

The current study is a prospective, double blinded, randomized controlled trial. We employed a double blinding technique for both the patients and the outcome assessors.

SETTING

Our study was carried out at the Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt, after approval of the local ethical committee (IORG0008812). The study was registered in the "clinical trials library for protocol registration and results system" with number NCT04724317.The study included 45 patients with a diagnosis of primary adhesive capsulitis.

METHODS

Patients were randomly assigned to 3 equal groups: steroid group, ozone group, and pulsed radiofrequency group. Pain and global shoulder functions were assessed using the VAS at rest and with movement, range of motion (ROM), and the SPADI. Moreover, ICAM-1 and hs-CRP were measured as inflammatory markers.

RESULTS

The results of the current study reveal that all patients in all groups have had a statistically significant improvement after their intervention regarding pain, disability, ROM, and inflammatory markers. Pairwise comparisons revealed that improvement of the VAS during movement had a statistically significant improvement starting from the second week and continuing to the fourth and eighth week. VAS during rest had a significant improvement starting from follow-up week one in the steroid group. Moreover, improvement in the ROM and SPADI scores started from the second week follow-up. Percent improvement was calculated for each group and there was a statistically significant difference between groups in VAS at rest and ROM in the pulsed radiofrequency group compared to the steroid group.Regarding inflammatory markers, both ICAM-1 and hs-CRP had a significant improvement after all 3 interventions with no statistically significant difference among the groups.

LIMITATIONS

This study is a single-center study. A shortage of previously published data, and heterogeneity in the published methodology of the 3 interventions limited our discussion data for comparison with the previous literature.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasound-guided shoulder joint intraarticular injection of steroid, ozone, or pulsed radiofrequency application all result in a significant improvement in pain, disability, and ROM in primary adhesive capsulitis. They can be used as an effective treatment modality for this condition. Comparing groups statistically, the pulsed radiofrequency group had a more delayed, but statistically better long-term improvement compared to the other 2 groups.

The Utilization of Radiofrequency Techniques for Upper Extremity Pain Management

BACKGROUND

In the 1990s, radiofrequency ablation emerged as a novel therapeutic approach tool for pain alleviation that did not result in neurological harm. Radiofrequency techniques are emerging methods as a possible option for upper extremity pain management. Furthermore, joint pain can result from multiple etiologies, and the management can differ based on what joint is affected. With the various management methods available to treat joint pain, radiofrequency ablation could be an effective, minimally invasive, promising intervention.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to review the current and historical uses of radiofrequency in upper extremity pain compared to other management methods and to address the utilization of radiofrequency in upper extremity pain management.

STUDY DESIGN

This is a narrative review of relevant studies on using radiofrequency techniques in upper extremity pain management.

METHODS

On June 26, 2022, Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, ERIC, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for relevant literature documenting the use of radiofrequency techniques in treating upper extremity pain. The terms "radiofrequency," "pain," "upper extremity," "shoulder," "elbow," and "wrist" were used, resulting in 61 studies fitting the inclusion criteria. A narrative review was then undertaken.

RESULTS

Radiofrequency ablation and its techniques are among the contemporary medical procedures that could be cost-effective solutions for patients suffering from chronic and postoperative pain. Its utilization for shoulder-related pain has been frequently studied, as it showed significant improvement with a high satisfaction rate as a solo procedure. When compared to intraarticular corticosteroid injections or local anesthetics, it was found to be more effective than local anesthetics. Although it did not appear superior to intraarticular corticosteroid injections, it had the advantage of infrequent repeat treatment. By comparison, studies involving the elbow and wrist showed promising results but were not as thorough as studies on the shoulder. Therefore, considering the possible side effects and complications, caution is warranted.

LIMITATIONS

The paucity of articles available on its application to the elbow and wrist joints. More articles are necessary for the generalizability of the results.

CONCLUSION

Radiofrequency techniques are a promising, minimally invasive procedure for controlling upper extremity pain. More studies on the topic, especially on elbow and wrist pain, are warranted for the generalizability of the results.

Ultrasound Imaging, Guidance, and Treatment for Shoulder-related Pain Syndrome: A Bibliometric Analysis

BACKGROUND

Ultrasound imaging is shown to be superior to other imaging tools for the evaluation of shoulder disorders in a primary care settings. In addition to its diagnostic utility, ultrasound diathermy is useful as a deep heat modality for the management of shoulder pain.

OBJECTIVE AND STUDY DESIGN

In this study, we analyzed the bibliometric data of publications that have focused on ultrasound imaging/therapy for shoulder-related pain syndrome.

METHODS

We searched the Web of Science (WoS) database for articles published between January 1, 1976, and June 24, 2022. The CiteSpace Version 6.1R2 software was used to analyze publication output, authoritative journals/countries/institutions/authors, keywords, references, and citations.

RESULTS

We analyzed 1185 articles in this study and observed a significant trend of an increase in publications per year (beta coefficient 1.8165, R2 = 0.7519, P < 0.001). The maximum number of relevant citations was identified in 2009, and these declined in subsequent years. The Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, the United States of America, and the League of European Research Universities were identified as the journal, country, and institution with the highest number of publications, respectively. Keyword analysis revealed that "ultrasonography" showed the strongest citation bursts, followed by "arthroscopic findings" and "painful shoulders."

LIMITATIONS

We only analyzed publications indexed in the WoS because most indicators required for bibliometric analysis can be efficiently extracted from its website.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights a significant trend of an increase in the number of publications focused on ultrasound imaging for shoulder-related pain syndrome. Ultrasound was shown to be a highly popular imaging modality among health care practitioners for the evaluation of shoulder disorders. Randomized controlled trials and state-of-the-art reviews are warranted to boost the citation count and conclusively establish the role of ultrasound applications in patients with shoulder pain syndrome.

Comparison Between Corticosteroid Injection Into Coracohumeral Ligament and Inferior Glenohumeral Capsule and Corticosteroid Injection Into Posterior Glenohumeral Recess in Adhesive Capsulitis: A Prospective Randomized Trial

BACKGROUND

For managing symptoms of adhesive capsulitis (AC), corticosteroid injection is typically conducted under the guidance of ultrasound via posterior glenohumeral recess (PGHR). It has been reported that pathologies such as inflammation and edema are most commonly observed in the coracohumeral ligament (CHL) and anterior and inferior joint capsules. We compared the therapeutic effects of corticosteroid injection into the CHL and inferior glenohumeral capsule (IGHC) with those of corticosteroid injection into PGHR in patients with AC.

METHODS

One hundred twenty consecutive patients with AC were included in this study and randomly allocated to either the CHL + IGHC group (n = 60) or the PGHR group (n = 60). Patients in both groups received 3 injections at 2 week intervals. After the first injection, if the patient's shoulder pain showed satisfactory improvement, further injections were not administered. The therapeutic effect was measured at 2 and 4 months after the first injection. Pain intensity was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS). Additionally, the passive range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint (abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation) was measured.

RESULTS

VAS scores and ROM of abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation improved at follow-up evaluation in both groups (P < 0.05) (CHL and IGHC: VAS, pre-treatment = 6.5 ± 0.5, 2 months = 2.1 ± 0.8, 4 months = 1.4 ± 0.6; ROM-abduction, pre-treatment = 131.3° ± 16.4°, 2 months = 162.4° ± 8.2°, 4 months = 176.2° ± 5.6°; ROM-external rotation, pre-treatment = 31.6° ± 16.9°, 2 months = 67.2° ± 11.1°, 4 months = 81.3° ± 12.1°, ROM-internal rotation, pre-treatment = 6.2 ± 2.2, 2 months = 4.0 ± 2.2, 4 months = 2.7 ± 1.2; PGHR: VAS, pre-treatment = 6.5 ± 0.5°, 2 months = 3.9 ± 1.1, 4 months = 2.1 ± 1.1; ROM-abduction, pre-treatment = 132.1° ± 9.5°, 2 months = 145.5° ± 11.7°, 4 months = 167.4° ± 11.2°; ROM-external rotation, pre-treatment = 32.4° ± 13.4°, 2 months = 49.3° ± 13.2°, 4 months = 72.7° ± 18.0°, ROM-internal rotation, pre-treatment = 6.3 ± 1.4, 2 months = 5.4 ± 0.8, 4 months = 3.6 ± 1.0). However, the improvements were greater in patients who received corticosteroid injection into the CHL and IGHC compared to that into the PGHR at 2 and 4 months after the initiation of the treatment (P < 0.05).

LIMITATIONS

Long-term therapeutic outcomes were not investigated, and the therapeutic effect of corticosteroid injection into the CHL and IGHC was not compared with placebo injection.

CONCLUSION

Corticosteroid injection into the CHL and IGHC might be a better treatment alternative for patients with AC.