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Klaus F, Paterna JC, Marzorati E, Sigrist H, Götze L, Schwendener S, Bergamini G, Jehli E, Azzinnari D, Fuertig R, Fontana A, Seifritz E, Pryce CR. Differential effects of peripheral and brain tumor necrosis factor on inflammation, sickness, emotional behavior and memory in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:310-326. [PMID: 27515532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) is increased in depression and clinical-trial evidence indicates that blocking peripheral TNF has some antidepressant efficacy. In rodents, peripheral or intracerebroventricular TNF results in sickness e.g. reduced body weight, altered emotional behavior and impaired memory. However, the underlying pathways and responsible brain regions are poorly understood. The aim of this mouse study was to increase understanding by comparing the effects of sustained increases in TNF in the circulation, in brain regions impacted by increased circulating TNF, or specific brain regions. Increased peripheral TNF achieved by repeated daily injection (IP-TNF) or osmotic pump resulted in decreased body weight, decreased saccharin (reward) consumption, and increased memory of an aversive conditioned stimulus. These effects co-occurred with increased plasma interleukin-6 and increased IP-derived TNF in brain peri-ventricular regions. An adenovirus-associated viral TNF vector (AAV-TNF) was constructed, brain injection of which resulted in dose-dependent, sustained and region-specific TNF expression, and was without effect on blood cytokine levels. Lateral ventricle AAV-TNF yielded increased TNF in the same brain regions as IP-TNF. In contrast to IP-TNF it was without effect on body weight, saccharin consumption and fear memory, although it did increase anxiety. Hippocampal AAV-TNF led to decreased body weight. It increased conditioning to but not subsequent memory of an aversive context, suggesting impaired consolidation; it also increased anxiety. Amygdala AAV-TNF was without effect on body weight and aversive stimulus learning-memory, but reduced saccharin consumption and increased anxiety. This study adds significantly to the evidence that both peripheral and brain region-specific increases in TNF lead to both sickness and depression- and anxiety disorder-relevant behavior and do so via different pathways. It thereby highlights the complexity in terms of indirect and direct pathways via which increased TNF can act and which need to be taken into account when considering it as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Klaus
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Paterna
- Viral Vector Facility, Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Marzorati
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Sigrist
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lea Götze
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Giorgio Bergamini
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Jehli
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Damiano Azzinnari
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Fuertig
- CNS Diseases Research Germany, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Adriano Fontana
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Inflammation and Sickness Behaviour, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher R Pryce
- Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kurosawa N, Shimizu K, Seki K. The development of depression-like behavior is consolidated by IL-6-induced activation of locus coeruleus neurons and IL-1β-induced elevated leptin levels in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1725-37. [PMID: 26385227 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many studies have supported the cytokine hypothesis as the underlying pathophysiology of depressive disorder. OBJECTIVES We previously reported that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behavior is abrogated by the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin. Since cytokines are involved in LPS effects on the brain, we investigated the effects of cytokines on noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) and whether central α1-adrenoceptors can cause the development of depression-like behavior. METHODS Adult male CD1 mice were treated with LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline and sacrificed 2 h later for immunofluorescence studies of c-fos and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in LC neurons. Serum cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Another group of mice were implanted with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) cannulae and given artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (control), interleukin (IL)-1β (0.5 μg), IL-6 (1 μg), or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (1 μg), and sacrificed 2 h later for c-fos and TH immunofluorescence analysis. Serum samples were analyzed for leptin levels. In addition, tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST), and sucrose preference (SP) test were conducted in a separate group of mice treated i.c.v. with cytokines, recombinant mouse leptin (5 μg) or phenylephrine (40 μg). These effects were countered by i.c.v. administration of prazosin and a leptin antagonist. RESULTS LPS increased c-fos expression in TH-positive neurons. Central administration of IL-6 and IL-1β increased c-fos immunoreactivity and serum leptin levels. Phenylephrine, an α1-adrenoceptor agonist, given i.c.v., increased the immobility time during FST and decreased SP, but had no effect on TST. Central leptin administration increased immobility time during FST but did not affect TST or SP. The combination of phenylephrine and leptin increased immobility time during FST and TST, and decreased SP. Induction of depression-like behavior by co-administration of IL-1β and IL-6 was prevented by pretreatment with prazosin alone. CONCLUSION These results suggest that IL-6-dependent LC neuronal activation induced depression-like behavior and IL-1β-induced increase in leptin levels enhanced α1-adrenoceptor-mediated depression-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Kurosawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan
| | - Koh Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Seki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan.
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