Fast and environmental-friendly methods for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their metabolites in fish tissues and feed.
THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019;
646:1503-1515. [PMID:
30235635 DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.342]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental-friendly, cost-effective and fast methods were developed and validated for the analysis of seven PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and eight methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) in three distinct seafood matrices (muscle, liver and plasma) and feed using a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction approach for solid samples and a Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction method (DLLME) for plasma. Instrumental analyses were performed with gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using electron impact source (GC-EI-MS/MS) and negative ion chemical ionization (GC-NICI-MS) to assess BDE-209. Statistical validation showed recoveries for all target substances near 100% with average Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) lower than 9% and recovery standards higher than 65% (average RSD below 20%). Average calculated Method Detection Limits (MDLs) were lower than 65 pg·g-1 wet weight (WW) for muscle, 5.35 ng·g-1 WW for liver, 4.50 ng·g-1 WW for feed, and 0.60 ng·mL-1 for plasma samples. Quality assurance and quality control practices were comprehensively described. Methods scored high in an analytical Eco-scale, thus being classified as "an excellent green analysis". Finally, real seafood samples collected in local markets and local fishermen were analyzed. Positive samples presented both PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs in safe amounts (0.28-125.80 ng·g-1 WW) for human consumption.
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