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Gianella F, Burrows MT, Davidson K. The relationship between salmon (Salmo salar) farming and cell abundance of harmful algal taxa. Harmful Algae 2023; 129:102512. [PMID: 37951607 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nutrient effluents from fish cage aquaculture are an important eutrophication concern. It has been proposed that marine fish farm derived nutrients have the potential to increase phytoplankton abundance and lead to intensification of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), and that these blooms may negatively impact both the finfish and the shellfish industry. This study addressed this hypothesis using farmed salmon biomass in Scottish marine waters (as a proxy for nutrient load added to the water column as a consequence of fish farming) cell abundance of HAB taxa that most frequently impact shellfish farms and human health in the region (Dinophysis spp., Alexandrium spp. and Pseudo-nitzschia spp.), and cell abundance of one phytoplankton species of particular concern to the salmon farming industry (Karenia mikimotoi). Data from a 15-year weekly HAB monitoring programme and parallel national monitoring data relating to salmon farm stocking biomass were summarised in 5 km per 5 km aggregation boxes. Linear regression models were used to assess (i) inter-annual variation in cell abundance and total annual farmed salmon biomass; (ii) intra-annual (monthly) variation in harmful phytoplankton cell abundance and salmon biomass; (iii) a further analysis included seasonal effects within the intra-annual analysis. Farmed salmon biomass alone had a non-significant effect on cell abundance of any of the studied phytoplankton taxa. In contrast, a significant effect on cell abundance was found when using location, month or season as the predictive variable. Despite the non-significant impact of fish biomass on phytoplankton counts, the relationship varied seasonally, with a different response of Dinophysis spp. indicating a taxa specific interaction. A possible explanation for the lack of a significant relationship between farmed salmon and harmful phytoplankton cell abundance is that aquaculture farms are generally located in hydrodynamically energetic locations where recurrent flushing likely allows efficient dilution of nutrients. Overall, the analyses suggest that current levels of salmon farming activities do not markedly impact the abundance of routinely monitored biotoxin producing or fish killing phytoplankton taxa in Scottish waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Gianella
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael T Burrows
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban PA37 1QA, United Kingdom
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2
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Ahmadi RA, Varasteh T, Silveira CB, Walter J, Siegle E, Omachi C, de Rezende CE, Francini-Filho RB, Thompson C, Tschoeke D, Bahiense L, Thompson FL. Machine learning sheds light on physical-chemical and biological parameters leading to Abrolhos coral reef microbialization. Sci Total Environ 2023:164465. [PMID: 37247740 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microbes play a central role in coral reef health. However, the relative importance of physical-chemical and biological processes in the control of microbial biomass are unknown. Here, we applied machine learning to analyze a large dataset of biological, physical, and chemical parameters (N = 665 coral reef seawater samples) to understand the factors that modulate microbial abundance in the water of Abrolhos reefs, the largest and richest coral reefs of the Southwest Atlantic. Random Forest (RF) and Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models indicated that hydrodynamic forcing, Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), and Total Nitrogen (TN) were the most important predictors of microbial abundance. The possible cumulative effects of higher temperatures, longer seawater residence time, higher nutrient concentration, and lower coral and fish biomass observed in coastal reefs resulted in higher microbial abundance, potentially impacting coral resilience against stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Amir Ahmadi
- Systems Engineer and Computer Science Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute, Graduate School and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tooba Varasteh
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Cynthia B Silveira
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States of America
| | - Juline Walter
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Siegle
- Instituto Oceanográfico, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Omachi
- Instituto Oceanográfico, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo de Rezende
- Environmental Sciences Laboratory (LCA), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos de Goytacazes, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Thompson
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Diogo Tschoeke
- Systems Engineer and Computer Science Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute, Graduate School and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Laura Bahiense
- Systems Engineer and Computer Science Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute, Graduate School and Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-599, Brazil.
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3
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Silveira CB, Luque A, Haas AF, Roach TNF, George EE, Knowles B, Little M, Sullivan CJ, Varona NS, Wegley Kelly L, Brainard R, Rohwer F, Bailey B. Viral predation pressure on coral reefs. BMC Biol 2023; 21:77. [PMID: 37038111 PMCID: PMC10088212 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predation pressure and herbivory exert cascading effects on coral reef health and stability. However, the extent of these cascading effects can vary considerably across space and time. This variability is likely a result of the complex interactions between coral reefs' biotic and abiotic dimensions. A major biological component that has been poorly integrated into the reefs' trophic studies is the microbial community, despite its role in coral death and bleaching susceptibility. Viruses that infect bacteria can control microbial densities and may positively affect coral health by controlling microbialization. We hypothesize that viral predation of bacteria has analogous effects to the top-down pressure of macroorganisms on the trophic structure and reef health. RESULTS Here, we investigated the relationships between live coral cover and viruses, bacteria, benthic algae, fish biomass, and water chemistry in 110 reefs spanning inhabited and uninhabited islands and atolls across the Pacific Ocean. Statistical learning showed that the abundance of turf algae, viruses, and bacteria, in that order, were the variables best predicting the variance in coral cover. While fish biomass was not a strong predictor of coral cover, the relationship between fish and corals became apparent when analyzed in the context of viral predation: high coral cover (> 50%) occurred on reefs with a combination of high predator fish biomass (sum of sharks and piscivores > 200 g m-2) and high virus-to-bacteria ratios (> 10), an indicator of viral predation pressure. However, these relationships were non-linear, with reefs at the higher and lower ends of the coral cover continuum displaying a narrow combination of abiotic and biotic variables, while reefs at intermediate coral cover showed a wider range of parameter combinations. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here support the hypothesis that viral predation of bacteria is associated with high coral cover and, thus, coral health and stability. We propose that combined predation pressures from fishes and viruses control energy fluxes, inhibiting the detrimental accumulation of ecosystem energy in the microbial food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia B Silveira
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA.
| | - Antoni Luque
- Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
- Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Andreas F Haas
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ty N F Roach
- Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kāne'ohe, HI, 96744, USA
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Emma E George
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ben Knowles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UC Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mark Little
- Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | | | - Natascha S Varona
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Linda Wegley Kelly
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Russel Brainard
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA
| | - Forest Rohwer
- Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Barbara Bailey
- Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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Strydom Z, Waller LJ, Brown M, Fritz H, Shaw K, Venter JA. Factors that influence Cape fur seal predation on Cape gannets at Lambert's Bay, South Africa. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13416. [PMID: 35722261 PMCID: PMC9202551 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Seabird populations experience predation that can impact their breeding density and breeding success. The Cape gannet Morus capensis is endemic to the Benguela upwelling ecosystem and is classified as Endangered by the IUCN. They are affected by several threats, including predation by the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus. Many fledglings succumb to predation during their maiden flight across waters around the island. To curb predation, the selective culling of individual predatory seals was implemented in 2014, 2015, and 2018. Our first study objective was to determine if selective culling of Cape fur seals significantly reduced predation probability on Cape gannets. We tested whether predation probability in 2014, 2015, and 2018 was affected by fish biomass, gannet fledgling numbers, and/or the presence/absence of selective culling. Our second objective was to determine what led to fluctuations in Cape fur seal predation on Cape gannet fledglings between 2007 and 2018. We tested whether fish biomass and the amount of Cape gannet fledglings in the water affected predation probability on the fledglings. Results indicated that selective culling reduced predation within years. We found that with both increased fledgling numbers and increased fish biomass, seal predation probability was reduced. This suggests that a sustainable way to promote the conservation of Cape gannets would be to increase food availability for both the Cape fur seals and Cape gannets. Our findings, collectively with the global trend of the declining Cape gannet population and their endemism, provide reasons advocating for the conservation of the food resources of both the Cape fur seal and the Cape gannet in the Benguela system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanri Strydom
- Department of Conservation Management, Faculty of Science, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa,REHABS International Research Laboratory, CNRS-UCBL-NMU, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Lauren J. Waller
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa,Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Brown
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hervé Fritz
- Department of Conservation Management, Faculty of Science, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa,REHABS International Research Laboratory, CNRS-UCBL-NMU, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Kevin Shaw
- Scientific Services, CapeNature, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jan A. Venter
- Department of Conservation Management, Faculty of Science, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa,REHABS International Research Laboratory, CNRS-UCBL-NMU, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
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Ismail MS, Ilias Z, Ismail MN, Goeden GB, Yap CK, Al-Mutairi KA, Al-Shami SA. Coral health assessment in Malaysia: a case study of Pulau Anak Datai, Langkawi. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:45860-45871. [PMID: 35150421 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The coral health of Pulau Anak Datai (PAD), located off the northwest of Langkawi, Malaysia, was assessed using the Coral Health Index (CHI) method. Three ecological parameters, namely, benthic cover, fish biomass, and microbes (Vibrio) were determined at four sites around the island in 2019. In addition, community parameters such as coral mortality index, coral richness, relative abundance, diversity index, Evenness tests, and reef morphology were measured for each site. The results revealed that the benthic cover consists of less than 40% of scleractinian corals at all sites. A total of 25 genera of hard corals comprising of 11 families and 1 scleractinian Incertae sedis were observed, with the most dominant corals belong to the genera Porites, Favites, and Diploastrea. The average fish biomass of PAD was low (16.76 g/m2), with only 19 non-cryptic fish species observed. The abundance of Vibrio around the island was within the average range of 29.58 cfu/ml. Based on the benthos, fish, and Vibrio values, the Coral Health Index (CHI) of PAD was classified on the low side of the fair status. All sites tended toward high values of the mortality index (MI > 0.33). Reef morphology was strongly influenced by stress-tolerant corals, dominated by massive and sub-massive corals. The data presented here suggested that the reefs of PAD could be rated as stressed and becoming unhealthy and disturbed. However, in view of the rarity of coral reef ecosystems in the Straits of Malacca, this island deserves increased attention for conservation planning and coral reef protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zaidnuddin Ilias
- Fisheries Research Institute (FRI), Batu Maung, 11960, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Md Nizam Ismail
- Fisheries Research Institute (FRI), Batu Maung, 11960, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Gerald B Goeden
- Blue Planet Environment PLT, 1 Lorong Edgecumbe, 10250, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Chee Kong Yap
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Salman Abdo Al-Shami
- Indian River Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
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Osuka KE, Stewart BD, Samoilys MA, Roche RC, Turner J, McClean C. Protection outcomes for fish trophic groups across a range of management regimes. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 173:113010. [PMID: 34628347 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) improve conservation outcomes across anthropogenic pressures can improve the benefits derived from them. Effects of protection for coral reefs in the western and central Indian Ocean were assessed using size-spectra analysis of fish and the relationships of trophic group biomass with human population density. Length-spectra relationships quantifying the relative abundance of small and large fish (slope) and overall productivity of the system (intercept) showed inconsistent patterns with MPA protection. The results suggest that both the slopes and intercepts were significantly higher in highly and well-protected MPAs. This indicates that effective MPAs are more productive and support higher abundances of smaller fish, relative to moderately protected MPAs. Trophic group biomass spanning piscivores and herbivores, decreased with increasing human density implying restoration of fish functional structure is needed. This would require addressing fisher needs and supporting effective MPA management to secure ecosystem benefits for coastal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy E Osuka
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK; CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya.
| | - Bryce D Stewart
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Melita A Samoilys
- CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ronan C Roche
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - John Turner
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Colin McClean
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
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Muallil RN, Deocadez MR, Martinez RJS, Aliño PM. Data on the biomass of commercially important coral reef fishes inside and outside marine protected areas in the Philippines. Data Brief 2019; 25:104176. [PMID: 31338397 PMCID: PMC6626876 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This article contains the data on fish biomass inside and outside 57 locally managed marine protected areas (MPAs) and within the nationally protected Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park (TRNMP) from 57 coastal municipalities and 20 provinces in the Philippines. It includes the seven major commercially important coral reef fishes, namely, the surgeonfish (family Acanthuridae), parrotfish (subfamily Scarinae, family Labridae), snappers (family Lutjanidae), groupers (subfamily Epinephelinae, family Serranidae), goatfish (family Mullidae), sweetlips (family Haemulidae) and emperor (family Lethrinidae). Fish visual census (FVC) surveys were done by scuba diving along 10 m × 50 m belt transects established on upper reef slope, mostly with depths ranging from 5 to 10 m. Four to twelve transects were surveyed for the locally managed MPAs, half of which were established inside MPAs and the other half outside MPAs. Thirty-three transects were surveyed for the TRNMP. FVC was performed by swimming slowly and stopping every 5 m to record all the fish within a 10 m - wide belt. All FVC surveys were conducted from 2006 to 2014 between 9:00–16:00 hours. Each fish was identified to the species level and total length (TL) was estimated to the nearest centimeter. Fish biomass was estimated using the relationship between length (L) and weight (W) with the equation W = aLb. The data we provide can be used for coral reef fisheries management and for monitoring and evaluation of coral reef fishes in the Philippines particularly for the MPAs included in this dataset. These data support the information presented in the article Muallil et al., 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Muallil
- Mindanao State University - Tawi-Tawi College of Technology and Oceanography, Bongao, Tawi-Tawi 7500, Philippines
| | - Melchor R Deocadez
- Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc., Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Renmar Jun S Martinez
- Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc., Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Porfirio M Aliño
- Marine Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc., Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines.,Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
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8
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Scianna C, Niccolini F, Giakoumi S, Di Franco A, Gaines SD, Bianchi CN, Scaccia L, Bava S, Cappanera V, Charbonnel E, Culioli JM, Di Carlo G, De Franco F, Dimitriadis C, Panzalis P, Santoro P, Guidetti P. Organization Science improves management effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas. J Environ Manage 2019; 240:285-292. [PMID: 30952049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ecological management effectiveness (EME) of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is the degree to which MPAs reach their ecological goals. The significant variability of EME among MPAs has been partly explained by MPA design, management and implementation features (e.g. surface area, enforcement, age of protection). We investigated EME variability by employing, for the first time, Organization Science. Eight Mediterranean MPAs were taken into account as case studies to explore the relationships between EME and MPA features, such as: 1) organizational size (i.e. the ratio between the number of full-time employees and the total MPA surface area), 2) management performance (i.e. the level of effort exerted to enhance and sustain the MPA management, including enforcement), 3) total surface area, and 4) MPA age. The log-response ratios of fish biomass and density in protected vs unprotected (control) areas were used as a proxy of EME. Management performance, organizational size and, to a lesser extent, MPA age were positively correlated with the log-response ratio of fish biomass, whereas total surface area did not display a significant role. None of the four features considered was significantly correlated with the log-response ratio of fish density. Based on our findings, we argue that the employment of Organization Science in the management effectiveness assessment can assist MPA managers to reach MPAs goals more effectively, with a more efficient use of available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Scianna
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, Parc Valrose 28, Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
| | - Federico Niccolini
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Pisa, via C. Ridolfi 10, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sylvaine Giakoumi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, Parc Valrose 28, Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France; ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Antonio Di Franco
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, Parc Valrose 28, Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Steven D Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Carlo Nike Bianchi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luisa Scaccia
- Department of Economics and Law, University of Macerata, Via Crescimbeni 20, 62100 Macerata, Italy
| | - Simone Bava
- Marine Protected Area of Isola di Bergeggi, Via A. de Mari 28/D, 17028 Bergeggi, Italy
| | - Valentina Cappanera
- Marine Protected Area of Portofino, V. le Rainusso, 1-16038 S. Margherita Ligure, Italy
| | - Eric Charbonnel
- Marine Park of Côte Bleue, Observatoire PMCB-plage du Rouet, 31 Avenue Jean Bart, B.P 42, 13620 Carry-le-Rouet, France
| | - Jean-Michel Culioli
- Office of the Environment of Corsica, Natural Reserve of Bouches de Bonifacio, 20250 Corte, France
| | | | - Francesco De Franco
- Marine Protected Area of Torre Guaceto, Via Sant'Anna 6, 72012 Carovigno, Italy
| | - Charalampos Dimitriadis
- National Marine Park of Zakynthos, 1 Eleftheriou Venizelou str, Z.C, 291 00 Zakynthos, Greece
| | - Pier Panzalis
- Marine Protected Area of Tavolara-Punta Coda Cavallo, via Dante 1, 07026 Olbia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Santoro
- Marine Protected Area of Isole Tremiti, Via Sant'Antonio Abate 121, 71037 Monte Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Paolo Guidetti
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, Parc Valrose 28, Avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice, France; Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Sciences (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
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9
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Khalil MT, Bouwmeester J, Berumen ML. Spatial variation in coral reef fish and benthic communities in the central Saudi Arabian Red Sea. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3410. [PMID: 28603671 PMCID: PMC5463981 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Local-scale ecological information is critical as a sound basis for spatial management and conservation and as support for ongoing research in relatively unstudied areas. We conducted visual surveys of fish and benthic communities on nine reefs (3–24 km from shore) in the Thuwal area of the central Saudi Arabian Red Sea. Fish biomass increased with increasing distance from shore, but was generally low compared to reefs experiencing minimal human influence around the world. All reefs had a herbivore-dominated trophic structure and few top predators, such as sharks, jacks, or large groupers. Coral cover was considerably lower on inshore reefs, likely due to a 2010 bleaching event. Community analyses showed inshore reefs to be characterized by turf algae, slower-growing corals, lower herbivore diversity, and highly abundant turf-farming damselfishes. Offshore reefs had more planktivorous fishes, a more diverse herbivore assemblage, and faster-growing corals. All reefs appear to be impacted by overfishing, and inshore reefs seem more vulnerable to thermal bleaching. The study provides a description of the spatial variation in biomass and community structure in the central Saudi Arabian Red Sea and provides a basis for spatial prioritization and subsequent marine protected area design in Thuwal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha T Khalil
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jessica Bouwmeester
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Michael L Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Zajonz U, Lavergne E, Klaus R, Krupp F, Aideed MS, Saeed FN. The coastal fishes and fisheries of the Socotra Archipelago, Yemen. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 105:660-675. [PMID: 26795842 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Socotra Archipelago is situated in the Gulf of Aden where tropical and "pseudo-temperate" conditions combine to create a unique marine ecosystem. The diversity, ecology, productivity and fisheries of the coastal fish assemblages are still relatively understudied and no update of the scientific knowledge existed. The islands support unique coastal and coral-associated fish assemblages in spite of the limited biogenic reef frameworks. Fish diversity is the highest among comparable Arabian eco-regions, and fish biomass productivity high too by Indian Ocean standards. The production of the once traditionally-managed small-scale fishery is severely declining and whether it is sustainable nowadays is extremely doubtful. At a time when Yemen is torn apart by a severe political and humanitarian crisis it is timely to review and update the current state of knowledge for scientists and managers, and thereby ease access to existing information, facilitating follow-on studies and evidence-based conservation and fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Zajonz
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Sektion Ichthyologie, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F), Tropical Marine Ecosystems Group, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Edouard Lavergne
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Sektion Ichthyologie, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539, CNRS/IRD/UBO, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin LEMAR, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer IUEM, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France; Kyoto University, Field Science Education and Research Center (FSERC), Educational Unit for Studies on Connectivity of Hills, Humans and Oceans (CoHHO), Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rebecca Klaus
- Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F), Tropical Marine Ecosystems Group, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Krupp
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Sektion Ichthyologie, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Qatar Museums Authority, P.O. Box 2777, Doha, Qatar
| | - Moteah Sheikh Aideed
- Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F), Tropical Marine Ecosystems Group, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Hadhramout University of Science and Technology, Department of Marine Fisheries and Resources, Marine Biology Division, Al-Mukalla, Yemen
| | - Fouad Naseeb Saeed
- Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (BiK-F), Tropical Marine Ecosystems Group, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Environmental Protection Authority, Socotra Branch, Hadibo, Yemen
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Pondella DJ, Zahn LA, Love MS, Siegel D, Bernstein BB. Modeling fish production for southern California's petroleum platforms. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015; 11:584-93. [PMID: 26331484 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
California's oil platforms are nearing the end of their productive lives and therefore will be decommissioned in the near future. These structures have been shown to be important habitats for both settlement and growth for reef fishes. Important information on the biological effects (i.e., loss of biomass and production) of different decommissioning options has not yet been explored in detail. An important step in the assessment of these different decommissioning options is to look at the potential loss of fish production and habitat under the different alternatives. Using the large amount of information available on fish abundances at these structures, we have created a model to estimate the standing stock of fishes and production that would be lost because of both partial (removal from surface to 85 ft) and complete removal (the 2 decommissioning options being considered). Complete removal of a platform will likely eliminate most of its fish biomass; however, this study has shown that for rockfishes, which settle predominantly below 85 feet (26 m) and move deeper as they age, partial removal through topping would leave more than 90% of the fish biomass at the deeper platforms. Modeling of larval dispersal suggests that platforms provide an important opportunity for recruitment of fish larvae and that many larvae produced near the platforms would settle elsewhere in the region. The results presented here indicate that, even if topped, the potential contribution of platform habitat to biological resources (e.g., fish production) in this region is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Pondella
- Vantuna Research Group, Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Laurel A Zahn
- Vantuna Research Group, Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Milton S Love
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - David Siegel
- Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
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Inoue S, Suzuki-Utsunomiya K, Komori Y, Kamijo A, Yumura I, Tanabe K, Miyawaki A, Koga K. Fermentation of non-sterilized fish biomass with a mixed culture of film-forming yeasts and lactobacilli and its effect on innate and adaptive immunity in mice. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:682-7. [PMID: 23810659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-sterilized fish waste containing fish bones was fermented using combined starter cultures of film-forming yeast (Candida ethanolica) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB; Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) in order to obtain a liquefied fermented broth without spoiling. During the entire fermentation, the number of LAB cells was maintained at a high level (6 × 10(8)-5 × 10(7) cells/ml). Although the number of general bacteria was 10(6)cell/ml after adding non-sterilized fish biomass, its growth was suppressed to be 1-3 × 10(4) cells/ml. The entire biomass had completely liquefied and the fermented broth contained all 20 α-amino acids composed of protein and also various kinds of minerals in abundance. The weight of mice group fed the fermented broth content feed (sample feed) for 31 days significantly increased compared with that fed no broth feed (control feed) (21.37 g vs 20.76 g (p < 0.05). No abnormal behavior and appearance were observed. All internal organs (the heart, the liver, the lung, the intestines, and the spleen) of both groups were confirmed to be normal by visual observation. In peripheral blood, the percentages of NK cells and CD8+ T cells of the mice in the sample feed group increased significantly relative to those in the control feed group (NK cells: 19% vs 11%, CD8+ T cells: 9% vs 5%, p < 0.05). In the spleen, the percentage of NK cells in the sample feed group also increased significantly compared to that in the control feed group (p < 0.05). The fermented fish biomass is expected to be effective for innate and adaptive immunity and thus fit for animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeaki Inoue
- Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Shimokasuya 143, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
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