The effects of drying methods and harvest season on piperine, essential oil composition, and multi-elemental composition of black pepper

This study aimed to evaluate the piperine content, essential oil composition, and multi-elemental composition of black pepper samples according to different drying methods and harvest season. Differences in essential oil composition and B, Ca, K, Mg, and S were noted according to sampling campaign, indicating secondary metabolism plant alterations. Mechanical drying resulted in essential oil composition changes due to high temperature exposure during processing. Increases in Fe and Cr contents when employing mechanical dryers with direct heating were also observed, due to direct contact with metallic structures and particulate material from the burning process. The As and Pb contents of several samples were higher than the maximum permissible limits, reaching 0.46 and 0.56 mg kg^-1, respectively, thus surpassing legislation safety limitations for human consumption.

Physico-chemical, nutritional, and anti-inflammatory properties of processed Garcinia pedunculata fruit: A combined in vitro and in silico approach

This study aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical, nutritional, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of Garcinia pedunculata fruit powders obtained from different drying methods to explore their potential use in health-promoting functional foods. The fruits were processed at mature and ripe stages. Molecular modeling studies were also performed to find effective inhibitors from G. pedunculata fruit against inflammatory targets. Among the drying methods, the hot-air oven drying method was found to be most effective in reducing moisture content and water activity, while freeze-drying resulted in better color retention and the highest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The mature fruit powders showed better results than the ripe fruit powders in most of the analyzed parameters, such as lowest moisture content (13.87 %) and water activity (0.477 aw) indicating better shelf life, highest TPC (9.58 mg GAE/g), TFC (5.05 mg QE/g), antioxidant (IC50: 300.02 µg/mL), and anti-inflammatory (IC50:163.46 µg/mL) activities. The processed fruit powders had high levels of crude fiber (5.95-10.18 %) and good amounts of minerals (Na, Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu). The molecular modeling studies revealed that the compounds garcinol and isogarcinol exhibited the highest binding affinities (-9.6 kcal/mol and -8.8 kcal/mol, respectively) and stability against the target Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) responsible for inflammation compared to other compounds. Moreover, these compounds exhibited better pharmacokinetic qualities and may serve as promising bioactive components for preventing inflammation-related diseases. The findings underscored the promising potential of G. pedunculata powders as a viable active ingredient in functional foods with anti-inflammatory properties.