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Li Y, Chen Z, Zhang P, Gao F, Wang J, Lin L, Zhang H. Characterization of a Novel Superoxide Dismutase from a Deep-sea Sea Cucumber ( Psychoropotes verruciaudatus). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1227. [PMID: 37371957 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, deep-sea enzymes are a research hotspot. In this study, a novel copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) was successfully cloned and characterized from a new species of sea cucumber Psychropotes verruciaudatus (PVCuZnSOD). The relative molecular weight of the PVCuZnSOD monomer is 15 kDa. The optimum temperature of PVCuZnSOD is 20 °C, and it maintains high activity in the range of 0-60 °C. It also has high thermal stability when incubated at 37 °C. PVCuZnSOD has a maximum activity of more than 50% in the pH range of 4-11 and a high activity at pH 11. In addition, PVCuZnSOD has strong tolerance to Ni2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, and Ca2+, and it can withstand chemical reagents, such as Tween20, TritonX-100, ethanol, glycerol, isopropanol, DMSO, urea, and GuHCl. PVCuZnSOD also shows great stability to gastrointestinal fluid compared with bovine SOD. These characteristics show that PVCuZnSOD has great application potential in medicine, food, and other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510222, China
| | - Zongfu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510222, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510222, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Li Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510222, China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
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2
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Puspitasari YE, Tuenter E, Foubert K, Herawati H, Hariati AM, Aulanni’am A, Pieters L, De Bruyne T, Hermans N. Saponin and Fatty Acid Profiling of the Sea Cucumber Holothuria atra, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity and the Identification of a Novel Triterpene Glycoside. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041033. [PMID: 36839391 PMCID: PMC9960930 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponin-rich sea cucumber extracts have shown antidiabetic effects in a few reports. Although the triterpene glycosides of sea cucumbers are commonly isolated from their Cuvierian tubules, these are absent in Holothuria atra Jaeger. Therefore, this study intended to investigate the saponin profile in the body wall of H. atra, as well as to assess the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the H. atra extracts. The chemical profiling of sea cucumber extracts was conducted by UPLC-HRMS analysis. This resulted in the tentative identification of 11 compounds, 7 of which have not been reported in the H. Atra body wall before. Additionally, two triterpene glycosides were purified and their structures were elucidated based on HRMS and NMR data: desholothurin B (1), and a novel epimer, 12-epi-desholothurin B (2). Moreover, the fatty acid profile of the H. atra body wall was investigated by GC-MS. It was found that the Me90 fraction of the H. atra body wall showed the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 value 0.158 ± 0.002 mg/mL), thus making it more potent than acarbose (IC50 value 2.340 ± 0.044 mg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunita Eka Puspitasari
- Natural Products and Food Research & Analysis—Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Fish Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65149, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program of Environmental Studies, Postgraduate School, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (Y.E.P.); (N.H.)
| | - Emmy Tuenter
- Natural Products and Food Research & Analysis—Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products and Food Research & Analysis—Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Herawati Herawati
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Anik Martinah Hariati
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Aulanni’am Aulanni’am
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products and Food Research & Analysis—Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Tess De Bruyne
- Natural Products and Food Research & Analysis—Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- Natural Products and Food Research & Analysis—Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Correspondence: (Y.E.P.); (N.H.)
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Zhukova NV. Fatty Acids of Echinoderms: Diversity, Current Applications and Future Opportunities. Mar Drugs 2022; 21:md21010021. [PMID: 36662194 PMCID: PMC9865275 DOI: 10.3390/md21010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylum Echinodermata comprising the classes Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Crinodeia, is one of the important invertebrate groups. Members of this phylum live exclusively in marine habitats and are distributed in almost all depths and latitudes. Some of them, such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers, are commercially valuable and constitute a major fishery resource. Echinoderms are increasingly recognized as a unique source of various metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. The importance of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid, in human health has drawn attention to echinoderms as a promising source of essential fatty acids (FAs). Extensive information on the FAs of the phylum has been accumulated to date. The biosynthetic capabilities and feeding habits of echinoderms explain the findings of the unusual FAs in them. Certain common and unusual FAs may serve as chemotaxonomic markers of the classes. The main goal of the review was to gather the relevant information on the distribution of FAs among the echinoderm classes, describe the structures, distribution, biosynthetic pathways, and bioactivity, with an emphasis on the FAs specific for echinoderms. A large part of the review is devoted to the FAs derived from echinoderms that exhibit various biological activities promising for potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Zhukova
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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4
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Quintanilla-Mena MA, Olvera-Novoa MA, Sánchez-Tapia IA, Lara-Pérez LA, Rivas-Reyes I, Gullian-Klanian M, Patiño-Suárez MV, Puch-Hau CA. The digestive tract sections of the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus reveal differences in composition, diversity, and functionality of the gut microbiota. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:463. [PMID: 35792945 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, this study analyses the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota of Isostichopus badionotus in captivity, using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing, and predicts the metagenomic functions of the microbiota. The results revealed a different composition of the gut microbiota for the foregut (FG) and midgut (MG) compared to the hindgut (HG), with a predominance of Proteobacteria, followed by Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. The FG and MG demonstrated a greater bacterial diversity compared to the HG. In addition, a complex network of interactions was observed at the genus level and identified some strains with probiotic and bioremediation potentials, such as Acinetobacter, Ruegeria, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Aeromonas, Rhodopseudomonas, Agarivorans, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Micrococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Shewanella. Predicting metabolic pathways revealed that the bacterial composition in each section of the intestine participates in different physiological processes such as metabolism, genetic and environmental information processing, organismal systems, and cellular processes. Understanding and manipulating microbe--host-environment interactions and their associated functional capacity could substantially contribute to achieving more sustainable aquaculture systems for I. badionotus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes A Quintanilla-Mena
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Departamento de Recursos de Mar, Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-CORDEMEX, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Olvera-Novoa
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Departamento de Recursos de Mar, Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-CORDEMEX, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Itzel A Sánchez-Tapia
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Departamento de Recursos de Mar, Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-CORDEMEX, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Luis A Lara-Pérez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México Campus Instituto Tecnológico de la Zona Maya, Carretera Chetumal-Escárcega km 21.5, C.P. 77965, Ejido Juan Sarabia, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Isajav Rivas-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Departamento de Recursos de Mar, Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-CORDEMEX, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Mariel Gullian-Klanian
- Universidad Marista de Mérida, Periférico Norte Tablaje Catastral 13941, Carretera Mérida-Progreso, P.O. Box 97300, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - María V Patiño-Suárez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Departamento de Recursos de Mar, Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-CORDEMEX, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Puch-Hau
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Departamento de Recursos de Mar, Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73-CORDEMEX, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Hamel JF, Eeckhaut I, Conand C, Sun J, Caulier G, Mercier A. Global knowledge on the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria scabra. Adv Mar Biol 2022; 91:1-286. [PMID: 35777924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Holothuria scabra is one of the most intensively studied holothuroids, or sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), having been discussed in the literature since the early 19th century. The species is important for several reasons: (1) it is widely distributed and historically abundant in several shallow soft-bottom habitats throughout the Indo-Pacific, (2) it has a high commercial value on the Asian markets, where it is mainly sold as a dried product (beche-de-mer) and (3) it is the only tropical holothuroid species that can currently be mass-produced in hatcheries. Over 20 years have elapsed since the last comprehensive review on H. scabra published in 2001. Research on H. scabra has continued to accumulate, fuelled by intense commercial exploitation, and further declines in wild stocks over the entire distribution range. This review compiles data from over 950 publications pertaining to the biology, ecology, physiology, biochemical composition, aquaculture, fishery, processing and trade of H. scabra, presenting the most complete synthesis to date, including scientific papers and material published by local institutions and/or in foreign languages. The main goal of this project was to summarize and critically discuss the abundant literature on this species, making it more readily accessible to all stakeholders aiming to conduct fundamental and applied research on H. scabra, or wishing to develop aquaculture, stock enhancement and management programs across its geographic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Hamel
- Society for the Exploration and Valuing of the Environment (SEVE), St. Philips, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada.
| | - Igor Eeckhaut
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics unit, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Chantal Conand
- Département origines et évolution, Muséum National Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jiamin Sun
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada
| | - Guillaume Caulier
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics unit, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Annie Mercier
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada.
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Figueroa AC, McHugh WJ, Miller SM, Fellgren AK, Bogantes VE, Janosik AM. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Thyonella gemmata (Echinodermata: Cucumariidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:2997-2998. [PMID: 34568560 PMCID: PMC8462864 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1975512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyonella gemmata , also known as the Green sea cucumber, is a biomedically and ecologically important species. In this study, the complete mitogenome of T. gemmata (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) collected from the Florida Panhandle, USA is reported. The mitochondrial genome of T. gemmata consisted of 15,696 base pairs, and was composed of 36.10% A, 28.27% T, 23.18% C, and 12.45% G. There were 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes within the mitogenome of T. gemmata. Mapping out the complete mitochondrial genome of T. gemmata, will help aid in future evolutionary studies and can be applied to future phylogenetic research of holothurians and related species.
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Drake VI, Kim E, Nigro HG, Bogantes VE, Janosik AM. The complete mitochondrial genome of the chocolate chip sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:1947-1948. [PMID: 34179476 PMCID: PMC8205044 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1937365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The chocolate chip sea cucumber, Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka 1867), is an ecologically and biomedically important species. In this study, we report the complete mitogenome sequence of the sea cucumber, I. badionotus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). The mitochondrial genome consisted of 16,319 bp, with 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. The total nucleotide composition consisted of 31.61% A, 29.20% T, 23.48% C, 15.71% G, with a high A + T content of 60.81%. Phylogenetic analysis using the complete mitochondrial genome of I. badionotus is helpful in studying the evolution of beneficial adaptations to aid in bioremediation and biomedical research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Kim
- Chemistry, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - Hailee G Nigro
- Chemistry, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA
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Malyarenko TV, Kicha AA, Stonik VA, Ivanchina NV. Sphingolipids of Asteroidea and Holothuroidea: Structures and Biological Activities. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:330. [PMID: 34200995 PMCID: PMC8228791 DOI: 10.3390/md19060330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are complex lipids widespread in nature as structural components of biomembranes. Commonly, the sphingolipids of marine organisms differ from those of terrestrial animals and plants. The gangliosides are the most complex sphingolipids characteristic of vertebrates that have been found in only the Echinodermata (echinoderms) phylum of invertebrates. Sphingolipids of the representatives of the Asteroidea and Holothuroidea classes are the most studied among all echinoderms. In this review, we have summarized the data on sphingolipids of these two classes of marine invertebrates over the past two decades. Recently established structures, properties, and peculiarities of biogenesis of ceramides, cerebrosides, and gangliosides from starfishes and holothurians are discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide the most complete information on the chemical structures, structural features, and biological activities of sphingolipids of the Asteroidea and Holothuroidea classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofey V. Malyarenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.A.S.)
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Str. 8, 690000 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alla A. Kicha
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.A.S.)
| | - Valentin A. Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.A.S.)
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova Str. 8, 690000 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Ivanchina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.A.S.)
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Sun S, Sha Z, Xiao N. The first two complete mitogenomes of the order Apodida from deep-sea chemoautotrophic environments: New insights into the gene rearrangement, origin and evolution of the deep-sea sea cucumbers. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2021; 39:100839. [PMID: 33933835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The deep-sea ecosystem is considered as the largest and most remote biome of the world. It is meaningful and important to elucidate the life origins by exploring the origin and adaptive genetic mechanisms of the large deep-sea organisms. Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) are abundant and economically important group of echinoderms, living from the shallow-waters to deep-sea. In this study, we present the mitochondrial genomes of the sea cucumber Chiridota heheva and Chiridota sp. collected from the deep-sea cold seep and hydrothermal vent, respectively. This is the first reported mitochondrial genomes from the order Apodida. The mitochondrial genomes of C. heheva (17,200 bp) and Chiridota sp. (17,199 bp) display novel gene arrangements with the first protein-coding gene rearrangements in the class Holothuroidea. Bases composition analysis showed that the A + T content of deep-sea holothurians were significantly higher than that of the shallow-water groups. We compared the arrangement of genes from the 24 available holothurian mitogenomes and found that the transposition, reverse transposition and tandem-duplication-random-losses (TDRL) may be involved in the evolution of mitochondrial gene arrangements in Holothuroidea. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Apodida clustered with Elasipodida, forming two basal deep-sea holothurian clades. The divergence between the deep-sea and shallow-water holothurians was located at 386.93 Mya, during the Late Devonian. Mitochondrial protein-coding genes of deep-sea holothurians underwent relaxed purifying selection. There are 57 positive selected amino acids sites for some mitochondrial genes of the three deep-sea clades, implying they may involve in the adaption of deep-sea sea cucumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao'e Sun
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhongli Sha
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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10
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Abstract
In this study, we sequenced the circular mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Cercodemas anceps. This genome was determined to measure 16,539 bp in length and contain 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. The longest gene was observed to be nad5, which measures 1,641 bp in length and is located at position 6,540 ∼ 8,180 of the C. anceps mitogenome. One PCG, nad6, and five tRNA genes (tRNASer(UCN), tRNAGln, tRNAAla, tRNAVal, and tRNAAsp) were located on the light chain, and the other genes were located on the heavy chain. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with the mitogenome sequences of 26 types of echinoderm species, and the results show that C. anceps is most closely related to C. quadrangularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huo Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center, Doctoral Workstation of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Jinyang Biotechnology co. LTD, Maoming, China
| | - Jinshang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center, Doctoral Workstation of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Jinyang Biotechnology co. LTD, Maoming, China.,Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center, Doctoral Workstation of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Jinyang Biotechnology co. LTD, Maoming, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center, Doctoral Workstation of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Jinyang Biotechnology co. LTD, Maoming, China.,Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Martins L, Souto C, Tavares M. Exploring the macrostructural anatomy of dendrochirotid sea cucumber's (Echinodermata) calcareous rings under micro-computed tomography and its bearing on phylogeny. J Anat 2020; 238:1386-1403. [PMID: 33372702 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite descending from heavily calcified ancestors, the holothuroid skeleton is fully internal and composed of microscopic ossicles and a ring of plates bound by connective tissue, the calcareous ring. The calcareous ring exhibits a complex and poorly understood morphology; as a result, establishing unambiguous homology statements about its macrostructure has been challenging and phylogenetic studies have had to simplify this important structure. Here, we provide the first broad comparative study of Dendrochirotida calcareous rings using micro-computed tomography (μCT). A detailed description of the three-dimensional macrostructure of the calcareous ring of 10 sea cucumber species, including rare and type specimens, is presented. The structures observed were highly variable at the subfamily level, especially at the point of tissue attachment. The relationship between the calcareous ring and its associated organs, and their functional morphology are discussed. To aid future phylogenetic studies, we listed 22 characters and performed a preliminary cladistic analysis. The topology obtained supports the idea that the simple, cucumariid ring is ancestral to the mosaic-like phyllophorid ring; however, it did not support the monophyly of the cucumariids. It also did not support the family Sclerodactylidae, which was described based on the ring morphology. Differently from the dermal ossicles, which are highly homoplastic, the general homoplasy index of the calcareous ring characters was relatively low. This result highlights the importance of this structure for phylogenetic inference. Unfortunately, time since collection, rough collection methods and fixation can damage the skeleton, and the calcareous ring is often overlooked in taxonomic descriptions. The data presented here will improve our understanding of holothuroid relationships and facilitate studies on holothuroid functional morphology and biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Martins
- Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilla Souto
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marcos Tavares
- Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Liao M, Li B, Xiao N, Kong M, Wang Y, Wang J, Rong X, Zhang Z, Yu Y. Complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA of a deep-sea holothurian species of the genus Synallactes (Synallactida: Synallactidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2020; 5:2699-2700. [PMID: 33457910 PMCID: PMC7782141 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1787266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) was determined for a deep-sea holothurian species of the genus Synallactes (Synallactida: Synallactidae). The mitochondrial genome size of the sea cucumber was 15,920 bp. The sequence contains 2 ribosomal RNA genes (12S and 16S), 22 transfer RNA genes, and 13 protein-coding genes, as found in most previously determined holothurian mitogenomes. The A + T content of the complete mitochondrial genome sequence was 64.45%. The base composition showed a tendency of AT. The resulted maximum likelihood (ML) tree of Holothuroidea supported that Synallactes sp. is a species of Synallactida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijie Liao
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Miao Kong
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingeng Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojun Rong
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongxiang Yu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao, China
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Vanegas González MJ, Borrero-Pérez GH. First records and new information on the associations of echinoderms with other phyla in the rocky reefs of northern Chocó, Colombian Pacific. Zookeys 2020; 921:1-22. [PMID: 32256148 PMCID: PMC7109145 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.921.32802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rocky reefs of the northern Colombian Pacific (Chocó) are diverse ecosystems that are poorly studied. Echinoderms are one of the principal groups in these ecosystems with associations to different species, including benthic organisms in which they live and other species that use them as hosts. These relationships include fishes, sponges, seaweeds, cnidarians, polychaetes, bryozoans, crustaceans, mollusks, and other echinoderms. For this area, 22 associations were registered, including commensalism, epibionts and parasitism. This work constitutes the first report for the associations of Eucidaristhouarsii with Suberitesaff.ficus, E.thouarsii with Ophiothelamirabilis, and Holothuria (Thymiosicia) impatiens with Encheliophisvermicularis. Associations of Pentacerastercumingi with Zenopontoniasoror, and Ophionereisannulata with Malmgreniellacf.variegata are new records for Colombia. This work also expands the range of hosts previously described for Ophiothelamirabilis and expands the distribution of the association between Diademamexicanum and Echineulimacf.robusta.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Juliana Vanegas González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito vives de "Andreis" - INVEMAR. Calle 25 No. 2-55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito vives de "Andreis" Santa Marta Colombia
| | - Giomar Helena Borrero-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito vives de "Andreis" - INVEMAR. Calle 25 No. 2-55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito vives de "Andreis" Santa Marta Colombia
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14
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Zhong S, Huang L, Liu Y, Huang G. The first complete mitochondrial genome of Actinopyga from Actinopyga echinites (Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2020; 5:854-855. [PMID: 33366782 PMCID: PMC7748656 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1710598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep-water redfish, Actinopyga echinites, is an ecologically and economically important holothuroid in China due to its valuable nutrition and pharmacological compounds. However, the taxonomy and phylogeny of the Actinopyga have been debated and misidentifications have been reported recently. Moreover, there remain considerable doubts about cryptic species complex within Actinopyga. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of Actinopyga from A. echinites. The mitogenome has 15,619 base pairs (62.9% A + T content) and made up of a total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a putative control region. This study was the first available complete mitogenome of Actinopyga and will provide useful genetic information for future phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of Holothuriidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Zhong
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology, Beihai, China
| | - Lianghua Huang
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
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15
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Zhong S, Liu Y, Huang L, Zhao Y, Huang G. The complete mitochondrial genome of black sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota (Aspidochirotida holothuriidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019; 4:3377-3378. [PMID: 33366001 PMCID: PMC7707278 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1673250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The black sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota, is an ecologically and economically important holothuroid in China due to broader environmental adaptation and valuable pharmacological compounds. However, the wild stocks of H. leucospilota, have been declining steadily due to overexploitation in recent years. The stock enhancement programme has become an increasingly important priority. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of H. leucospilota. The mitogenome has 15,839 base pairs (57.6% A + T content) and made up of total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a putative control region. The complete mitogenomes of H. leucospilota will provide useful genetic information for future conservation and management of this valuable and vulnerable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Zhong
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Lianghua Huang
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology, Beihai, China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
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16
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Zhong S, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Huang G. The complete mitochondrial genome of sea cucumber Stichopus monotuberculatus (aspidochirotida: Stichopodidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019; 4:3305-3306. [PMID: 33365967 PMCID: PMC7707201 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1673244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The sea cucumber, Stichopus monotuberculatus, is an economically important holothuroid in China due to its larger body size and valuable nutrition. However, the taxonomic revision studies of Stichopodidae have been one of the most controversial issues in recent years. Moreover, there remain considerable doubts about a complex of cryptic species within S. monotuberculatus. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of S. monotuberculatus. The mitogenome has 16,274 base pairs (60.4% A + T content) and made up of total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs), and a putative control region. This study adds one more available complete mitogenomes of Stichopus and will provide useful genetic information for future evolutionary and taxonomic classification of Stichopodidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Zhong
- Institute of marine drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Institute of marine drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology, Beihai, China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- Institute of marine drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
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17
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Peters-Didier J, Sewell MA. The role of the hyaline spheres in sea cucumber metamorphosis: lipid storage via transport cells in the blastocoel. EvoDevo 2019; 10:8. [PMID: 31007889 PMCID: PMC6458721 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background For echinoderms with feeding larvae, metamorphic and post-settlement success may be highly dependent on larval nutrition and the accumulation of energetic lipids from the diet. In contrast to the sea urchins, starfish and brittle stars within the Phylum Echinodermata, sea cucumber metamorphosis does not involve formation of a juvenile rudiment, but instead there is a rearrangement of the entire larval body. Successful metamorphosis in sea cucumbers is often associated with the presence in the late auricularia stage of an evolutionary novelty, the hyaline spheres (HS), which form in the base of the larval arms. Known since the 1850s the function of these HS has remained enigmatic—suggestions include assistance with flotation, as an organizer for ciliary band formation during metamorphosis and as a nutrient store for metamorphosis. Results Here using multiple methodologies (lipid mapping, resin-section light microscopy, lipid and fatty acid analyses) we show definitively that the HS are used to store neutral lipids that fuel the process of metamorphosis in Australostichopus mollis. Neutral lipids derived from the phytoplankton diet are transported by secondary mesenchyme cells (“lipid transporting cells”, LTC), likely as free fatty acids or lipoproteins, from the walls of the stomach and intestine through the blastocoel to the HS; here, they are converted to triacylglycerol with a higher saturated fatty acid content. During metamorphosis the HS decreased in size as the triacylglycerol was consumed and LTC again transported neutral lipids within the blastocoel. Conclusion The HS in A. mollis functions as a nutrient storage structure that separates lipid stores from the major morphogenic events that occur during the metamorphic transition from auricularia–doliolaria–pentactula (settled juvenile). The discovery of LTC within the blastocoel of sea cucumbers has implications for other invertebrate larvae with a gel-filled blastocoel and for our understanding of lipid use during metamorphosis in marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Peters-Didier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Mary A Sewell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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18
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Rahman IA, Thompson JR, Briggs DEG, Siveter DJ, Siveter DJ, Sutton MD. A new ophiocistioid with soft-tissue preservation from the Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte, and the evolution of the holothurian body plan. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182792. [PMID: 30966985 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing the evolutionary assembly of animal body plans is challenging when there are large morphological gaps between extant sister taxa, as in the case of echinozoans (echinoids and holothurians). However, the inclusion of extinct taxa can help bridge these gaps. Here we describe a new species of echinozoan, Sollasina cthulhu, from the Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte, UK. Sollasina cthulhu belongs to the ophiocistioids, an extinct group that shares characters with both echinoids and holothurians. Using physical-optical tomography and computer reconstruction, we visualize the internal anatomy of S. cthulhu in three dimensions, revealing inner soft tissues that we interpret as the ring canal, a key part of the water vascular system that was previously unknown in fossil echinozoans. Phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest that Sollasina and other ophiocistioids represent a paraphyletic group of stem holothurians, as previously hypothesized. This allows us to reconstruct the stepwise reduction of the skeleton during the assembly of the holothurian body plan, which may have been controlled by changes in the expression of biomineralization genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran A Rahman
- 1 Oxford University Museum of Natural History , Oxford OX1 3PW , UK
| | - Jeffrey R Thompson
- 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740 , USA
| | - Derek E G Briggs
- 3 Department of Geology and Geophysics and Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06520-8109 , USA
| | - David J Siveter
- 4 School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester , Leicester LE1 7RH , UK
| | - Derek J Siveter
- 1 Oxford University Museum of Natural History , Oxford OX1 3PW , UK.,5 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN , UK
| | - Mark D Sutton
- 6 Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2BP , UK
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19
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Bahrami Y, Zhang W, M M Franco C. Distribution of Saponins in the Sea Cucumber Holothuria lessoni; the Body Wall Versus the Viscera, and Their Biological Activities. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E423. [PMID: 30388793 DOI: 10.3390/md16110423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers are an important ingredient of traditional folk medicine in many Asian countries, which are well-known for their medicinal, nutraceutical, and food values due to producing an impressive range of distinctive natural bioactive compounds. Triterpene glycosides are the most abundant and prime secondary metabolites reported in this species. They possess numerous biological activities ranging from anti-tumour, wound healing, hypolipidemia, pain relieving, the improvement of nonalcoholic fatty livers, anti-hyperuricemia, the induction of bone marrow hematopoiesis, anti-hypertension, and cosmetics and anti-ageing properties. This study was designed to purify and elucidate the structure of saponin contents of the body wall of sea cucumber Holothurialessoni and to compare the distribution of saponins of the body wall with that of the viscera. The body wall was extracted with 70% ethanol, and purified by a liquid-liquid partition chromatography, followed by isobutanol extraction. A high-performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) was conducted on the saponin-enriched mixture to obtain saponins with a high purity. The resultant purified saponins were analyzed using MALDI-MS/MS and ESI-MS/MS. The integrated and hyphenated MS and HPCPC analyses revealed the presence of 89 saponin congeners, including 35 new and 54 known saponins, in the body wall in which the majority of glycosides are of the holostane type. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, the structure of four novel acetylated saponins, namely lessoniosides H, I, J, and K were characterized. The identified triterpene glycosides showed potent antifungal activities against tested fungi, but had no antibacterial effects on the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The presence of a wide range of saponins with potential applications is promising for cosmeceutical, medicinal, and pharmaceutical products to improve human health.
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20
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Yaghmour F, Whittington-Jones B. First record of Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra Jaeger, 1833 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the coastal waters of the United Arab Emirates. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5555. [PMID: 30280015 PMCID: PMC6166627 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of an endangered and economically valuable species of sea cucumber, Holothuria (Metriatyla) scabra Jaeger, 1833, was investigated in the Alqurm Wa Lehhfaiiah Protected Area near the city of Kalba in the Emirate of Sharjah. Sea cucumber specimens were collected, and identification was first conducted using morphological keys. H. scabra identification was confirmed through microscopic observation of ossicles. Though this species is known to occur in other regions along the Gulf of Oman, this paper represents the first published record of H. scabra, in the coastal waters of the United Arab Emirates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Yaghmour
- Scientific Research Department, Environment and Protected Areas Authority, Kalba, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Brendan Whittington-Jones
- Scientific Research Department, Environment and Protected Areas Authority, Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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21
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Abstract
This review presents a detailed analysis of published research data focused on the pharmacological activity exerted by biologically active compounds isolated from sea cucumbers belonging to the class of Holothuroidea, phylum Echinodermata. The review contains descriptions of the structure, physico-chemical properties and pharmacological effects of these active substances. Particular attention is given to compounds with anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-infectious, immune-stimulating and anti-ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) activities as well as to the substances exerting a regulating influence on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. All these compounds may be considered as prototypes for development of new pharmaceutical substances and medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Khotimchenko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 8 ul. Sukhanova, Vladivostok 690950, Russia.
- National Scientific Center for Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
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22
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Iglikowska A, Najorka J, Voronkov A, Chełchowski M, Kukliński P. Variability in magnesium content in Arctic echinoderm skeletons. Mar Environ Res 2017; 129:207-218. [PMID: 28624116 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 235 measurements of magnesium concentration in echinoderm's skeletons were compiled, including 30 species and 216 specimens collected from northern and western Barents Sea. We aimed to reveal the scale of Mg variation in the skeletons of Arctic echinoderms. Furthermore, we attempted to examine whether the Mg concentration in echinoderm skeletons is determined primarily by biological factors or is a passive result of environmental influences. We found that the Mg concentration in echinoderm skeletons was characteristic for particular echinoderm classes or was even species-specific. The highest Mg contents were observed in asteroids, followed by ophiuroids, crinoids, and holothuroids, with the lowest values in echinoids. These results strongly imply that biological factors play an important role in controlling the incorporation of Mg into the skeletons of the studied individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iglikowska
- Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland.
| | - J Najorka
- Core Research Laboratories, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - A Voronkov
- Institute of Marine Research, N-9294, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - M Chełchowski
- Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland.
| | - P Kukliński
- Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland.
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23
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Demeuldre M, Hennebert E, Bonneel M, Lengerer B, Van Dyck S, Wattiez R, Ladurner P, Flammang P. Mechanical adaptability of sea cucumber Cuvierian tubules involves a mutable collagenous tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:2108-2119. [PMID: 28373597 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.145706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite their soft body and slow motion, sea cucumbers present a low predation rate, reflecting the presence of efficient defence systems. For instance, members of the family Holothuriidae rely on Cuvierian tubules for their defence. These tubules are normally stored in the posterior coelomic cavity of the animal, but when the sea cucumber is threatened by a potential predator, they are expelled through the cloacal aperture, elongate, become sticky and entangle and immobilise the predator in a matter of seconds. The mechanical properties (extensibility, tensile strength, stiffness and toughness) of quiescent (i.e. in the body cavity) and elongated (i.e. after expulsion) Cuvierian tubules were investigated in the species Holothuria forskali using traction tests. Important mechanical differences were measured between the two types of tubules, reflecting adaptability to their operating mode: to ease elongation, quiescent tubules present a low resistance to extension, while elongated tubules present a high toughness to resist tractions generated by the predator. We demonstrate that a mutable collagenous tissue (MCT) is involved in the functioning of these organs: (1) some mechanical properties of Cuvierian tubules are modified by incubation in a cell-disrupting solution; (2) the connective tissue layer encloses juxtaligamental-like cells, a cell type present in all MCTs; and (3) tensilin, a MCT stiffening protein, was localised inside these cells. Cuvierian tubules thus appear to enclose a new type of MCT which shows irreversible stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Demeuldre
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Elise Hennebert
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Mons 7000, Belgium.,University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Marie Bonneel
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Birgit Lengerer
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Séverine Van Dyck
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Proteomics and Microbiology, Mons 7000, Belgium
| | - Peter Ladurner
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Patrick Flammang
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Mons 7000, Belgium
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Goto R, Ishikawa H. Borniopsis mortoni sp. n. (Heterodonta, Galeommatoidea, Galeommatidaesensu lato), a new bivalve commensal with a synaptid sea cucumber from Japan. Zookeys 2016:33-45. [PMID: 27667939 PMCID: PMC5027776 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.615.8125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Galeommatoidea is a bivalve superfamily that exhibits high species diversity in shallow waters. Many members of this superfamily are associated commensally with burrowing marine invertebrates in benthic sediments. The genus Borniopsis is known only from eastern Asia and exhibits high host diversity (e.g., mantis shrimps, crabs, holothurians, sipunculans and echiurans). A new species, Borniopsismortonisp. n., is described from mud flats at the mouth of the Souzu River, southwestern Shikoku Island, Japan. This species has elongate-ovate shells covered by a tan to dark brown periostracum, and lives attached by both its foot and byssal threads to the body surface of the synaptid sea cucumber Patinaptaooplax. Several individuals of Borniopsismortoni are often found on the same host, but sometimes more than 10 individuals can occur together. Borniopsismortoni is one of the smallest species in this genus. Probably, its small body size is an adaptation to the mode of life in a narrow host burrow. Until now, only two other Borniopsis species were known to have commensal associations with synaptids. Thus, this is the third example of a synaptid-associated species from this genus. In addition, we briefly review the galeommatoideans commensal with apodid sea cucumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Goto
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079, USA
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Bahrami Y, Franco CMM. Acetylated Triterpene Glycosides and Their Biological Activity from Holothuroidea Reported in the Past Six Decades. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E147. [PMID: 27527190 PMCID: PMC4999908 DOI: 10.3390/md14080147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers have been valued for many centuries as a tonic and functional food, dietary delicacies and important ingredients of traditional medicine in many Asian countries. An assortment of bioactive compounds has been described in sea cucumbers. The most important and abundant secondary metabolites from sea cucumbers are triterpene glycosides (saponins). Due to the wide range of their potential biological activities, these natural compounds have gained attention and this has led to their emergence as high value compounds with extended application in nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, medicinal and pharmaceutical products. They are characterized by bearing a wide spectrum of structures, such as sulfated, non-sulfated and acetylated glycosides. Over 700 triterpene glycosides have been reported from the Holothuroidea in which more than 145 are decorated with an acetoxy group having 38 different aglycones. The majority of sea cucumber triterpene glycosides are of the holostane type containing a C18 (20) lactone group and either Δ(7(8)) or Δ(9(11)) double bond in their genins. The acetoxy group is mainly connected to the C-16, C-22, C-23 and/or C-25 of their aglycone. Apparently, the presence of an acetoxy group, particularly at C-16 of the aglycone, plays a significant role in the bioactivity; including induction of caspase, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, anticancer, antifungal and antibacterial activities of these compounds. This manuscript highlights the structure of acetylated saponins, their biological activity, and their structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Bahrami
- Medical Biotechnology, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran.
| | - Christopher M M Franco
- Medical Biotechnology, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
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Clouse RM, Linchangco GV, Kerr AM, Reid RW, Janies DA. Phylotranscriptomic analysis uncovers a wealth of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases variants in echinoderms. R Soc Open Sci 2015; 2:150377. [PMID: 27017967 PMCID: PMC4807446 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) help regulate the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animals, mostly by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). They are important activators of mutable collagenous tissue (MCT), which have been extensively studied in echinoderms, and the four TIMP copies in humans have been studied for their role in cancer. To understand the evolution of TIMPs, we combined 405 TIMPs from an echinoderm transcriptome dataset built from 41 specimens representing all five classes of echinoderms with variants from protostomes and chordates. We used multiple sequence alignment with various stringencies of alignment quality to cull highly divergent sequences and then conducted phylogenetic analyses using both nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic hypotheses consistently recovered TIMPs as diversifying in the ancestral deuterostome and these early lineages continuing to diversify in echinoderms. The four vertebrate TIMPs diversified from a single copy in the ancestral chordate, all other copies being lost. Consistent with greater MCT needs owing to body wall liquefaction, evisceration, autotomy and reproduction by fission, holothuroids had significantly more TIMPs and higher read depths per contig. Ten cysteine residues, an HPQ binding site and several other residues were conserved in at least 70% of all TIMPs. The conservation of binding sites and the placement of echinoderm TIMPs involved in MCT modification suggest that ECM regulation remains the primary function of TIMP genes, although within this role there are a large number of specialized copies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M. Clouse
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Gregorio V. Linchangco
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Alexander M. Kerr
- Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Robert W. Reid
- Bioinformatics Services Division, North Carolina Research Campus, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Daniel A. Janies
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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Gutt J, Piepenburg D, Voß J. Asteroids, ophiuroids and holothurians from the southeastern Weddell Sea (Southern Ocean). Zookeys 2014:1-15. [PMID: 25152677 PMCID: PMC4141163 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.434.7622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Until the early 1980s, the composition and distribution of the asteroid (starfish), ophiuroid (brittle star) and holothurian (sea cucumber) bottom fauna of the southeastern Weddell Sea was virtually unknown. This southernmost part of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean is a typical high-latitude Antarctic region located in the circumpolar permanent pack-ice zone. It became accessible for large-scale scientific surveys only through the availability of modern ice-breaking research vessels, such as the German RV “Polarstern”. Here, we describe a dataset of the faunal composition and abundance of starfish, brittle star and sea cucumber assemblages in this area, based on collections from trawl catches carried out during three “Polarstern” cruises in 1983, 1984 and 1985. The set comprises a total of 4,509 records of abundances of 35 asteroid species (with a total of 2,089 specimens) and 38 ophiuroid species (with a total of 18,484 specimens) from 34 stations, as well as of 66 holothurian species (with a total of 20,918 specimens) from 59 stations including zero-abundances (absences). A synthesizing zoogeographical community analysis confirms the presence of three distinct assemblages of asteroids, ophiuroids, and holothurians with highest species richness on the eastern shelf. Overall, starfishes, brittle stars and sea cucumbers were present at all sites investigated in the study area but composition and abundance of asterozoan (asteroids and ophiuroids together) and holothurian fauna varied considerably. A synthesizing zoogeographical community analysis confirms the presence of three distinct assemblages of asteroids, ophiuroids, and holothurians with highest species richness on the eastern shelf. In the case of asterozoans, water depth and latitude seemed to be the most important drivers of assemblage distribution and composition. One of the holothurian assemblages was part of the rich macrozoobenthic community dominated by a diverse and abundant epifauna, mainly sponges and gorgonians. Another one was mainly composed of vagrant deposit-feeding species inhabiting a predominantly non-colonised substratum. In addition, a mixed holothurian assemblage was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gutt
- Alfred Wegener Institute Hemholtz, Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Columbusstraße, 27515, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Dieter Piepenburg
- Alfred Wegener Institute Hemholtz, Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Columbusstraße, 27515, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Joachim Voß
- Landesamt für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und ländliche Räume, Hamburger Chaussee 25, 24220, Flintbek, Germany
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