Protective action of Crateva nurvala Buch. Ham extracts against renal ischaemia reperfusion injury in rats via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Crateva nurvala stem bark is commonly used in Ayruveda in treatment of many renal injuries, e.g., urinary lithiasis, diuretic and nephroprotective. However, its protective effect against renal ischaemia/reperfusion, the major cause of acute kidney injury, has never been studied. Moreover, no comprehensive chemical profiling of its extracts was recorded.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Assessment of the protective effect of the plant extracts against renal ischaemia/reperfusion and elucidation of the possible mechanism of action. Then, to determine its bioactive constituents using modern UPLC-HRMS technique.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Unilateral ischaemia was induced by clamping the left renal artery for 1h then reperfusion for 24h. Rats were divided in 4 groups: i) sham-operated group, ii) ischaemia/reperfusion, I/R group, iii) I/R protected by previous administration of Crateva leaves extract, CLE group and iv) I/R protected by previous administration of Crateva bark extract, CBE group. At the end of reperfusion, blood samples were analyzed for renal function biomarkers. Kidneys were examined histopathologically and their homogenates were used in determining the intracellular levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptosis markers.

RESULTS

Leaves and bark extracts attenuated the deleterious effects of I/R apparent in reducing LDH, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. The extracts reduced the oxidative stress by replenishing the glutathione levels and Nrf2 factor levels. Moreover, extracts decreased levels of pro-inflammatory TNF-α, NF-κβ and IL-6; which ultimately resulted in reducing the pro-apoptotic caspase-3. Bark and leave extracts have quite similar chemical profile where 42 compounds of various chemical classes were identified. Flavonoids are the major class of the bioactive phytochemicals CONCLUSION: C. nurvala extracts had effectively ameliorated the deleterious effects of renal I/R by mainly counteracting oxidative stress and presumably inflammation. Consequently, it can be used as a complementary treatment with other agents. In this aspect, leaves stand as a sustainable alternative to bark. The presented chemical profiling can be used in future standardization and quality control of the drug.

Antidiabetic activity of Crateva nurvala stem bark extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Crateva nurvala stem bark (family: Capparidaceae) extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. A comparison was made between the action of different extracts of C. nurvala and a known antidiabetic drug glibenclamide (600 μg/kg b. wt.). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also performed in diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods:

The petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, and aqueous extracts of C. nurvala stem bark were obtained by simple maceration method and were subjected to standardization by following pharmacognostical and phytochemical screening methods. Dose selection was made on the basis of acute oral toxicity study (50–5000 mg/kg b. wt.) as per Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines.

Results and Conclusions:

C. nurvala petroleum ether extract (CNPEE) and ethanolic extract (CNEE) showed significant (P< 0.001) antidiabetic activities. In alloxan-induced model, blood glucose level of these extracts on seventh day of study were CNPEE (126.33±13.703 mg/dl) and CNEE (126.66±13.012 mg/dl) when compared with diabetic control (413.50±4.752 mg/dl) and chloroform extract (320.83±13.516 mg/dl). In OGGT model (glucose loaded rats), CNPEE showed a glucose level of 178.83±3.070 mg/dl after 30 min and 131.66±2.486 mg/dl after 90 min, whereas CNEE showed 173.66±4.224 mg/dl after 30 min and 115.50±3.394 mg/dl after 90 min. These extracts also prevented body weight loss in diabetic rats. The drug has the potential to act as an antidiabetic drug.