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Kawanishi N, Kinoshita Y, Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Cullinane A, Nemoto M. Performance of a microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit for equine influenza virus antigen detection. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 131:104956. [PMID: 37879453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) infection is one of the most important respiratory diseases in the equine industry around the world. Rapid diagnosis, facilitated by point-of-care testing, is essential to implement movement restrictions and control disease outbreaks. This study evaluated a microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit, which detects influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 antigens in human specimens with a 12 min turnaround time, for its potential use in detecting EIV. The microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit succeeded in detecting 11 EIV strains. Using the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction as a reference assay, the microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit showed a sensitivity of 60.7% when evaluating nasopharyngeal swab samples of three horses experimentally infected with EIV. Comparing with the other two rapid antigen detection kits based on immunochromatography and silver amplification immunochromatography, the microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit exhibited higher sensitivity than the former assay (53.6%) and the same sensitivity as the latter (60.7%). The microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit did not detect nine non-EIV viruses including one equine coronavirus strain and seven bacteria, suggesting a high specificity for EIV antigens. Similar to other rapid antigen detection kits, the microfluidic immunofluorescence assay kit could be an effective diagnostic tool to detect EIV in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Kawanishi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuta Kinoshita
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, Irish Equine Centre, Naas, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
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Qi PF, Gao XY, Ji JK, Zhang Y, Yang SH, Cheng KH, Cui N, Zhu ML, Hu T, Dong X, Yan B, Wang CF, Yang HJ, Shi WF, Zhang W. Identification of a recombinant equine coronavirus in donkey, China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1010-1013. [PMID: 35311478 PMCID: PMC8986280 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2056522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Equine coronavirus (ECoV) was first identified in the USA and has been previously described in several countries. In order to test the presence of ECoV in China, we collected 51 small intestinal samples from donkey foals with diarrhoea from a donkey farm in Shandong Province, China between August 2020 and April 2021. Two samples tested positive for ECoV and full-length genome sequences were successfully obtained using next-generation sequencing, one of which was further confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The two strains shared 100% sequence identity at the scale of whole genome. Bioinformatics analyses further showed that the two Chinese strains represent a novel genetic variant of ECoV and shared the highest sequence identity of 97.05% with the first identified ECoV strain - NC99. In addition, it may be a recombinant, with the recombination region around the NS2 gene. To our knowledge, this is the first documented report of ECoV in China, highlighting its risk to horse/donkey breeding. In addition, its potential risk to public health also warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Yi Gao
- School of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Kai Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Cui
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Hu
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Dong
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yan
- School of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Fa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Feng Shi
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, People's Republic of China
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Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Hirama A, Ohta M, Nemoto M. Outbreak of equine coronavirus infection among riding horses in Tokyo, Japan. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 77:101668. [PMID: 34004508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, an outbreak of equine coronavirus (ECoV) infection occurred among 41 horses at a riding stable in Tokyo, Japan. This stable had 16 Thoroughbreds and 25 horses of other breeds, including Andalusians, ponies and miniature horses. Fifteen horses (37 %) showed mild clinical signs such as fever, lethargy, anorexia and diarrhoea, and they recovered within 3 days of onset. A virus neutralization test showed that all 41 horses were infected with ECoV, signifying that 26 horses (63 %) were subclinical. The results suggest that subclinical horses played an important role as spreaders. A genome sequence analysis revealed that the lengths from genes p4.7 to p12.7 or NS2 in ECoV differed from those of ECoVs detected previously, suggesting that this outbreak was caused by a virus different from those that caused previous outbreaks among draughthorses in Japan. Among 30 horses that tested positive by real-time RT-PCR, ECoV shedding periods of non-Thoroughbreds were significantly longer than those of Thoroughbreds. The difference in shedding periods may indicate that some breeds excrete ECoV longer than other breeds and can contribute to the spread of ECoV.
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Zhao S, Smits C, Schuurman N, Barnum S, Pusterla N, Kuppeveld FV, Bosch BJ, Maanen KV, Egberink H. Development and Validation of a S1 Protein-Based ELISA for the Specific Detection of Antibodies against Equine Coronavirus. Viruses 2019; 11:E1109. [PMID: 31801275 DOI: 10.3390/v11121109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is considered to be involved in enteric diseases in foals. Recently, several outbreaks of ECoV infection have also been reported in adult horses from the USA, France and Japan. Epidemiological studies of ECoV infection are still limited, and the seroprevalence of ECoV infection in Europe is unknown. In this study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method utilizing ECoV spike S1 protein was developed in two formats, and further validated by analyzing 27 paired serum samples (acute and convalescent sera) from horses involved in an ECoV outbreak and 1084 sera of horses with unknown ECoV exposure. Both formats showed high diagnostic accuracy compared to virus neutralization (VN) assay. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to determine the best cut-off values for both ELISA formats, assuming a test specificity of 99%. Employing the developed ELISA method, we detected seroconversion in 70.4% of horses from an ECoV outbreak. Among the 1084 horse sera, seropositivity varied from 25.9% (young horses) to 82.8% (adult horses) in Dutch horse populations. Further, sera of Icelandic horses were included in this study and a significant number of sera (62%) were found to be positive. Overall, the results demonstrated that the ECoV S1-based ELISA has reliable diagnostic performance compared to the VN assay and is a useful assay to support seroconversion in horses involved with ECoV outbreaks and to estimate ECoV seroprevalence in populations of horses.
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Abstract
A new enteric virus of adult horses, equine coronavirus (ECoV), has recently been recognized. It is associated with fever, lethargy, anorexia, and less frequently, colic and diarrhea. This enteric virus is transmitted via the feco-oral route and horses become infected by ingesting fecally contaminated feed and water. Various outbreaks have been reported since 2010 from Japan, Europe and the USA. While the clinical signs are fairly non-specific, lymphopenia and neutropenia are often seen. Specific diagnosis is made by the detection of ECoV in feces by either quantitative real-time PCR, electron microscopy or antigen-capture ELISA. Supportive treatment is usually required, as most infections are self-limiting. However, rare complications, such as endotoxemia, septicemia and hyperammonemia-associated encephalopathy, have been reported, and have been related to the loss of barrier function at the intestinal mucosa. This review article will focus on the latest information pertaining to the virus, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, pathology, treatment and prevention of ECoV infection in adult horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - R Vin
- Myhre Equine Clinic, Rochester, NH 03867, USA
| | | | - L D Mittel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - T J Divers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Kooijman LJ, James K, Mapes SM, Theelen MJP, Pusterla N. Seroprevalence and risk factors for infection with equine coronavirus in healthy horses in the USA. Vet J 2017; 220:91-94. [PMID: 28190504 PMCID: PMC7110631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Equine coronavirus has only recently been associated with emerging infections in adult horses. Seroprevalence data is needed to better understand the epidemiology of equine coronavirus in adult horses. The seroprevalence to equine coronavirus was 9.6% in 5247 healthy, adult horses from 18 states in the USA. Seropositivity was significantly associated with horses from the Mid-West, draft horses and ranch/farm and breeding use.
Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is considered an enteric pathogen of foals and has only recently been associated with infections in adult horses. Seroprevalence data is needed to better understand the epidemiology of ECoV in adult horses, evaluate diagnostic modalities and develop preventive measures. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence and selective risk factors for ECoV in 5247 healthy adult horses in the USA, using a recently established and validated IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Prevalence factors analysed in this study included geographic region, age, breed, sex and use. A total of 504/5247 horses (9.6%) horses tested seropositive. Geographic region (Mid-West; P = 0.008), breed (Draft horses; P = 0.003) and specific uses of horses (ranch/farm, P = 0.034; breeding use, P = 0.016) were all statistically significant risk factors for seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Kooijman
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | - K James
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - S M Mapes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - M J P Theelen
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | - N Pusterla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Nemoto M, Morita Y, Niwa H, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Rapid detection of equine coronavirus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Virol Methods 2015; 215-216:13-6. [PMID: 25682750 PMCID: PMC7113660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An RT-LAMP assay was developed for the detection of equine coronavirus. The RT-LAMP assay was more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR. Quantitative RT-PCR was more sensitive than RT-LAMP. RT-LAMP allows for rapid and simple detection of equine coronavirus.
A reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for the rapid detection of equine coronavirus (ECoV). This assay was conducted at 60 °C for 40 min. Specificity of the RT-LAMP assay was confirmed using several equine intestinal and respiratory pathogens in addition to ECoV. The novel assay failed to cross-react with the other pathogens tested, suggesting it is highly specific for ECoV. Using artificially synthesized ECoV RNA, the 50% detection limit of the RT-LAMP assay was 101.8 copies/reaction. This is a 50-fold greater sensitivity than conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, but a 4-fold lower sensitivity than quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays. Eighty-two fecal samples collected during ECoV outbreaks were analyzed. ECoV was detected in 59 samples using the RT-LAMP assay, and in 30 and 65 samples using RT-PCR or qRT-PCR assays, respectively. Although the RT-LAMP assay is less sensitive than qRT-PCR techniques, it can be performed without the need for expensive equipment. Thus, the RT-LAMP assay might be suitable for large-scale surveillance and diagnosis of ECoV infection in laboratories with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Morita
- Tokachi Draft Horse Clinic, Nishi 13, Minami 9-1, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-0023, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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