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Li W, Su Y, Guo J, Wang M, Liu X. Generation of Organoids and Analysis of Ferroptosis in Organoids. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2712:117-133. [PMID: 37578701 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3433-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a unique form of iron-dependent cell death induced by lipid peroxidation and subsequent plasma membrane rupture, which sets it apart from other types of regulated cell death. Ferroptosis has been linked to a diverse range of biological processes, such as aging, immunity, and cancer. Organoids, on the other hand, are three-dimensional (3D) miniaturized model systems of different organs in vitro cultures, which have gained widespread interest for modeling tissue development and disease, drug screening, and cell therapy. Organoids offer tremendous potential for improving our understanding of human diseases, particularly in the search for the field of ferroptosis in pathological processes of organs. Furthermore, cancer organoids are utilized to investigate molecular mechanisms and drug screening in vitro due to the anti-tumor effect of ferroptosis. Currently, the development of liver organoids has reached a relatively mature stage. Here, we present the protocols for the generation of liver organoids and liver cancer organoids, along with the methods for detecting ferroptosis in organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingguo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Zeng Y, Jin RU. Molecular pathogenesis, targeted therapies, and future perspectives for gastric cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:566-582. [PMID: 34933124 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major source of global cancer mortality with limited treatment options and poor patient survival. As our molecular understanding of gastric cancer improves, we are now beginning to recognize that these cancers are a heterogeneous group of diseases with incredibly unique pathogeneses and active oncogenic pathways. It is this molecular diversity and oftentimes lack of common oncogenic driver mutations that bestow the poor treatment responses that oncologists often face when treating gastric cancer. In this review, we will examine the treatments for gastric cancer including up-to-date molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies. We will then review the molecular subtypes of gastric cancer to highlight the diversity seen in this disease. We will then shift our discussion to basic science and gastric cancer mouse models as tools to study gastric cancer molecular heterogeneity. Furthermore, we will elaborate on a molecular process termed paligenosis and the cyclical hit model as key events during gastric cancer initiation that impart nondividing mature differentiated cells the ability to re-enter the cell cycle and accumulate disparate genomic mutations during years of chronic inflammation and injury. As our basic science understanding of gastric cancer advances, so too must our translational and clinical efforts. We will end with a discussion regarding single-cell molecular analyses and cancer organoid technologies as future translational avenues to advance our understanding of gastric cancer heterogeneity and to design precision-based gastric cancer treatments. Elucidation of interpatient and intratumor heterogeneity is the only way to advance future cancer prevention, diagnoses and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Zeng
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Ramon U Jin
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
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D'Angelo A, Shibata K, Tokunaga M, Furutani-Seiki M, Bagby S. Generation of murine tumour-reactive T cells by co-culturing murine pancreatic cancer organoids and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101365. [PMID: 36237445 PMCID: PMC9552097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is commonly diagnosed at a late stage and becomes resistant to several treatments. Significant clinical effects have been reported for cancer immunotherapies on a subset of patients diagnosed with epithelial cancers. Cancer organoid co-culture with autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes offers an innovative immunotherapeutic approach that is increasingly being tested, although there is a lack of cutting-edge platforms enabling the investigation of cancer-T cell interactions for individual patients. In this study, a pancreatic cancer organoid culture from a genetically engineered pancreatic cancer murine model was established and co-cultured with autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes to induce a tumour-specific T cell response to pancreatic cancer. Co-culturing autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes with cancer organoids can be an effective strategy to enrich tumour-reactive T cells from the peripheral blood of murine models; this approach could potentially be transferred to humans. Co-culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes and cancer organoids could provide an unbiased approach to evaluating the sensitivity of tumour cells to T cell-mediated priming on an individual patient level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto D'Angelo
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom,Corresponding author.
| | - Kensuke Shibata
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Yamaguchi, Ube, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tokunaga
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Yamaguchi, Ube, Japan
| | | | - Stefan Bagby
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Li H, Liu H, Chen K. Living biobank-based cancer organoids: prospects and challenges in cancer research. Cancer Biol Med 2022; 19:j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0621. [PMID: 35856555 PMCID: PMC9334762 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanks bridge the gap between basic and translational research. Traditional cancer biobanks typically contain normal and tumor tissues, and matched blood. However, biospecimens in traditional biobanks are usually nonrenewable. In recent years, increased interest has focused on establishing living biobanks, including organoid biobanks, for the collection and storage of viable and functional tissues for long periods of time. The organoid model is based on a 3D in vitro cell culture system, is highly similar to primary tissues and organs in vivo, and can recapitulate the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of target organs. Publications on cancer organoids have recently increased, and many types of cancer organoids have been used for modeling cancer processes, as well as for drug discovery and screening. On the basis of the current research status, more exploration of cancer organoids through technical advancements is required to improve reproducibility and scalability. Moreover, given the natural characteristics of organoids, greater attention must be paid to ethical considerations. Here, we summarize recent advances in cancer organoid biobanking research, encompassing rectal, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and glioblastoma cancers. Living cancer biobanks that contain cancerous tissues and matched organoids with different genetic backgrounds, subtypes, and individualized characteristics will eventually contribute to the understanding of cancer and ultimately facilitate the development of innovative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Li
- Cancer Biobank, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Hongkun Liu
- Cancer Biobank, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology of Tianjin, Tianjin 300060, China
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Abstract
Cancer heterogeneity is regarded as the main reason for the failure of conventional cancer therapy. The ability to reconstruct intra- and interpatient heterogeneity in cancer models is crucial for understanding cancer biology as well as for developing personalized anti-cancer therapy. Cancer organoids represent an emerging approach for creating patient-derived in vitro cancer models that closely recapitulate the pathophysiological features of natural tumorigenesis and metastasis. Meanwhile, cancer organoids have recently been utilized in the discovery of personalized anti-cancer therapy and prognostic biomarkers. Further, the synergistic combination of cancer organoids with organ-on-a-chip and 3D bioprinting presents a new avenue in the development of more sophisticated and optimized model systems to recapitulate complex cancer-stroma or multiorgan metastasis. Here, we summarize the recent advances in cancer organoids from a perspective of the in vitro emulation of natural cancer evolution and the applications in personalized cancer theranostics. We also discuss the challenges and trends in reconstructing more comprehensive cancer models for basic and clinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
| | - Pu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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Broekgaarden M, Anbil S, Bulin AL, Obaid G, Mai Z, Baglo Y, Rizvi I, Hasan T. Modulation of redox metabolism negates cancer-associated fibroblasts-induced treatment resistance in a heterotypic 3D culture platform of pancreatic cancer. Biomaterials 2019; 222:119421. [PMID: 31494503 PMCID: PMC6934357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The complex interplay between cancer cells and their microenvironment remains a major challenge in the design and optimization of treatment strategies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Recent investigations have demonstrated that mechanistically distinct combination therapies hold promise for treatment of PDAC, but effective clinical translation requires more accurate models that account for the abundant tumor-stroma and its influence on cancer growth, metabolism and treatment insensitivity. In this study, a modular 3D culture model that comprised PDAC cells and patient-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) was developed to assess the effects of PDAC-CAF interactions on treatment efficacies. Using newly-developed high-throughput imaging and image analysis tools, it was found that CAFs imparted a notable and statistically significant resistance to oxaliplatin chemotherapy and benzoporphyrin derivative-mediated photodynamic therapy, which associated with increased levels of basal oxidative metabolism. Increased treatment resistance and redox states were similarly observed in an orthotopic xenograft model of PDAC in which cancer cells and CAFs were co-implanted in mice. Combination therapies of oxaliplatin and PDT with the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor metformin overcame CAF-induced treatment resistance. The findings underscore that heterotypic microtumor culture models recapitulate metabolic alterations stemming from tumor-stroma interactions. The presented infrastructure can be adapted with disease-specific cell types and is compatible with patient-derived tissues to enable personalized screening and optimization of new metabolism-targeted treatment regimens for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mans Broekgaarden
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sriram Anbil
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The University of Texas School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Bulin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Girgis Obaid
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhiming Mai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Baglo
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA.
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