Impact of two-phase hybrid nanofluid approach on mixed convection inside wavy lid-driven cavity having localized solid block

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Flow, heat, and mass transfer of hybrid nanofluids in a wavy chamber were addressed.

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A two-phase approach, including the Brownian motion and thermophoresis forces, was introduced.

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The drift flux of composite hybrid nanoparticles was computed.

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The concentration distribution of composite nanoparticles was investigated.

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The location of the solid block and undulation of surfaces are investigated.

Introduction:

Mixed convection flow and heat transfer within various cavities including lid-driven walls has many engineering applications. Investigation of such a problem is important in enhancing the performance of the cooling of electric, electronic and nuclear devices and controlling the fluid flow and heat exchange of the solar thermal operations and thermal storage.

Objectives:

The main aim of this fundamental investigation is to examine the influence of a two-phase hybrid nanofluid approach on mixed convection characteristics including the consequences of varying Richardson number, number of oscillations, nanoparticle volume fraction, and dimensionless length and dimensionless position of the solid obstacle.

Methods:

The migration of composite hybrid nanoparticles due to the nano-scale forces of the Brownian motion and thermophoresis was taken into account. There is an inner block near the middle of the enclosure, which contributes toward the flow, heat, and mass transfer. The top lid cover wall of the enclosure is allowed to move which induces a mixed convection flow. The impact of the migration of hybrid nanoparticles with regard to heat transfer is also conveyed in the conservation of energy. The governing equations are molded into the non-dimensional pattern and then explained using the finite element technique. The effect of various non-dimensional parameters such as the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the wave number of walls, and the Richardson number on the heat transfer and the concentration distribution of nanoparticles are examined. Various case studies for Al₂O₃-Cu/water hybrid nanofluids are performed.

Results:

The results reveal that the temperature gradient could induce a notable concentration variation in the enclosure.

Conclusion:

The location of the solid block and undulation of surfaces are valuable in the control of the heat transfer and the concentration distribution of the composite nanoparticles.

Magneto rotating flow of hybrid nanofluid with entropy generation

BACKGROUND

Study of nanofluids has been enormously increased for the last couple of years. Regardless of some irregularity in the revealed outcomes and lacking consistency, yet the mechanisms of heat transport have been emerged as highly efficient. In the continuation of nanomaterials research, the investigators and analyst have also attempted to utilize hybrid nanomaterial recently, which is designed by suspending unique nanomaterials (nanoparticles) either in mixture or composite structure. The theory of hybrid nanofluids can be further modified for heat transport and pressure drop attributes by trade-off between disadvantages and advantages of individual suspension, ascribed to great aspect ratio, better thermal system and synergistic impact of nanomaterials. Therefore, we have conducted a theoretical attempt on MHD entropy optimized viscous hybrid nanomaterial flow between two parallel plates. The boundaries of plates are fixed with velocity and thermal slip aspects. Chemical reaction with novel aspect of activation energy is accounted. Furthermore, thermal radiation, heat generation and Joule heating are examined.

METHOD

The modeled system is numerically simulated through bvp4c technique.

RESULTS

Behaviors of pertinent variables on the velocity, skin friction, temperature, Nusselt number, entropy generation rate and concentration are presented and discussed through different graphs. Temperature field decays against higher values of Eckert number and thermal slip variable.

CONCLUSIONS

It is noticed that velocity of material particles increase against larger estimations of rotation parameter. Temperature declines versus larger Prandtl and Eckert numbers. Concentration decays when an enhancement is occurred in the Lewis number. Magnitude of surface drag force upsurges for rising values of Prandtl number and radiation parameter. Furthermore, magnitude of Nusselt number enhances through larger Eckert number, magnetic number and Prandtl number.

MHD flow of a Newtonian fluid in symmetric channel with ABC fractional model containing hybrid nanoparticles

INTRODUCTION

The nanofluid is novelty of nanotechnology to overcome the difficulties of heat transfer in several manufacturing and engineering areas. Fractional calculus has many applications in nearly all fields of science and engineering which comprises electrochemistry, dispersion and viscoelasticity.

OBJECTIVES

This paper focused on the heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid in two vertical parallel plates and presented a comparison between fractional operators.

METHODS

The fractional viscous fluid model is considered with physical initial and boundary conditions for the movement occurrences. The analytical solutions were obtained via Laplace transform method for the concentration, temperature and velocity fields. After that we presented a comparison between Atangana-Baleanu (ABC), Caputo (C) and Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) fractional operators.

RESULTS

The comparison of different base fluids (Water, kerosene, Engine Oil) is discussed graphically for temperature and velocity. It is resulted that due to high thermal conductivity in water, temperature and velocity are high. While engine oil has maximum viscosity than water and kerosene, so temperature and velocity are very low. Due to the thermal conductivity improving with the enrichment of hybrid nanoparticles, so the Temperature is increased and since viscosity increased, so the velocity is reduced.

CONCLUSION

Atangana-Baleanu (ABC) fractional operator gives better memory effect of concentration, temperature and velocity fields than Caputo (C) and Caputo-Fabrizio (CF). Temperature and velocity of water with hybridized nanoparticles is high in comparison with kerosene and engine oil.

Transportation of magnetized micropolar hybrid nanomaterial fluid flow over a Riga curface surface

We deliberated the flow of magnetized micropolar hybrid nanoparticles fluid flow over the Riga curved surface. Exponentially stretching and slip effects are also considered in this analysis. Mathematical model has been established on the base of assumptions in the form of partial differential equations. Such equations are renewed into ordinary differential equations utilizing similarity transformations. Reduced model has been elucidated by means of bvp4c scheme. Impacts of physical parameters namely as stretching parameter R₀, curvature parameter K, solid nanoparticle volume fraction Φ₂, micropolar parameter K₁, microgyration parameter n, thermal slip parameter M, partial slip parameter γ, modified Harman number ∅ and dimensionless parameter ω. Magnetic parameter β and reciprocal magnetic Prandtl number λ are depicted by means of numerically and graphically. Our results help in the field of engineering and industrial. This model is presented in the first time through literatures. Our interest of study is to be analyzed about the heat transfer rate of magnetized micropolar hybrid nanomaterial fluid over a Riga curved surface. Comparison with the literature has been worked out and excellent agreement is found.

Computational simulation of rheological blood flow containing hybrid nanoparticles in an inclined catheterized artery with stenotic, aneurysmal and slip effects

Influenced by nano-drug delivery applications, the present article considers the collective effects of hybrid biocompatible metallic nanoparticles (Silver and Copper), a stenosis and an aneurysm on the unsteady blood flow characteristics in a catheterized tapered inclined artery. The non-Newtonian Carreau fluid model is deployed to represent the hemorheological characteristics in the arterial region. A modified Tiwari-Das volume fraction model is adopted for nanoscale effects. The permeability of the arterial wall and the inclination of the diseased artery are taken into account. The nanoparticles are also considered to have various shapes (bricks, cylinders, platelets, blades) and therefore the influence of different shape parameters is discussed. The conservation equations for mass, linear momentum and energy are normalized by employing suitable non-dimensional variables. The transformed equations with associated boundary conditions are solved numerically using the FTCS method. Key hemodynamic characteristics i.e. velocity, temperature, flow rate, wall shear stress (WSS) in stenotic and aneurysm region for a particular critical height of the stenosis, are computed. Hybrid nanoparticles (Ag-Cu/Blood) accelerate the axial flow and increase temperatures significantly compared with unitary nanoparticles (Ag/blood), at both the stenosis and aneurysm segments. Axial velocity, temperature and flow rate are all enhanced with greater nanoparticle shape factor. Axial velocity, temperature, wall shear stress and flow rate magnitudes are always comparatively higher at the aneurysm region compared with the stenotic segment. The simulations provide novel insights into the performance of different nanoparticle geometries and also rheological behaviour in realistic nano-pharmaco-dynamic transport and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Darcy-Forchheimer hybrid (MoS2, SiO2) nanofluid flow with entropy generation

BACKGROUND

The aim of this articles is to investigate the entropy optimization in Darcy-Forchheimer hybrid nanofluids flow towards a stretchable surface. The flow is caused due to stretching of surface. Energy equation is discussed through heat generation/absorption, viscous dissipation and heat flux. Here molybdenum disulfide and silicon dioxide are considered as a nanoparticles and water as continuous phase fluid. Furthermore we examined the comparative analysis of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) suspended in water (H₂O). Entropy optimization rate is calculated through implementation of second law of thermodynamics.

METHOD

Nonlinear partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary system through adequate transformation. Here we have employed numerical built in ND solve method to develop numerical outcomes for obtained nonlinear flow expression.

RESULTS

Characteristics of various engineering parameters on entropy optimization, velocity, Bejan number and temperature are graphically examined for both molybdenum disulfide and silicon dioxide. Skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are numerically computed for various interesting parameters for both nanoparticles (SiO₂ and MoS₂). From obtained results it is noted that entropy optimization enhances against larger estimation of radiation and porosity parameters. Temperature and velocity have opposite behaviors for porosity parameter. Comparative study of present and with previous published literature are examined in tabulated form and found good agreement.

Flow of hybrid nanofluid across a permeable longitudinal moving fin along with thermal radiation and natural convection

BACKGROUND

The numerical investigation of nanoparticles embedded water based hybrid nanoliquid flow over porous longitudinal fin moving with constant velocity is carried out together with thermal radiation and natural convection condition. Darcy's model is implemented for the flow behaviour. The two types of boundary conditions are considered at the tip i.e., insulated tip fin and fin with known convective condition.

METHOD

The modelled ordinary differential equation is non-dimensionalized and tackled mathematically by applying RKF (Runge Kutta Fehlberg) technique.

RESULTS

The parametric evaluation is carried out through graphs and interpreted physically. From obtained outcomes, it is noticed that, fin with known convective coefficient at the tip shows greater heat transfer rate than fin with insulated tip.

Thermal performance analysis of a flat-plate solar heater with zigzag-shaped pipe using fly ash-Cu hybrid nanofluid: CFD approach

Regarding the detrimental impacts of using non-renewable energy resources on the environment and the importance of increasing heat transfer in heat exchangers, this research is aimed to increase the heat transfer surface of the collector pipe in contact with the absorber plate at the flat-plate solar collector by designing the pipe in a zigzag shape instead of conventional straight pipe. The 3D coupled investigation of fly ash-Cu/water hybrid nanofluids and analyzing the thermal performance of the proposed solar collector comprising zigzag pipe are the innovation of this research. Also, the effect of variations in mass flow rate, fluid inlet temperature, the volume fraction of nanoparticles on thermal efficiency, Nusselt number, pressure drop, Rayleigh number, and rate of heat transfer coefficient in three irradiations with two types of working fluids have been investigated. Results indicate that due to the enhancement in heat transfer surface in the case where the fluid path is zigzag, the thermal efficiency has improved compared to the straight pipe. In addition, with enhancing mass flow rate, temperature, and irradiation, the average Nusselt number increased. The heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop have the highest value by utilizing 0.5% and 3.5% nanoparticle concentration up to 10.84% and 7.603%, respectively, at a mass flow rate of 0.0089 kg/s, and irradiation of 800 W/m2. Finally, by calculating the efficiency index of the proposed flat-plate solar collector, the proper volume concentration for using copper-fly ash/water hybrid nanofluid is obtained at fraction of 0.5% and a mass flow rate of 0.0045 kg/s.

Rheological Behavior of SAE50 Oil-SnO2-CeO2 Hybrid Nanofluid: Experimental Investigation and Modeling Utilizing Response Surface Method and Machine Learning Techniques

In this study, for the first time, the effects of temperature and nanopowder volume fraction (NPSVF) on the viscosity and the rheological behavior of SAE50-SnO2-CeO2 hybrid nanofluid have been studied experimentally. Nanofluids in NPSVFs of 0.25% to 1.5% have been made by a two-step method. Experiments have been performed at temperatures of 25 to 67 °C and shear rates (SRs) of 1333 to 2932.6 s-1. The results revealed that for base fluid and nanofluid, shear stress increases with increasing SR and decreasing temperature. By increasing the temperature to about 42 °C at a NPSVF of 1.5%, about 89.36% reduction in viscosity is observed. The viscosity increases with increasing NPSVF about 37.18% at 25 °C. In all states, a non-Newtonian pseudo-plastic behavior has been observed for the base fluid and nanofluid. The highest relative viscosity occurs for NPSVF = 1.5%, temperature = 25 °C and SR = 2932.6 s-1, which increases the viscosity by 37.18% compared to the base fluid. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the highest sensitivity is related to temperature and the lowest sensitivity is related to SR. Response surface method, curve fitting method, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and Gaussian process regression (GPR) have been used to predict the dynamic viscosity. Based on the results, all four models can predict the dynamic viscosity. However, the GPR model has better performance than the other models.

Viscous dissipation effects on hybrid nanofluid flow over a non-linearly shrinking sheet with power-law velocity

This research intends to investigate the effect of the nonlinearity of the surface velocity on the hybrid nanofluid flow behavior. Here, the total composition of Al2O3 (alumina) as well as Cu (copper) volume fractions, are implemented in a one-to-one ratio and then dispersed in water. The similarity equations are gained employing a similarity transformation, which is programmed in MATLAB software. The dual solutions are attainable for certain ranges with respect to the mass flux parameter S and the power-law index n . Also, the turning point occurs in the region of S < 0 and n > 1 . Besides, the rise of n led to reduce the skin friction as well as the heat transfer coefficients with 39.44 % and 11.71 % reduction, respectively. Moreover, 14.39 % reduction of the heat transfer rate is observed in the presence of viscous dissipation (Eckert number). It is found that only the first solution is stable as time progresses. Generally, this study gives scientists and engineers a starting point for predicting how to control the parameters to achieve the best results for relevant practical applications.

Three-dimensional MHD flow of hybrid material between rotating disks with heat generation

In this study, we investigate the flow of electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid (Ag+Cu/H2O), due to rotating disks, along with thermal slip, heat generation, and viscous dissipation. The nonlinear differential system is modelled and transformed into dimensionless partial differential equations using suitable dimensionless variables. To obtain solutions for the considered model, a finite difference toolkit is implemented, and numerical solutions are achieved. Graphical results are presented to display the influences of different dimensionless variables on flow velocity and temperature. This research contributes to a better understanding of hybrid nanofluid flows and can inform the design of cooling systems and other practical applications.

Utilization of zinc-ferrite/water hybrid nanofluids on thermal performance of a flat plate solar collector-a thermal modeling approach

Thermodynamic performance analysis is carried out on a flat plate solar thermal collector utilizing single and hybrid nanofluids. Fe₂O₄/water, Zn-Fe₂O₄/water hybrid nanofluids, and water are used as heat transfer fluids, and their performance is compared based on the energy and exergy transfer rate. The thermo-physical properties are evaluated by regression polynomial model for all the working fluids. Developed codes in MATLAB are created to solve the collector's thermal model iteratively, energy, and exergetic performance. The system is then subjected to parametric investigation and optimization for variations in fluid flow rate, temperatures, and concentrations of nanoparticles. The findings show that utilizing Zn-Fe₂O₄/water hybrid nanofluids with a particle concentration of 0.5% enhanced the solar collector's thermal performance by 6.6% while using Fe₂O₄/water nanofluids raised the collector's thermal performance by 7.83% when compared to water as the working fluid. The maximum energy efficiency of 80.1% is attained at the mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s. The hybrid nanofluids have also given a maximum exergetic efficiency of 5.36% and an enhancement of 8.24% compared to Fe₂O₄/water nanofluids. It evidences that the hybrid nanofluids would become a better thermal alternative for water as well as single nanofluids.

An experimental and numerical approach for thermal performance investigation of solar flat plate collector

The present work aims to investigate thermal performance of a solar flat plate collector using water and Cu-MWCNTs nanoparticle-based hybrid nanofluid both experimentally and numerically. X-ray diffraction and FESEM with EDAX mapping were performed to characterize nanoparticles. The experimental setup was developed for thermal performance of FPC varying flow rates (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 LPM), inclination angle (25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°), volume concentration (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%), and intensity (400 W/m2). The 3D numerical model having similar geometry as of actual flat plate collector was modeled using Fluents 15.0. The SST turbulence model was used to capture the chaotic changes in the velocity, temperature, and pressure fields. The experimental findings revealed 79.74% improvement in instantaneous efficiency at 0.4% vol., 1.5 LPM, 45° inclination angle, and 400 W/m2 intensity. The maximum deviation between the experimental and numerically calculated outlet and inlet temperature difference (ΔT) was 3.5% using a hybrid nanofluid. When numerical data are compared, instantaneous efficiency and heat gain both deviate by 2.8% and 2.9% from experimental values. Because of the numerical simulation analysis, it is possible to observe the temperature and flow pattern in flat plate collectors using nanofluids under a set of operating conditions, which would not be possible without the simulation.

Predicting MHD mixed convection in a semicircular cavity with hybrid nanofluids using AI

This study presents a numerical analysis of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection in a semicircular enclosure containing a rotating inner cylinder and filled with nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids. The investigation explores the effects of Al2O3-TiO2-SWCNT-water hybrid nanofluids with varying nanoparticle compositions, as well as Al2O3-water, TiO2-water, and SWCNT-water nanofluids. The analysis includes the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict outcomes, achieving 97.34 % accuracy in training and 97.41 % in testing for the average Nusselt number. The study examines the impact of Reynolds number (Re), Richardson number (Ri), Hartmann number (Ha), cylinder rotation speed (Ω), cylinder size, and nanoparticle volume fraction (φ) on heat transfer and fluid flow. Key findings include a 6.98 % increase in heat transfer for SWCNT-water nanofluid from Ri = 1 to Ri = 10, a reduction in heat transfer with higher Hartmann numbers, and a significant 21.12 % enhancement when cylinder speed increases to Ω = 10 compared to a stationary cylinder. Larger cylinder sizes also improve convective heat transfer, with a 66.14 % increase for SWCNT-water nanofluid. Additionally, higher concentrations of SWCNT and Al2O3 in hybrid nanofluids enhance heat transfer performance.

Sensitivity analysis on natural convective trapezoidal cavity containing hybrid nanofluid with magnetic effect: Numerical and statistical approach

The numerical analysis examines the attributes of magnetohydrodynamic natural convection in a closed cavity including a circular hollow. Because mono and hybrid nanofluids have many applications in thermal engineering and manufacturing, hybrid nanofluids are utilized as the substance within the entire domain. The investigation centers on a closed, trapezoidal-shaped hollow with a heated surface ring. The inclined vertical walls are treated as cold exteriors, while the others are insulated. Another factor is taking a magnetic field horizontally to the cavity. The entire cavity contains a hybrid nanofluid, an amalgamation of SiO 2 and Ag nanoparticles with water. The associated governing equations are simulated via the finite element method. Exploiting streamlines, isotherms, and line graphs, the results are physically explained for a range of values of Rayleigh number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), nanoparticle volume fraction (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.1), and Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100). The RSM is used to display 2D and 3D effects of significant factors on response function. A best-fitted correlation is built up to examine the rate of sensitivity. It is found that incorporating hybrid nanoparticles and intensifying the Rayleigh number directs to the thermal actuation of hybrid nanofluid. In the event of a growing magnetic impact, reverse behaviors should be noted. The water's ability to transmit heat increases to 11.29 % when the Ag-SiO 2 -H 2 O hybrid nanofluid is used. The imposition of a magnetic field (Ha = 25), the rate of heat transmission lessens to 2.4 %. The Ra has positive sensitivity whereas Ha shows inverse behavior. Lastly, the study's findings might guide designing a successful natural convective mechanical device.

A numerical study of heat and mass transfer characteristic of three-dimensional thermally radiated bi-directional slip flow over a permeable stretching surface

Within fluid mechanics, the flow of hybrid nanofluids over a stretching surface has been extensively researched due to their influence on the flow and heat transfer properties. Expanding on this concept by introducing porous media, the current study explore the flow and heat and mass transport characteristics of hybrid nanofluid. This investigation includes the effect of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) with chemical reaction, thermal radiation, and slip effects. The nanoparticles, copper, and alumina are combined with water for the formation of a hybrid nanofluid. Using the self-similar method for the reduction of Partial differential equations (PDEs) to the system of Ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These nonlinear equation systems are solved numerically using the bvp4c (boundary value solver) technique. The effect of the different physical non-dimensional flow parameters on different flow profiles such as velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt and mass transfer rate are depicted through graphs and tables. The velocity profiles diminish with the effect of magnetic and slip parameters. The temperature and concentration slip parameters reduce the temperature and concentration profile respectively. The higher values of magnetic factor lessened the skin friction coefficient for both slip and no-slip conditions. An elevation in the thermal slip parameter reduced the boundary layer thickness and the heat transfer from the surface to the fluid. The Nusselt number amplified with the climbing values of the radiation parameter. The mass transfer rate depressed with the solutal slip parameter. Comparison is made with the published work in the literature and there is excellent agreement between them.

Exploring nanoparticle dynamics in binary chemical reactions within magnetized porous media: a computational analysis

Artificial Neural Networks are incredibly efficient at handling complicated and nonlinear mathematical problems, making them very useful for tackling these challenges. Artificial neural networks offer a special computational architecture that is extremely valuable in disciplines like biotechnology, biological computing, and computational fluid dynamics. The present work investigates the applicability of back-propagation artificial neural networks in conjunction with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for evaluating heat transmission in hybrid nanofluids. This work focuses on the computational analysis of a MgO + GO/EG hybrid nanofluid's steady mixed convection flow over an exponentially stretched sheet, considering multiple slip boundary conditions, thermal conductivity, heat generation, and thermal radiation. A nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations is produced from the basic associated partial differential system by performing the proper exponential similarities modifications. For generating benchmark datasets, the resulting ordinary differential equations are processed employing the bvp4c method. Considering benchmark datasets set aside for training (70%), testing (15%), and validation (15%), the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, which employs back-propagation in artificial neural networks, is implemented. The accuracy of the suggested strategy for handling nonlinear problems is verified utilizing mean squared error, error histograms, and regression analysis, which are all used to evaluate the methodology. Outstanding agreement is seen when ANN outputs are compared to numerical results. The flow properties, including temperature, velocity, and concentration profiles, are shown graphically and numerically. For practical purposes, it is therefore essential to analyze the flow and heat transfer in hybrid nanofluids over exponentially extending and shrinking surfaces under mixed convection and heat source scenarios. Hybrid nanofluid problems have a wide range of practical and industrial applications, such as medication delivery, manufacturing, microelectronics, nuclear plant cooling, and marine engineering.

Computations for efficient thermal performance of Go + AA7072 with engine oil based hybrid nanofluid transportation across a Riga wedge

The demand for efficient heat transportation for the reliable functioning of mechanical processes is rising. The hybrid nanofluid emulsion is a related new concept in this research field. This communication pertains to mass and thermal transportation of Graphene oxide (Go) + AA7072 to be dissolved homogeneously in the bulk engine oil. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of this hybrid nanofluid, a simple nanofluid Go/engine oil is also discussed. The flow of fluids occurs due to stretch in the wedge adjusted with Riga surface. The design of a hybrid nanofluid manifests the novelty of the work. The system of partial differential equations that are based on conservation principles of energy, momentum, and mass are transmuted to ordinary differential form. Numerical simulation is carried out on the Matlab platform by employing the Runge-Kutta approach along with a shooting tool. The influential parameters are varied to disclose the nature of physical quantities. The flow is accelerated with higher attributes of the modified Hartmann number, but it decelerates against the Weinberg number. The fluid's temperature rises with increment, in the concentration of nano-entities. The velocity for hybrid nanofluids is slower than that of mono nanofluids and the temperature distribution for hybrid nanofluids is greater than that of mono nanofluids. The fluid temperature increases with the concentration ϕ2 of AA7072.

Experimental and explainable machine learning approach on thermal conductivity and viscosity of water based graphene oxide based mono and hybrid nanofluids

This study explores the thermal conductivity and viscosity of water-based nanofluids containing silicon dioxide, graphene oxide, titanium dioxide, and their hybrids across various concentrations (0 to 1 vol%) and temperatures (30 to 60 °C). The nanofluids, characterized using multiple methods, exhibited increased viscosity and thermal conductivity compared to water, with hybrid nanofluids showing superior performance. Graphene oxide nanofluids displayed the highest thermal conductivity and viscosity ratios, with increases of 52% and 177% at 60 °C and 30 °C, respectively, for a concentration of 1 vol% compared to base fluid. Similarly, graphene oxide-TiO2 hybrid nanofluids achieved thermal conductivity and viscosity ratios exceeding 43% and 144% compared to the base fluid at similar conditions. This data highlights the significance of nanofluid concentration in influencing thermal conductivity, while temperature was found to have a more pronounced effect on viscosity. To tackle the challenge of modeling the thermophysical properties of these hybrid nanofluids, advanced machine learning models were applied. The Random Forest (RF) model outperformed others (Gradient Boosting and Decision Tree) in both the cases of thermal conductivity and viscosity with greater adaptability to handle fresh data during model testing. Further analysis using shapely additive explanations based on cooperative game theory revealed that relative to temperature, nanofluid concentration contributes more to the predictions of the thermal conductivity ratio model. However, the effect of nanofluid concentration was more dominant in the case of viscosity ratio model.

Thermal performance of Falkner Skan model (FSM) for (GOMoS2)/(C2H6O2-H2O) 50:50% nanofluid under radiation heating source

The hybrid base solvent water (H2O) and ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) are highly use in industrial applications due to excellent solvability. Addition of hybrid nanoparticles (GO-MoS2) augments the thermal conductivity of these fluids which ultimately make them very productive. Hence, the current study aims to develop and investigate the novel hybrid nanofluid model (GO-MoS2)/(C2H6O2-H2O) through MRW (moving riga wedge) and SRW (static riga wedge) cases. The traditional Falkner Skan Model (FSM) is modified using the novel effects of solar radiations, internal heating source and fixed magnets which is associated to the concept of Riga wedge. Further, the improved thermal-physical characteristics of hybrid nanofluids will use to enhance the thermal productivity. A mathematical model is developed for the flow situation of (GO-MoS2)/(C2H6O2-H2O) and treated numerically. The results furnished through graphical way and comprehensive discussion provided. It is examined that the movement of (GO-MoS2)/(C2H6O2-H2O) reduced for MRW and observed the rapid velocity near the surface. The heat generating source and solar radiations number enhanced the performance of (GO-MoS2)/(C2H6O2-H2O) and better predicted ranges for these parameters are observed from [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Moreover, the boundary layer region becomes thin for heating source and it increased for stronger solar radiation effects. The nanoparticle amount of GO and MoS2 enhanced the model utilization while higher magnetic number and MRW number [Formula: see text] controlled the thermal boundary layer. The results for the model dynamics are noticed dominant for MRW case as compared to SRW case.

Effect of non-uniform heat rise/fall and porosity on MHD Williamson hybrid nanofluid flow over incessantly moving thin needle

In this work, a novel enhanced model of the thermophysical characteristics of hybrid nanofluid is introduced. An innovative kind of fluid called hybrid nanofluid has been engineered to increase the heat transfer rate of heat and performance of thermal system. A growing trend in scientific and industrial applications pushed researchers to establish mathematical models for non-Newtonian fluids. A parametric study on theheat transfer and fluid flow of a Williamson hybrid nanofluid based on AA7075-AA7072/Methanol overincessantly moving thin needle under the porosity, Lorentz force, and non-uniform heat rise/fallis performed. Due to similarity variables, the partial differential equations governing the studied configuration undergo appropriate transformation to be converted into ordinary differential equations. The rigorous built-in numerical solver in bvp4c MATLAB has been employed to determine the numerical solutions of the established non-linear ordinary differential equations. It is worthy to note that velocity declines for both AA7075/Methanol nanofluid and AA7075- AA7072/Methanol hybrid nanofluid, but highervelocitymagnitudes occur for theAA7075/Methanol whilethe Williamson fluid parameters increased. It is alsoconcluded that as the porosity parameter isincreased, the flow intensity decreases gradually. It is worthy to note that for both non-uniform heat-rise and fall parameters, the temperature of the fluid gets stronger. Mounting valuesof needle thickness parameter leads to reduction in fluid speed and temperature. It is noticedthat as volume fractions of both types of nanoparticles are augmented then fluidvelocity and temperature amplify rapidly. A Comparison of current and published results is performed to ensure the validity of the established numerical model.

Entropy optimization of lid-driven micropolar hybrid nanofluid flow in a partially porous hexagonal-shaped cavity with relevance to energy efficient storage processes

Hydromagnetically associated heat convection can greatly enhance the performance of high-efficiency thermal appliances and renewable energy sources through an optimized design. This investigation examines the production of thermodynamic irreversibility and heat convection for a double lid-driven flow within a partially porous stratified hexagonal enclosure. The top and bottom-wall are moving in the opposite direction with an equal velocity U0. The top-wall and the bottom-wall are kept at temperature Tc and Th (Th  >  Tc) while the slanted walls are assumed to be thermally insulated. A constant magnetic field is employed in the horizontal x-direction. The hexagonal cavity was filled with a micropolar hybrid nanofluid Ag-MgO/water. The system of dimensionless equations was solved by the finite difference method (FDM) associated with successive over-relaxation (SOR), successive under-relaxation (SUR), and Gauss-Seidel iteration tactics and required results are computed with problem specific program in MATLAB code. The results indicate that the Ra and the thickness of the porous layer (Xp) significantly influences heat convection and thermal irreversibility processes. The Nuavg and STotal rises 6.299% and 3.373% as ' ϕ hnf ' enhances from 0 to 4%, respectively. Furthermore, as the values of Ra, Ha, K0, and ϕ hnf increase, Beavg experiences a decline of 53.73%, 11.04%, 38.36%, and 0.09% respectively. Also, movement of wall has a significant impact on heat transfer rates and entropy production. The present study may be extended in numerous areas to mimic the problems like-(1) onset of thermo-mechanical process for solid-fluid interaction in a conduit. (2) Thermos-chemical process with extraction of ions in two-phase fluid for double layer plating on a continuously moving sheet, as region of porous stratum saturated with a class of fluid and region without porous medium occupied with other fluid.

Heat transfer innovation of engine oil conveying SWCNTs-MWCNTs-TiO2 nanoparticles embedded in a porous stretching cylinder

The influence of boundary layer flow of heat transfer analysis on hybrid nanofluid across an extended cylinder is the main focus of the current research. In addition, the impressions of magnetohydrodynamic, porous medium and thermal radiation are part of this investigation. Arrogate similarity variables are employed to transform the governing modelled partial differential equations into a couple of highly nonlinear ordinary differential equations. A numerical approach based on the BVP Midrich scheme in MAPLE solver is employed for solution of the set of resulting ordinary differential equations and obtained results are compared with existing literature. The effect of active important physical parameters like Magnetic Field, Porosity parameter, Eckert number, Prandtl number and thermal radiation parameters on dimensionless velocity and energy fields are employed via graphs and tables. The velocity profile decreased by about 65% when the magnetic field parameter values increases from 0.5 to 1.5. On the other hand increased by 70% on energy profile. The energy profile enhanced by about 62% when the Radiation parameter values increases from 1.0 < Rd < 3.0. The current model may be applicable in real life practical implications of employing Engine oil-SWCNTs-MWCNTs-TiO2 nanofluids on cylinders encompass enhanced heat transfer efficiency, and extended component lifespan, energy savings, and environmental benefits. This kind of theoretical analysis may be used in daily life applications, such as engineering and automobile industries.

Numerical analysis of radiative hybrid nanomaterials flow across a permeable curved surface with inertial and Joule heating characteristics

The water-based Cu and CoFe2O4 hybrid nano liquid flow across a permeable curved sheet under the consequences of inertial and Lorentz forces has been reported in this analysis. The Joule heating and Darcy Forchheimer effects on fluid flow have been also examined. In the presence of copper (Cu) and cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles, the hybrid nano liquid is synthesized. Radiation and heat source features are additionally incorporated to perform thermodynamics analysis in detail. The second law of thermodynamics is employed in order to estimate the overall generation of entropy. The nonlinear system of PDEs (partial differential equations) is transformed into a dimensionally-free set of ODEs (ordinary differential equations) by employing a similarity framework. The Mathematica built in package ND Solve method is applied to compute the resulting set of nonlinear differential equations numerically. Along with the velocity, and temperature profiles, skin friction and Nusselt number are also computed. Figures and tables illustrate the effects of flow factors on important profiles. Evidently, the outcomes reveal that hybrid nanofluid (Cu + CoFe2O4+H2O) is more progressive than nanofluid (Cu + H2O) and base fluid (H2O) in thermal phenomena. Furthermore, the velocity profile is improved with the greater values of curvature parameter, while the inverse trend is observed against the magnetic parameters. Also, the velocity and energy distribution of hybrid nano-liquid flow boosts with the inclusion of Cu and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles into the base fluid. Velocity distribution diminishes with the increment of volume friction. For high values of inertial factor, skin friction improve while velocity and Nusselt number declines.

Experimental study of thermal conductivity coefficient of GNSs-WO3/LP107160 hybrid nanofluid and development of a practical ANN modeling for estimating thermal conductivity

In the present study, the effects of nanoparticles, mass fraction percentage and temperature on the conductive heat transfer coefficient of Graphene nanosheets- Tungsten oxide/Liquid paraffin 107160 hybrid nanofluid was investigated. For this purpose, four different mass fractions were used in the range of 0.005%-5% in a number of examinations. The results illustrated that the thermal conductivity coefficient was increased with the increment of the mass fraction percentage and the temperature of Graphene nanosheets- Tungsten oxide nanomaterials in the base fluid. Then, a feed-forward artificial neural network was used to model the thermal conductivity coefficient. In general, with the increase in temperature and concentration of nanofluid, the value of thermal conductivity increases. The optimum value of thermal conductivity for this experiment was observed in the volume fraction of 5% and at the temperature of 70 °C. The results of this modeling indicated that the fault of the data estimated for the coefficient of thermal conductivity in the Graphene nanosheets- Tungsten oxide/Liquid paraffin 107160 nanofluid, as a function of mass fraction percentage and temperature, was less than 3%, as compared to the experimental data.