1
|
Zandalinas SI, Rivero RM, Martínez V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Arbona V. Tolerance of citrus plants to the combination of high temperatures and drought is associated to the increase in transpiration modulated by a reduction in abscisic acid levels. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:105. [PMID: 27121193 PMCID: PMC4848825 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In natural environments, several adverse environmental conditions occur simultaneously constituting a unique stress factor. In this work, physiological parameters and the hormonal regulation of Carrizo citrange and Cleopatra mandarin, two citrus genotypes, in response to the combined action of high temperatures and water deprivation were studied. The objective was to characterize particular responses to the stress combination. RESULTS Experiments indicated that Carrizo citrange is more tolerant to the stress combination than Cleopatra mandarin. Furthermore, an experimental design spanning 24 h stress duration, heat stress applied alone induced higher stomatal conductance and transpiration in both genotypes whereas combined water deprivation partially counteracted this response. Comparing both genotypes, Carrizo citrange showed higher phostosystem-II efficiency and lower oxidative damage than Cleopatra mandarin. Hormonal profiling in leaves revealed that salicylic acid (SA) accumulated in response to individual stresses but to a higher extent in samples subjected to the combination of heat and drought (showing an additive response). SA accumulation correlated with the up-regulation of pathogenesis-related gene 2 (CsPR2), as a downstream response. On the contrary, abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation was higher in water-stressed plants followed by that observed in plants under stress combination. ABA signaling in these plants was confirmed by the expression of responsive to ABA-related gene 18 (CsRAB18). Modulation of ABA levels was likely carried out by the induction of 9-neoxanthin cis-epoxicarotenoid dioxygenase (CsNCED) and ABA 8'-hydroxylase (CsCYP707A) while conversion to ABA-glycosyl ester (ABAGE) was a less prominent process despite the strong induction of ABA O-glycosyl transferase (CsAOG). CONCLUSIONS Cleopatra mandarin is more susceptible to the combination of high temperatures and water deprivation than Carrizo citrange. This is likely a result of a higher transpiration rate in Carrizo that could allow a more efficient cooling of leaf surface ensuring optimal CO2 intake. Hence, SA induction in Cleopatra was not sufficient to protect PSII from photoinhibition, resulting in higher malondialdehyde (MDA) build-up. Inhibition of ABA accumulation during heat stress and combined stresses was achieved primarily through the up-regulation of CsCYP707A leading to phaseic acid (PA) and dehydrophaseic acid (DPA) production. To sum up, data indicate that specific physiological responses to the combination of heat and drought exist in citrus. In addition, these responses are differently modulated depending on the particular stress tolerance of citrus genotypes.
Collapse
|
research-article |
9 |
90 |
2
|
Dolferus R. To grow or not to grow: a stressful decision for plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:247-261. [PMID: 25443851 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Progress in improving abiotic stress tolerance of crop plants using classic breeding and selection approaches has been slow. This has generally been blamed on the lack of reliable traits and phenotyping methods for stress tolerance. In crops, abiotic stress tolerance is most often measured in terms of yield-capacity under adverse weather conditions. "Yield" is a complex trait and is determined by growth and developmental processes which are controlled by environmental signals throughout the life cycle of the plant. The use of model systems has allowed us to gradually unravel how plants grow and develop, but our understanding of the flexibility and opportunistic nature of plant development and its capacity to adapt growth to environmental cues is still evolving. There is genetic variability for the capacity to maintain yield and productivity under abiotic stress conditions in crop plants such as cereals. Technological progress in various domains has made it increasingly possible to mine that genetic variability and develop a better understanding about the basic mechanism of plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. The aim of this paper is not to give a detailed account of all current research progress, but instead to highlight some of the current research trends that may ultimately lead to strategies for stress-proofing crop species. The focus will be on abiotic stresses that are most often associated with climate change (drought, heat and cold) and those crops that are most important for human nutrition, the cereals.
Collapse
|
Review |
11 |
87 |
3
|
Anouar Y, Lihrmann I, Falluel-Morel A, Boukhzar L. Selenoprotein T is a key player in ER proteostasis, endocrine homeostasis and neuroprotection. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 127:145-152. [PMID: 29800653 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Selenoprotein T (SELENOT, SELT) is a thioredoxin-like enzyme anchored at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, whose primary structure is highly conserved during evolution. SELENOT is abundant in embryonic tissues and its activity is essential during development since its gene knockout in mice is lethal early during embryogenesis. Although its expression is repressed in most adult tissues, SELENOT remains particularly abundant in endocrine organs such as the pituitary, pancreas, thyroid and testis, suggesting an important role of this selenoprotein in hormone production. Our recent studies showed indeed that SELENOT plays a key function in insulin and corticotropin biosynthesis and release by regulating ER proteostasis. Although SELENOT expression is low or undetectable in most cerebral structures, its gene conditional knockout in brain provokes anatomical alterations that impact mice behavior. This suggests that SELENOT also plays an important role in brain development and function. In addition, SELENOT is induced after injury in brain or liver and exerts a cytoprotective effect. Thus, the data gathered during the last ten years of intense investigation of this newly discovered thioredoxin-like enzyme point to an essential function during development and in adult endocrine organs or lesioned brain, most likely by regulating ER redox circuits that control homeostasis and survival of cells with intense metabolic activity.
Collapse
|
Review |
7 |
47 |
4
|
Grindstaff JL, Beaty LE, Ambardar M, Luttbeg B. Integrating theoretical and empirical approaches for a robust understanding of endocrine flexibility. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274311. [PMID: 35258612 PMCID: PMC8987727 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in studying hormones beyond single 'snapshot' measurements, as recognition that individual variation in the endocrine response to environmental change may underlie many rapid, coordinated phenotypic changes. Repeated measures of hormone levels in individuals provide additional insight into individual variation in endocrine flexibility - that is, how individuals modulate hormone levels in response to the environment. The ability to quickly and appropriately modify phenotype is predicted to be favored by selection, especially in unpredictable environments. The need for repeated samples from individuals can make empirical studies of endocrine flexibility logistically challenging, but methods based in mathematical modeling can provide insights that circumvent these challenges. Our Review introduces and defines endocrine flexibility, reviews existing studies, makes suggestions for future empirical work, and recommends mathematical modeling approaches to complement empirical work and significantly advance our understanding. Mathematical modeling is not yet widely employed in endocrinology, but can be used to identify innovative areas for future research and generate novel predictions for empirical testing.
Collapse
|
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
3 |
17 |
5
|
Schwartz A, Bellissimo N. Nicotine and energy balance: A review examining the effect of nicotine on hormonal appetite regulation and energy expenditure. Appetite 2021; 164:105260. [PMID: 33848592 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine has been shown to decrease appetite, food intake (FI) and body weight, but the mechanisms are unclear. The purpose of this review was to examine research on the effects of nicotine on energy balance by exploring physiological mechanisms and hormone regulation related to FI, subjective appetite and energy expenditure (EE). We searched PubMed and MEDLINE, and included articles investigating the effects of nicotine on central appetite regulation, FI, leptin, peptide-YY (PYY), ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), adiponectin, cholecystokinin (CCK), orexin, and EE. A total of 65 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and review. Our findings suggest that the decrease in appetite and FI may be attributed to nicotinic alterations of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) but the effect of nicotine on FI remains unclear. Furthermore, nicotine increases resting EE (REE) and physical activity EE (PAEE) in both smokers and non-smokers; and these increases may be a result of the catecholaminergic effect of nicotine. Decreases in body weight and appetite experienced by nicotine users results from increased EE and changes in the central hypothalamic regulation of appetite. There is not enough evidence to implicate a relationship between peripheral hormones and changes in appetite or FI after nicotine use. Although nicotine increases REE and PAEE, the effect of nicotine on other components of EE warrants further research. We conclude that further research evaluating the effect of nicotine on appetite hormones, FI and EE in humans is warranted.
Collapse
|
Review |
4 |
15 |
6
|
Potter SJ, Kumar DL, DeFalco T. Origin and Differentiation of Androgen-Producing Cells in the Gonads. Results Probl Cell Differ 2016; 58:101-134. [PMID: 27300177 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31973-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is dependent on the activity of androgenic steroid hormones to promote gonadal development and gametogenesis. Leydig cells of the testis and theca cells of the ovary are critical cell types in the gonadal interstitium that carry out steroidogenesis and provide key androgens for reproductive organ function. In this chapter, we will discuss important aspects of interstitial androgenic cell development in the gonad, including: the potential cellular origins of interstitial steroidogenic cells and their progenitors; the molecular mechanisms involved in Leydig cell specification and differentiation (including Sertoli-cell-derived signaling pathways and Leydig-cell-related transcription factors and nuclear receptors); the interactions of Leydig cells with other cell types in the adult testis, such as Sertoli cells, germ cells, peritubular myoid cells, macrophages, and vascular endothelial cells; the process of steroidogenesis and its systemic regulation; and a brief discussion of the development of theca cells in the ovary relative to Leydig cells in the testis. Finally, we will describe the dynamics of steroidogenic cells in seasonal breeders and highlight unique aspects of steroidogenesis in diverse vertebrate species. Understanding the cellular origins of interstitial steroidogenic cells and the pathways directing their specification and differentiation has implications for the study of multiple aspects of development and will help us gain insights into the etiology of reproductive system birth defects and infertility.
Collapse
|
Review |
9 |
10 |
7
|
Castroverde CD, Xu X, Nazar RN, Robb J. Biotic factors that induce the tomato Ve1 R-gene. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 265:61-69. [PMID: 29223343 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In tomato, Verticillium resistance is determined by the Ve gene locus encoding two leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (Ve1, Ve2). The resistance function usually is attributed to Ve1 alone, with two known alleles: Ve1, encoding a resistance protein, and ve1, with a premature stop codon encoding a truncated product. We have examined further Ve-gene expression in resistant and susceptible near-isolines of Verticillium-infected Craigella tomatoes, using both quantitative RT-PCR and an alternative RFLP assay. Ve1 is induced differentially in resistant and susceptible plants, while Ve2 is constitutively expressed throughout disease development. Contrary to their putative role in Verticillium resistance, these profiles were observed even with compatible Verticillium interactions, some bacterial pathogens, and transgenic tomato plants expressing the fungal Ave1 effector. This suggests broader roles in disease and/or stress. To determine the contribution of plant hormones, abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, naphthaleneacetic acid or salicylic acid were infused independently via the tomato root and effects on Ve1 induction were confirmed using biosynthesis mutants. While all the hormones modulated Ve1-gene induction, abscisic acid and salicylic acid were not required while jasmonic acid appears to play a more direct role.
Collapse
|
|
8 |
5 |
8
|
Chen L, Wang Z, Zhang C, Jiang W, Li X. Environmental Hormone Effects and Bioaccumulation of Propiconazole and Difenoconazole in Procypris merus. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:823-830. [PMID: 36074130 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Studying the bioaccumulation behavior and toxicity of triazole fungicides is a crucial part of comprehensively evaluating the environmental fate and aquatic toxicity.The current research aimed to reveal the toxic effects of propiconazole and difenoconazole on fish through acute toxicity test, bioaccumulation test and oxidase system activity determination. Here, the propiconazole and difenoconazole concentrations were 11.3 mg/L and 31.2 mg/L for LC50-96 h, both having low toxicity. LC-MS/MS was used to determine the propiconazole and difenoconazole concentrations in five organs (muscle, gill, liver, intestine, and kidney) of Procypris meru. The findings indicate that the bioconcentration coefficients of propiconazole and difenoconazole in grass flower carp were 0.66-27.08 and 2.43-22.72, which belonged to medium enrichment pesticides. The bioconcentration coefficients decreased with the increase of exposure concentration. The two fungicides could induce oxidative stress in fish liver, and the activities of three antioxidant enzymes were inhibited in varying degrees (p < 0.05). The results showed that the content of T3 increased, and T4 decreased when exposed to one-tenth LC50 for 7 days. This study shows that triazole pesticides have bioaccumulation risks on aquatic organisms and clear environmental hormonal effects.
Collapse
|
|
3 |
5 |
9
|
Lemaire-Chamley M, Koutouan C, Jorly J, Assali J, Yoshida T, Nogueira M, Tohge T, Ferrand C, Peres LEP, Asamizu E, Ezura H, Fraser PD, Hajirezaei MR, Fernie AR, Rothan C. A Chimeric TGA Repressor Slows Down Fruit Maturation and Ripening in Tomato. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:120-134. [PMID: 34665867 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The bZIP transcription factor (TF) SlTGA2.2 was previously highlighted as a possible hub in a network regulating fruit growth and transition to ripening (maturation phase). It belongs to a clade of TFs well known for their involvement in the regulation of the salicylic acid-dependent systemic acquired resistance. To investigate if this TGA TF plays a role in tomato fruit growth and maturation, we took advantage of the fruit-specific SlPPC2 promoter (PPC2pro) to target the expression of a SlTGA2.2-SRDX chimeric repressor in a developmental window restricted to early fruit growth and maturation. Here, we show that this SlTGA2.2-SRDX repressor alters early fruit development and metabolism, including chloroplast number and structure, considerably extends the time necessary to reach the mature green stage and slows down fruit ripening. RNA sequencing and plant hormone analyses reveal that PPC2pro:SlTGA2.2-SRDX fruits are maintained in an immature stage as long as PPC2pro is active, through early modifications of plant hormonal signaling and down-regulation of MADS-RIN and NAC-NOR ripening regulators. Once PPC2pro becomes inactive and therefore SlTGA2.2-SRDX expression is reduced, ripening can proceed, albeit at a slower pace than normal. Altogether, this work emphasizes the developmental continuum between fruit growth, maturation and ripening and provides a useful tool to alter and study the molecular bases of tomato fruit transition to ripening.
Collapse
|
Comparative Study |
3 |
5 |
10
|
Wang J, Tian Y, Li J, Yang K, Xing S, Han X, Xu D, Wang Y. Transcriptome sequencing of active buds from Populus deltoides CL. and Populus × zhaiguanheibaiyang reveals phytohormones involved in branching. Genomics 2018; 111:700-709. [PMID: 29660475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Branching in woody plants affects their ecological benefits and impacts wood formation. To obtain genome-wide insights into the transcriptome changes and regulatory mechanisms associated with branching, we performed high-throughput RNA sequencing to characterize cDNA libraries generated from active buds of Populus deltoides CL. 'zhonglin2025' (BC) and Populus × zhaiguanheibaiyang (NC). NC has more branches than BC and rapid growth. We obtained a total of 198.2 million high-quality clean reads from the NC and BC libraries. We detected 3543 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the NC and BC libraries; 1418 were down-regulated and 2125 were up-regulated. Gene ontology functional classification of the DEGs indicated that they included 89 genes that encoded proteins related to hormone biosynthesis, 364 genes related to hormone signaling transduction, and 104 related to the auxin efflux transmembrane transporter. We validated the expression profiles of 16° by real-time quantitative PCR and found that their expression patterns were similar to those obtained from the high-throughput RNA sequencing data. We also measured the hormone content in young buds of BC and NC by high-pressure liquid chromatography. In this study, we identified global hormone regulatory patterns and differences in gene expression between NC and BC, and constructed a hormone regulatory network to explain branching in Populus buds. In addition, candidate genes that may be useful for molecular breeding of particular plant types were identified. Our results will provide a starting point for future investigations into the molecular mechanisms of branching in Populus.
Collapse
|
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
7 |
4 |
11
|
Sun Y, Bu LG, Wang B, Ren J, Li TY, Kong LL, Ni H. Expression and hormone regulation of UCP2 in goat uterus. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 243:107015. [PMID: 35689907 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy success is closely related to the molecular mechanisms that control energy metabolism balance. However, the mechanisms have not been fully understood. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) plays a physiological role by regulating energy metabolism in numerous tissues. In this study, we determined the expression and hormone regulation of UCP2 in goat uterus. UCP2 is expressed in the luminal and glandular epithelia of goat uterus during early pregnancy, as revealed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry conducted on pregnant goats. The signals were detected from day 0 (D0) to D30 of pregnancy, though weak on D16 (the adhesion period). The low levels of UCP2 on D16 were confirmed by RT-qPCR and western blot. In goat uterus and endometrial epithelial cells (EECs), UCP2 was up-regulated by progesterone and estrogen. In addition, after goat EECs were treated with genipin (an inhibitor of UCP2), not only UCP2 expression but also cell proliferation was inhibited. Collectively, UCP2 is dynamically expressed in goat uterus and can affect EEC proliferation, suggesting that it may participate in regulating the energy metabolism balance of goat uterus during early pregnancy.
Collapse
|
|
3 |
2 |
12
|
Sneddon WB, Ramineni S, Van Doorn GE, Hepler JR, Friedman PA. Distinct and overlapping RGS14 and RGS12 actions regulate NPT2A-mediated phosphate transport. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 733:150700. [PMID: 39293332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) control serum phosphate levels by downregulating the renal Na-phosphate transporter NPT2A, thereby decreasing phosphate absorption and augmenting urinary excretion. This mechanism requires NHERF1, a PDZ scaffold protein, and is governed by the regulator of G protein signaling-14 (RGS14), which harbors a carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand that binds NHERF1. RGS14 is part of a triad of structurally related RGS proteins that includes RGS12 and RGS10. Like RGS14, RGS12 contains a class 1 PDZ ligand. However, unlike RGS14, the larger RGS12 contains an upstream PDZ-binding domain. The studies outlined here examined and characterized the binding of RGS12 with NHERF1 and NPT2A and its function on hormone-regulated phosphate transport. Immunoblotting experiments revealed RGS12 C-terminal PDZ ligand binding to NHERF1. Further structural analysis disclosed that NPT2A engaged full-length RGS12 and the upstream fragment containing the PDZ domain. Neither the downstream RGS12 portion nor RGS14 interacted with NPT2A. PTH and FGF23 profoundly inhibited phosphate uptake in opossum kidney proximal tubule cells. Transfection with human RGS14, or human RGS12, abolished hormone-sensitive phosphate transport as reported for human proximal tubule cells. RGS12 inhibitory activity resides in the downstream region and is comparable to RGS14. The carboxy-terminal RGS12(667-1447) splice variant is prominently expressed in the kidney and may contribute to regulating hormone-sensitive phosphate transport.
Collapse
|
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
1 |
|
13
|
Tang N, Cao Z, Wu P, Liu Y, Lou J, Hu Y, Sun X, Si S, Chen Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals hormone, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation involved in prickle formation in Zanthoxylum armatum. Gene 2023; 871:147434. [PMID: 37068692 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Zanthoxylum armatum is an evergreen plant with high economical and medicinal values. The presence of prickles on stems and leaves is undesirable for them make picking difficult. To date, little is known of prickle formation in Z. armatum. Herein, the morphological and molecular features of prickle initiation in prickless (WC) and three types of prickly Z. armatum were characterized. Compared to WC, the levels of cytokinin and auxin were increased, while GA and JA declined in prickly Z. armatum. Transcriptome analysis identified 6258 differentially expressed genes (DEGs)between prickless and prickly Z. armatum. Among them, several DEGs related to hormone metabolism and signaling, including LOG7, CKX3, AHK1, three DELLAs, six JAZs and TIR1, were candidate genes involved in prickle formation. Transcription factors associated with prickle formation was screened, including MYB6-1/MYB6-2, WER, GL3-2, SPL4/5, SOC1, and SCL32. Of them, MYB6-1 and WER might negatively regulate prickles initiation via interacting with GL3-2. Additionally, the histone acetylation and DNA methylation levels, the transcripts of histone acetyltransferase/deacetylase and DNA methyltransferases showed significant differences between prickless and prickly plants, indicating their involvements in prickle initiation. These findings illustrate the regulation of prickle formation might be mediated by phytohormones (especially cytokinin), transcription factors and epigenetic modifications in Z. armatum.
Collapse
|
|
2 |
|