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Brukman NG, Valansi C, Podbilewicz B. Sperm induction of somatic cell-cell fusion as a novel functional test. eLife 2024; 13:e94228. [PMID: 38265078 PMCID: PMC10883674 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The fusion of mammalian gametes requires the interaction between IZUMO1 on the sperm and JUNO on the oocyte. We have recently shown that ectopic expression of mouse IZUMO1 induces cell-cell fusion and that sperm can fuse to fibroblasts expressing JUNO. Here, we found that the incubation of mouse sperm with hamster fibroblasts or human epithelial cells in culture induces the fusion between these somatic cells and the formation of syncytia, a pattern previously observed with some animal viruses. This sperm-induced cell-cell fusion requires a species-matching JUNO on both fusing cells, can be blocked by an antibody against IZUMO1, and does not rely on the synthesis of new proteins. The fusion is dependent on the sperm's fusogenic capacity, making this a reliable, fast, and simple method for predicting sperm function during the diagnosis of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G Brukman
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Clari Valansi
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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2
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Frolikova M, Sur VP, Novotny I, Blazikova M, Vondrakova J, Simonik O, Ded L, Valaskova E, Koptasikova L, Benda A, Postlerova P, Horvath O, Komrskova K. Juno and CD9 protein network organization in oolemma of mouse oocyte. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1110681. [PMID: 37635875 PMCID: PMC10450504 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1110681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Juno and CD9 protein, expressed in oolemma, are known to be essential for sperm-oocyte binding and fusion. Although evidence exists that these two proteins cooperate, their interaction has not yet been demonstrated. Here in, we present Juno and CD9 mutual localization over the surface of mouse metaphase II oocytes captured using the 3D STED super-resolution technique. The precise localization of examined proteins was identified in different compartments of oolemma such as the microvillar membrane, planar membrane between individual microvilli, and the membrane of microvilli-free region. Observed variance in localization of Juno and CD9 was confirmed by analysis of transmission and scanning electron microscopy images, which showed a significant difference in the presence of proteins between selected membrane compartments. Colocalization analysis of super-resolution images based on Pearson's correlation coefficient supported evidence of Juno and CD9 mutual position in the oolemma, which was identified by proximity ligation assay. Importantly, the interaction between Juno and CD9 was detected by co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry in HEK293T/17 transfected cell line. For better understanding of experimental data, mouse Juno and CD9 3D structure were prepared by comparative homology modelling and several protein-protein flexible sidechain dockings were performed using the ClusPro server. The dynamic state of the proteins was studied in real-time at atomic level by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Docking and MD simulation predicted Juno-CD9 interactions and stability also suggesting an interactive mechanism. Using the multiscale approach, we detected close proximity of Juno and CD9 within microvillar oolemma however, not in the planar membrane or microvilli-free region. Our findings show yet unidentified Juno and CD9 interaction within the mouse oolemma protein network prior to sperm attachment. These results suggest that a Juno and CD9 interactive network could assist in primary Juno binding to sperm Izumo1 as a prerequisite to subsequent gamete membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Frolikova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Vishma Pratap Sur
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Ivan Novotny
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michaela Blazikova
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Vondrakova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Simonik
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Lukas Ded
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Eliska Valaskova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Lenka Koptasikova
- Imaging Methods Core Facility at BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Ales Benda
- Imaging Methods Core Facility at BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Pavla Postlerova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Horvath
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Katerina Komrskova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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3
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Hansen CJ, Bolton S, Sulaiman AH, Duling S, Bagenal F, Brennan M, Connerney J, Clark G, Lunine J, Levin S, Kurth W, Mura A, Paranicas C, Tosi F, Withers P. Juno's Close Encounter With Ganymede-An Overview. Geophys Res Lett 2022; 49:e2022GL099285. [PMID: 37034391 PMCID: PMC10078441 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl099285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Juno spacecraft has been in orbit around Jupiter since 2016. Two flybys of Ganymede were executed in 2021, opportunities realized by evolution of Juno's polar orbit over the intervening 5 years. The geometry of the close flyby just prior to the 34th perijove pass by Jupiter brought the spacecraft inside Ganymede's unique magnetosphere. Juno's payload, designed to study Jupiter's magnetosphere, had ample dynamic range to study Ganymede's magnetosphere. The Juno radio system was used both for gravity measurements and for study of Ganymede's ionosphere. Remote sensing of Ganymede returned new results on geology, surface composition, and thermal properties of the surface and subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Bolton
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - A. H. Sulaiman
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - F. Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | | | | | - G. Clark
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | | | - S. Levin
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadenaCAUSA
| | - W. Kurth
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - A. Mura
- Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF‐IAPS)RomeItaly
| | - C. Paranicas
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - F. Tosi
- Istituto Nazionale di AstroFisica – Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF‐IAPS)RomeItaly
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4
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Kurth WS, Sulaiman AH, Hospodarsky GB, Menietti JD, Mauk BH, Clark G, Allegrini F, Valek P, Connerney JEP, Waite JH, Bolton SJ, Imai M, Santolik O, Li W, Duling S, Saur J, Louis C. Juno Plasma Wave Observations at Ganymede. Geophys Res Lett 2022; 49:e2022GL098591. [PMID: 37034392 PMCID: PMC10078157 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl098591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Juno Waves instrument measured plasma waves associated with Ganymede's magnetosphere during its flyby on 7 June, day 158, 2021. Three distinct regions were identified including a wake, and nightside and dayside regions in the magnetosphere distinguished by their electron densities and associated variability. The magnetosphere includes electron cyclotron harmonic emissions including a band at the upper hybrid frequency, as well as whistler-mode chorus and hiss. These waves likely interact with energetic electrons in Ganymede's magnetosphere by pitch angle scattering and/or accelerating the electrons. The wake is accentuated by low-frequency turbulence and electrostatic solitary waves. Radio emissions observed before and after the flyby likely have their source in Ganymede's magnetosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - A. H. Sulaiman
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - J. D. Menietti
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - B. H. Mauk
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - G. Clark
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - F. Allegrini
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - P. Valek
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | | | - J. H. Waite
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | | | - M. Imai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information ScienceNational Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Niihama CollegeNiihamaJapan
| | - O. Santolik
- Department of Space PhysicsInstitute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzechia
- Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsCharles UniversityPragueCzechia
| | - W. Li
- Center for Space PhysicsBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - S. Duling
- Institute of Geophysics and MeteorologyUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - J. Saur
- Institute of Geophysics and MeteorologyUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - C. Louis
- School of Cosmic Physics, DIAS Dunsink ObservatoryDublin Institute for Advanced StudiesDublinIreland
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5
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Ravine MA, Hansen CJ, Collins GC, Schenk PM, Caplinger MA, Lipkaman Vittling L, Krysak DJ, Zimdar RP, Garvin JB, Bolton SJ. Ganymede Observations by JunoCam on Juno Perijove 34. Geophys Res Lett 2022; 49:e2022GL099211. [PMID: 37034393 PMCID: PMC10078141 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl099211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
During the Juno Mission's encounter with Ganymede on 7 June 2021, the Juno camera (JunoCam) acquired four images of Ganymede in color. These images covered one-sixth of Ganymede at scales from 840 m to ∼4 km/pixel. Most of this area was only previously imaged by Voyager 1 in 1979, at lower spatial resolution and poorer image quality. No changes were observed over this area of Ganymede in the 42 years since Voyager. JunoCam provided overlapping coverage, from which we developed a digital elevation model of the best-resolved area. A 3 km high dome at the subjovian point was confirmed, 450 km by 750 km. We used the JunoCam images to refine the geologic map of Ganymede in eastern Perrine Regio.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - P. M. Schenk
- Lunar and Planetary Science Institute/USRAHoustonTXUSA
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Sulaiman AH, Mauk BH, Szalay JR, Allegrini F, Clark G, Gladstone GR, Kotsiaros S, Kurth WS, Bagenal F, Bonfond B, Connerney JEP, Ebert RW, Elliott SS, Gershman DJ, Hospodarsky GB, Hue V, Lysak RL, Masters A, Santolík O, Saur J, Bolton SJ. Jupiter's Low-Altitude Auroral Zones: Fields, Particles, Plasma Waves, and Density Depletions. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2022; 127:e2022JA030334. [PMID: 36247326 PMCID: PMC9539694 DOI: 10.1029/2022ja030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Juno spacecraft's polar orbits have enabled direct sampling of Jupiter's low-altitude auroral field lines. While various data sets have identified unique features over Jupiter's main aurora, they are yet to be analyzed altogether to determine how they can be reconciled and fit into the bigger picture of Jupiter's auroral generation mechanisms. Jupiter's main aurora has been classified into distinct "zones", based on repeatable signatures found in energetic electron and proton spectra. We combine fields, particles, and plasma wave data sets to analyze Zone-I and Zone-II, which are suggested to carry upward and downward field-aligned currents, respectively. We find Zone-I to have well-defined boundaries across all data sets. H+ and/or H3 + cyclotron waves are commonly observed in Zone-I in the presence of energetic upward H+ beams and downward energetic electron beams. Zone-II, on the other hand, does not have a clear poleward boundary with the polar cap, and its signatures are more sporadic. Large-amplitude solitary waves, which are reminiscent of those ubiquitous in Earth's downward current region, are a key feature of Zone-II. Alfvénic fluctuations are most prominent in the diffuse aurora and are repeatedly found to diminish in Zone-I and Zone-II, likely due to dissipation, at higher altitudes, to energize auroral electrons. Finally, we identify significant electron density depletions, by up to 2 orders of magnitude, in Zone-I, and discuss their important implications for the development of parallel potentials, Alfvénic dissipation, and radio wave generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H. Sulaiman
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - B. H. Mauk
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - J. R. Szalay
- Department of Astrophysical SciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - F. Allegrini
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - G. Clark
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - G. R. Gladstone
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - S. Kotsiaros
- DTU‐SpaceTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - F. Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - B. Bonfond
- Space SciencesTechnologies and Astrophysics Research InstituteLPAPUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - J. E. P. Connerney
- Space Research CorporationAnnapolisMDUSA
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - R. W. Ebert
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - S. S. Elliott
- Minnetota Institute for AstrophysicsSchool of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | | | | | - V. Hue
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - R. L. Lysak
- Minnetota Institute for AstrophysicsSchool of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUSA
| | - A. Masters
- Blackett LaboratoryImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - O. Santolík
- Department of Space PhysicsInstitute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzechia
- Faculty of Mathematics and PhysicsCharles UniversityPragueCzechia
| | - J. Saur
- Institute of Geophysics and MeteorologyUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
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Sarkango Y, Slavin JA, Jia X, DiBraccio GA, Clark GB, Sun W, Mauk BH, Kurth WS, Hospodarsky GB. Properties of Ion-Inertial Scale Plasmoids Observed by the Juno Spacecraft in the Jovian Magnetotail. J Geophys Res Space Phys 2022; 127:e2021JA030181. [PMID: 35865743 PMCID: PMC9286786 DOI: 10.1029/2021ja030181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We expand on previous observations of magnetic reconnection in Jupiter's magnetosphere by constructing a survey of ion-inertial scale plasmoids in the Jovian magnetotail. We developed an automated detection algorithm to identify reversals in the B θ component and performed the minimum variance analysis for each identified plasmoid to characterize its helical structure. The magnetic field observations were complemented by data collected using the Juno Waves instrument, which is used to estimate the total electron density, and the JEDI energetic particle detectors. We identified 87 plasmoids with "peak-to-peak" durations between 10 and 300 s. Thirty-one plasmoids possessed a core field and were classified as flux-ropes. The other 56 plasmoids had minimum field strength at their centers and were termed O-lines. Out of the 87 plasmoids, 58 had in situ signatures shorter than 60 s, despite the algorithm's upper limit being 300 s, suggesting that smaller plasmoids with shorter durations were more likely to be detected by Juno. We estimate the diameter of these plasmoids assuming a circular cross section and a travel speed equal to the Alfven speed in the surrounding lobes. Using the electron density inferred by Waves, we contend that these plasmoid diameters were within an order of the local ion-inertial length. Our results demonstrate that magnetic reconnection in the Jovian magnetotail occurs at ion scales like in other space environments. We show that ion-scale plasmoids would need to be released every 0.1 s or less to match the canonical 1 ton/s rate of plasma production due to Io.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - George B. Clark
- Johns Hopkins University – Applied Physics LaboratoryLawrelMDUSA
| | | | - Barry H. Mauk
- Johns Hopkins University – Applied Physics LaboratoryLawrelMDUSA
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Matsumura T, Noda T, Satouh Y, Morohoshi A, Yuri S, Ogawa M, Lu Y, Isotani A, Ikawa M. Sperm IZUMO1 Is Required for Binding Preceding Fusion With Oolemma in Mice and Rats. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:810118. [PMID: 35096839 PMCID: PMC8790511 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.810118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertilization occurs as the culmination of multi-step complex processes. First, mammalian spermatozoa undergo the acrosome reaction to become fusion-competent. Then, the acrosome-reacted spermatozoa penetrate the zona pellucida and adhere to and finally fuse with the egg plasma membrane. IZUMO1 is the first sperm protein proven to be essential for sperm-egg fusion in mammals, as Izumo1 knockout mouse spermatozoa adhere to but fail to fuse with the oolemma. However, the IZUMO1 function in other species remains largely unknown. Here, we generated Izumo1 knockout rats by CRISPR/Cas9 and found the male rats were infertile. Unlike in mice, Izumo1 knockout rat spermatozoa failed to bind to the oolemma. Further investigation revealed that the acrosome-intact sperm binding conceals a decreased number of the acrosome-reacted sperm bound to the oolemma in Izumo1 knockout mice. Of note, we could not see any apparent defects in the binding of the acrosome-reacted sperm to the oolemma in the mice lacking recently found fusion-indispensable genes, Fimp, Sof1, Spaca6, or Tmem95. Collectively, our data suggest that IZUMO1 is required for the sperm-oolemma binding prior to fusion at least in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Matsumura
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Taichi Noda
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuhkoh Satouh
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Akane Morohoshi
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yuri
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Masaki Ogawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yonggang Lu
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ayako Isotani
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Hu W, Dong X, Tian Z, Zhang Z, Tang J, Liang B, Liu Q, Chu M. Expression, structure and function analysis of the sperm-oocyte fusion genes Juno and Izumo1 in sheep (Ovis aries). J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:37. [PMID: 33706805 PMCID: PMC7953763 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background JUNO and IZUMO1 are the first receptor-ligand protein pairs discovered to be essential for sperm-oocyte fusion; their interaction is indispensable for fertilization. Methods PCR was used to clone the full-length DNA sequence of the Juno gene in sheep. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci of Juno were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY®. PCR combined with rapid amplification of cDNA Ends were used to clone the full-length cDNA sequence of Juno and Izumo1. Reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and real time-quantitative-PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to analyze the genes’ expression in tissues of sheep, and single cell RNA-seq was used to analyze the genes’ expression in oocytes, granulosa cells and follicular theca of polytocous and monotocous Small Tail Han ewes. Bioinformatics was used to analyze advanced structure and phylogeny of JUNO and IZUMO1 proteins. Results The full-length DNA sequence of the Juno gene in sheep was cloned and nine SNPs were screened. We found a significant association between the g.848253 C > A locus of Juno and litter size of Small Tail Han sheep (P < 0.05). The full-length cDNA sequence of Juno and Izumo1 genes from Small Tail Han sheep were obtained. We found a new segment of the Izumo1 CDS consisting of 35 bp, and we confirmed the Izumo1 gene has 9 exons, not 8. RT-qPCR showed that Juno and Izumo1 genes were highly expressed in ovarian and testicular tissues, respectively (P < 0.01). Single cell RNA-seq showed Juno was specifically expressed in oocytes, but not in granulosa cells or follicular theca, while Izumo1 displayed little to no expression in all three cell types. There was no difference in expression of the Juno gene in oocyte and ovarian tissue in sheep with different litter sizes, indicating expression of Juno is not related to litter size traits. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the g.848253 C > A locus of Juno results in a nonconservative missense point mutation leading to a change from Phe to Leu at position 219 in the amino acid sequence. Conclusions For the first time, this study systematically analyzed the expression, structure and function of Juno and Izumo1 genes and their encoded proteins in Small Tail Han sheep, providing the basis for future studies of the regulatory mechanisms of Juno and Izumo1 genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-021-00548-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinlong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhilong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhuangbiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jishun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Benmeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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10
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Herceg M, Jørgensen PS, Jørgensen JL, Connerney JEP. Thermoelastic Response of the Juno Spacecraft's Solar Array/Magnetometer Boom and Its Applicability to Improved Magnetic Field Investigation. Earth Space Sci 2020; 7:e2020EA001338. [PMID: 33381617 PMCID: PMC7757187 DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Juno was inserted into a polar orbit about Jupiter on 4 July 2016. Juno's magnetic field investigation acquires vector measurements of the Jovian magnetic field using a pair of a triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometers (FGMs) colocated with four attitude-sensing star cameras on an optical bench. The optical bench is placed on a boom at the outer extremity of one of Juno's three solar arrays. The Magnetic Field investigation (MAG) uses measurements of the optical bench inertial attitude provided by the micro-Advanced Stellar Compass (μASC) to render accurate vector measurements of the planetary magnetic field. During periJoves, orientation of the MAG Optical Benches (MOB) is determined using the spacecraft (SC) attitude combined with transformations between SC and MOB coordinate frames. Substantial prelaunch effort was expended to maximize the thermomechanical stability of the Juno solar arrays and MAG boom. Nevertheless, the Juno flight experience demonstrates that the transformation between SC and MAG reference frames varies significantly in response to spacecraft thermal excursions associated with large attitude maneuvers and proximate encounters with Jupiter. This response is monitored by comparing attitudes provided by the MAG investigation's four Camera Head Units (CHUs) with those provided by the Stellar Reference Unit (SRU). These systematic variations in relative orientation are thought to be caused by the thermoelastic flexure of the Juno solar array in response to temperature excursions associated with maneuvers and heating during close passages of Jupiter. In this paper, we investigate these thermal effects and propose a model for compensation of the MAG boom flexure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Herceg
- Measurement and InstrumentationTechnical University of Denmark (DTU)LyngbyDenmark
| | - P. S. Jørgensen
- Measurement and InstrumentationTechnical University of Denmark (DTU)LyngbyDenmark
| | - J. L. Jørgensen
- Measurement and InstrumentationTechnical University of Denmark (DTU)LyngbyDenmark
| | - J. E. P. Connerney
- Space Research CorporationAnnapolisMDUSA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
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11
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Li C, Ingersoll AP, Klipfel AP, Brettle H. Modeling the stability of polygonal patterns of vortices at the poles of Jupiter as revealed by the Juno spacecraft. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24082-24087. [PMID: 32900956 PMCID: PMC7533696 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008440117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From its pole-to-pole orbit, the Juno spacecraft discovered arrays of cyclonic vortices in polygonal patterns around the poles of Jupiter. In the north, there are eight vortices around a central vortex, and in the south there are five. The patterns and the individual vortices that define them have been stable since August 2016. The azimuthal velocity profile vs. radius has been measured, but vertical structure is unknown. Here, we ask, what repulsive mechanism prevents the vortices from merging, given that cyclones drift poleward in atmospheres of rotating planets like Earth? What atmospheric properties distinguish Jupiter from Saturn, which has only one cyclone at each pole? We model the vortices using the shallow water equations, which describe a single layer of fluid that moves horizontally and has a free surface that moves up and down in response to fluid convergence and divergence. We find that the stability of the pattern depends mostly on shielding-an anticyclonic ring around each cyclone, but also on the depth. Too little shielding and small depth lead to merging and loss of the polygonal pattern. Too much shielding causes the cyclonic and anticyclonic parts of the vortices to fly apart. The stable polygons exist in between. Why Jupiter's vortices occupy this middle range is unknown. The budget-how the vortices appear and disappear-is also unknown, since no changes, except for an intruder that visited the south pole briefly, have occurred at either pole since Juno arrived at Jupiter in 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
| | - Andrew P Ingersoll
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Alexandra P Klipfel
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Harriet Brettle
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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12
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Orton GS, Tabataba-Vakili F, Eichstädt G, Rogers J, Hansen CJ, Momary TW, Ingersoll AP, Brueshaber S, Wong MH, Simon AA, Fletcher LN, Ravine M, Caplinger M, Smith D, Bolton SJ, Levin SM, Sinclair JA, Thepenier C, Nicholson H, Anthony A. A Survey of Small-Scale Waves and Wave-Like Phenomena in Jupiter's Atmosphere Detected by JunoCam. J Geophys Res Planets 2020; 125:e2019JE006369. [PMID: 32728504 PMCID: PMC7380317 DOI: 10.1029/2019je006369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the first 20 orbits of the Juno spacecraft around Jupiter, we have identified a variety of wave-like features in images made by its public-outreach camera, JunoCam. Because of Juno's unprecedented and repeated proximity to Jupiter's cloud tops during its close approaches, JunoCam has detected more wave structures than any previous surveys. Most of the waves appear in long wave packets, oriented east-west and populated by narrow wave crests. Spacing between crests were measured as small as ~30 km, shorter than any previously measured. Some waves are associated with atmospheric features, but others are not ostensibly associated with any visible cloud phenomena and thus may be generated by dynamical forcing below the visible cloud tops. Some waves also appear to be converging, and others appear to be overlapping, possibly at different atmospheric levels. Another type of wave has a series of fronts that appear to be radiating outward from the center of a cyclone. Most of these waves appear within 5° of latitude from the equator, but we have detected waves covering planetocentric latitudes between 20°S and 45°N. The great majority of the waves appear in regions associated with prograde motions of the mean zonal flow. Juno was unable to measure the velocity of wave features to diagnose the wave types due to its close and rapid flybys. However, both by our own upper limits on wave motions and by analogy with previous measurements, we expect that the waves JunoCam detected near the equator are inertia-gravity waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn S Orton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas W Momary
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - Andrew P Ingersoll
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - Shawn Brueshaber
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Western Michigan University Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - Michael H Wong
- Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley CA USA
- SETI Institute Mountain View CA USA
| | - Amy A Simon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD USA
| | - Leigh N Fletcher
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | | | | | - Dakota Smith
- National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO USA
| | - Scott J Bolton
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX USA
| | - Steven M Levin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - James A Sinclair
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - Chloe Thepenier
- Glendale Community College Glendale CA USA
- Now at the University of California Davis CA USA
| | | | - Abigail Anthony
- Golden West College Huntington Beach CA USA
- Now at the University of California Berkeley CA USA
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13
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Allen RC, Paranicas CP, Bagenal F, Vines SK, Hamilton DC, Allegrini F, Clark G, Delamere PA, Kim TK, Krimigis SM, Mitchell DG, Smith TH, Wilson RJ. Energetic Oxygen and Sulfur Charge States in the Outer Jovian Magnetosphere: Insights From the Cassini Jupiter Flyby. Geophys Res Lett 2019; 46:11709-11717. [PMID: 31894172 PMCID: PMC6919296 DOI: 10.1029/2019gl085185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
On 10 January 2001, Cassini briefly entered into the magnetosphere of Jupiter, en route to Saturn. During this excursion into the Jovian magnetosphere, the Cassini Magnetosphere Imaging Instrument/Charge-Energy-Mass Spectrometer detected oxygen and sulfur ions. While Charge-Energy-Mass Spectrometer can distinguish between oxygen and sulfur charge states directly, only 95.9 ± 2.9 keV/e ions were sampled during this interval, allowing for a long time integration of the tenuous outer magnetospheric (~200 RJ) plasma at one energy. For this brief interval for the 95.9 keV/e ions, 96% of oxygen ions were O+, with the other 4% as O2+, while 25% of the energetic sulfur ions were S+, 42% S2+, and 33% S3+. The S2+/O+ flux ratio was observed to be 0.35 (±0.06 Poisson error).
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Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Allen
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - C. P. Paranicas
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - F. Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - S. K. Vines
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - D. C. Hamilton
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - F. Allegrini
- Space Science and Engineering DivisionSouthwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - G. Clark
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - P. A. Delamere
- Geophysical InstituteUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAKUSA
| | - T. K. Kim
- Space Science and Engineering DivisionSouthwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - S. M. Krimigis
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - D. G. Mitchell
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - T. H. Smith
- Applied Physics LaboratoryJohns Hopkins UniversityLaurelMDUSA
| | - R. J. Wilson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
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14
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Westlake JH, Clark G, Haggerty DK, Jaskulek SE, Kollmann P, Mauk BH, Mitchell DG, Nelson KS, Paranicas CP, Rymer AM. High-Energy (>10 MeV) Oxygen and Sulfur Ions Observed at Jupiter From Pulse Width Measurements of the JEDI Sensors. Geophys Res Lett 2019; 46:10959-10966. [PMID: 31894168 PMCID: PMC6919389 DOI: 10.1029/2019gl083842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Jovian polar regions produce X-rays that are characteristic of very energetic oxygen and sulfur that become highly charged on precipitating into Jupiter's upper atmosphere. Juno has traversed the polar regions above where these energetic ions are expected to be precipitating revealing a complex composition and energy structure. Energetic ions are likely to drive the characteristic X-rays observed at Jupiter (Haggerty et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072866; Houston et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024872; Kharchenko et al., 2006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026039). Motivated by the science of X-ray generation, we describe here Juno Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Instrument (JEDI) measurements of ions above 1 MeV and demonstrate the capability of measuring oxygen and sulfur ions with energies up to 100 MeV. We detail the process of retrieving ion fluxes from pulse width data on instruments like JEDI (called "puck's"; Clark, Cohen, et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074366; Clark, Mauk, et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022257; Mauk et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-013-0025-3) as well as details on retrieving very energetic particles (>20 MeV) above which the pulse width also saturates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Westlake
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - G. Clark
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - D. K. Haggerty
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - S. E. Jaskulek
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - P. Kollmann
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - B. H. Mauk
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - D. G. Mitchell
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - K. S. Nelson
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - C. P. Paranicas
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - A. M. Rymer
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
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15
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Sun YL, Tang SB, Shen W, Yin S, Sun QY. Roles of Resveratrol in Improving the Quality of Postovulatory Aging Oocytes In Vitro. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101132. [PMID: 31547622 PMCID: PMC6829324 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
After ovulation, mammalian oocytes will undergo a time-dependent process of aging if they are not fertilized. This postovulatory aging (POA) seriously affects the oocyte quality and then impairs the subsequent fertilization and early embryo development, which should be avoided especially in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Resveratrol is an antioxidant substance that can scavenge free radicals and is effective in improving ovary functions. Here, mouse oocytes were used to investigate the effects and mechanisms of resveratrol on POA oocytes in vitro. With 1.0 µM resveratrol treatment during aging process, the rates of fertilization and blastocyst in POA oocytes increased significantly compared with those in the POA group. Resveratrol can reduce the loss of sperm binding sites by stabilizing Juno. Resveratrol can maintain the normal morphology of spindle and mitochondrion distribution and alleviate the levels of ROS and early apoptosis. Additionally, resveratrol can reduce the changes of H3K9me2. Therefore, resveratrol can significantly improve the quality of POA oocytes in vitro to enhance the rates of fertilization and blastocyst, which may be very helpful during the ART process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Shou-Bin Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Shen Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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16
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Dinelli BM, Adriani A, Mura A, Altieri F, Migliorini A, Moriconi ML. JUNO/JIRAM's view of Jupiter's H 3+ emissions. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 377:20180406. [PMID: 31378178 PMCID: PMC6710896 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The instrument JIRAM (Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper), on board the NASA spacecraft Juno, is both an imager and a spectrometer. Two distinct detectors are used for imaging and spectroscopy. The imager acquires Jupiter images in two bands, one of which (L band, 3.3-3.6 μm) is devoted to monitor the H3+ emission. The spectrometer covers the spectral region from 2 to 5 μm (average spectral resolution 9 nm) with a 256 pixels slit that can observe the same scene of the L band imager with some delay. JIRAM scientific goals are the exploration of the Jovian aurorae and the planet's atmospheric structure, dynamics and composition. Starting early July 2016 Juno is orbiting around Jupiter. Since then, JIRAM has provided an unprecedented amount of measurements, monitoring both Jupiter's atmosphere and aurorae. In particular, the camera has monitored Jupiter's poles with very high spatial resolution, providing new insights in both its aurorae and the polar dynamic. The main findings obtained by the L imager are detailed pictures of Jupiter's aurorae showing an extremely complex morphology of the H3+ distribution in the main oval and in the moon's footprints. The spectrometer has enabled the measure the distribution of both H3+ concentration and temperature. The analysis of the north auroral region limb observations shows that the peak density of H3+ is above 750 km and that often it is anticorrelated to the temperature, confirming the infrared cooling effect of H3+. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Advances in hydrogen molecular ions: H3+, H5+ and beyond'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Adriani
- IAPS-INAF, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, Italy
| | - A. Mura
- IAPS-INAF, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, Italy
| | - F. Altieri
- IAPS-INAF, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, Italy
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17
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Haggerty DK, Mauk BH, Paranicas CP, Clark G, Kollmann P, Rymer AM, Gladstone GR, Greathouse TK, Bolton SJ, Levin SM. Jovian Injections Observed at High Latitude. Geophys Res Lett 2019; 46:9397-9404. [PMID: 31762519 PMCID: PMC6853255 DOI: 10.1029/2019gl083442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The polar orbit of Juno at Jupiter provides a unique opportunity to observe high-latitude energetic particle injections. We measure energy-dispersed impulsive injections of protons and electrons. Ion injection signatures are just as prevalent as electron signatures, contrary to previous equatorial observations. Included are previously unreported observations of high-energy banded structures believed to be remnants of much earlier injections, where the particles have had time to disperse around Jupiter. A model fit of the injections used to estimate timing fits the shape of the proton signatures better than it does the electron shapes, suggesting that electrons and protons are different in their abilities to escape the injection region. We present ultaviolet observations of Jupiter's aurora and discuss the relationship between auroral injection features and in situ injection events. We find, unexpectedly, that the presence of in situ particle injections does not necessarily result in auroral injection signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Haggerty
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - B. H. Mauk
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - C. P. Paranicas
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - G. Clark
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - P. Kollmann
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
| | - A. M. Rymer
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMDUSA
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18
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Imai M, Greathouse TK, Kurth WS, Gladstone GR, Louis CK, Zarka P, Bolton SJ, Connerney JEP. Probing Jovian Broadband Kilometric Radio Sources Tied to the Ultraviolet Main Auroral Oval With Juno. Geophys Res Lett 2019; 46:571-579. [PMID: 30853732 PMCID: PMC6392111 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl081227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Observations of Jovian broadband kilometric (bKOM) radiation and ultraviolet (UV) auroras were acquired with the Waves and Juno-UVS instruments for ∼2 hr over the northern and southern polar regions during Juno's perijoves 4, 5, and 6 passes (PJ4, PJ5, and PJ6). During all six time periods, Juno traversed auroral magnetic field lines connecting to the UV main auroral ovals, matching the estimates of bKOM radio source footprints. The localized bKOM radio sources for the PJ4 north pass map to magnetic field lines having distances of 10 to 12 Jovian radii (R J) at the magnetic equator, whereas the extended bKOM radio sources for the other events map to field lines extending to 20-61 R J. We found the peak bKOM intensities during Juno's potential radio source crossings show positive, negative, and no correlations with the UV main oval brightness and color ratio. Only the positive correlations suggest wave-particle energy transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Imai
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - Thomas K. Greathouse
- Space Science and Engineering DivisionSouthwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - William S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - G. Randall Gladstone
- Space Science and Engineering DivisionSouthwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Corentin K. Louis
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, PSL, UPMC/SU, UPD, Place J. JanssenMeudonFrance
- Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Obs. Paris, CNRS, PSL, Univ. OrléansNançayFrance
| | - Philippe Zarka
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, PSL, UPMC/SU, UPD, Place J. JanssenMeudonFrance
- Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Obs. Paris, CNRS, PSL, Univ. OrléansNançayFrance
| | - Scott J. Bolton
- Space Science and Engineering DivisionSouthwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
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19
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Ebert RW, Greathouse TK, Clark G, Allegrini F, Bagenal F, Bolton SJ, Connerney JEP, Gladstone GR, Imai M, Hue V, Kurth WS, Levin S, Louarn P, Mauk BH, McComas DJ, Paranicas C, Szalay JR, Thomsen MF, Valek PW, Wilson RJ. Comparing Electron Energetics and UV Brightness in Jupiter's Northern Polar Region During Juno Perijove 5. Geophys Res Lett 2019; 46:19-27. [PMID: 30828110 PMCID: PMC6378591 DOI: 10.1029/2018gl081129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We compare electron and UV observations mapping to the same location in Jupiter's northern polar region, poleward of the main aurora, during Juno perijove 5. Simultaneous peaks in UV brightness and electron energy flux are identified when observations map to the same location at the same time. The downward energy flux during these simultaneous observations was not sufficient to generate the observed UV brightness; the upward energy flux was. We propose that the primary acceleration region is below Juno's altitude, from which the more intense upward electrons originate. For the complete interval, the UV brightness peaked at ~240 kilorayleigh (kR); the downward and upward energy fluxes peaked at 60 and 700 mW/m2, respectively. Increased downward energy fluxes are associated with increased contributions from tens of keV electrons. These observations provide evidence that bidirectional electron beams with broad energy distributions can produce tens to hundreds of kilorayleigh polar UV emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. W. Ebert
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | | | - G. Clark
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LabLaurelMDUSA
| | - F. Allegrini
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - F. Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | | | | | - G. R. Gladstone
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - M. Imai
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - V. Hue
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIAUSA
| | - S. Levin
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadenaCAUSA
| | - P. Louarn
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieToulouseFrance
| | - B. H. Mauk
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LabLaurelMDUSA
| | - D. J. McComas
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Astrophysical SciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - C. Paranicas
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LabLaurelMDUSA
| | - J. R. Szalay
- Department of Astrophysical SciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | | | - P. W. Valek
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - R. J. Wilson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
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20
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Ebert RW, Greathouse TK, Clark G, Allegrini F, Bagenal F, Bolton SJ, Connerney JEP, Gladstone GR, Imai M, Hue V, Kurth WS, Levin S, Louarn P, Mauk BH, McComas DJ, Paranicas C, Szalay JR, Thomsen MF, Valek PW, Wilson RJ. Comparing Electron Energetics and UV Brightness in Jupiter's Northern Polar Region During Juno Perijove 5. Geophys Res Lett 2019; 46:19-27. [PMID: 30828110 DOI: 10.1029/2019gl084146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We compare electron and UV observations mapping to the same location in Jupiter's northern polar region, poleward of the main aurora, during Juno perijove 5. Simultaneous peaks in UV brightness and electron energy flux are identified when observations map to the same location at the same time. The downward energy flux during these simultaneous observations was not sufficient to generate the observed UV brightness; the upward energy flux was. We propose that the primary acceleration region is below Juno's altitude, from which the more intense upward electrons originate. For the complete interval, the UV brightness peaked at ~240 kilorayleigh (kR); the downward and upward energy fluxes peaked at 60 and 700 mW/m2, respectively. Increased downward energy fluxes are associated with increased contributions from tens of keV electrons. These observations provide evidence that bidirectional electron beams with broad energy distributions can produce tens to hundreds of kilorayleigh polar UV emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Ebert
- Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | | | - G Clark
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab Laurel MD USA
| | - F Allegrini
- Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - F Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO USA
| | - S J Bolton
- Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX USA
| | | | - G R Gladstone
- Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - M Imai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
| | - V Hue
- Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX USA
| | - W S Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
| | - S Levin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena CA USA
| | - P Louarn
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie Toulouse France
| | - B H Mauk
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab Laurel MD USA
| | - D J McComas
- Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| | - C Paranicas
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab Laurel MD USA
| | - J R Szalay
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| | | | - P W Valek
- Southwest Research Institute San Antonio TX USA
| | - R J Wilson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO USA
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21
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Abstract
Objective Oocyte-sperm interaction is the essential step in fertilization. Juno, which
has been known as Folate receptor 4, is the Izumo1 receptor expressed on the
oocyte membrane. This study aims to investigate the location and expression
of Juno in mice oocytes during maturation. Methods To confirm the stage at which Juno expression begins in the mice oocytes and
its location pattern, we performed immunostaining methods. Next, we
evaluated Juno mRNA expression by a half quantitative RT-PCR. Juno knockdown
oocytes were generated by microinjecting siRNA into the germinal vesicle
(GV) stage oocytes, and analyzed the maturation rate. Results Our results showed that Juno was expressed on the surface of the oocyte
cytoplasmic membrane at the GV stage and it continues to be expressed at
similar levels in the metaphase II (MII) stages of oocytes maturation.
Interestingly, Juno is also expressed on the first polar body membrane at
the MII stage. Fluorescence showing Juno expression was decreased in the
oolemma of siRNA injected oocytes, but it was not completely disappearing in
knock down oocytes. MII stage-rates of siRNA injected oocytes were not
significantly different from sham controls. Conclusion Juno was expressed in oocytes at the GV stage and it continues to be
expressed at similar levels in later stages of oocytes maturation. Juno
accumulation in oolemma during oocyte maturation is essential for
fertilization, such as membrane recognition of both gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banri Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Yukou Sugano
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Jun Ito
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Haruka Saito
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Sueo Niimura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Japan
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22
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Ingersoll AP, Adumitroaie V, Allison MD, Atreya S, Bellotti AA, Bolton SJ, Brown ST, Gulkis S, Janssen MA, Levin SM, Li C, Li L, Lunine JI, Orton GS, Oyafuso FA, Steffes PG. Implications of the ammonia distribution on Jupiter from 1 to 100 bars as measured by the Juno microwave radiometer. Geophys Res Lett 2017; 44:7676-7685. [PMID: 33100420 PMCID: PMC7580824 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl074277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The latitude-altitude map of ammonia mixing ratio shows an ammonia-rich zone at 0-5°N, with mixing ratios of 320-340 ppm, extending from 40-60 bars up to the ammonia cloud base at 0.7 bars. Ammonia-poor air occupies a belt from 5-20°N. We argue that downdrafts as well as updrafts are needed in the 0-5°N zone to balance the upward ammonia flux. Outside the 0-20°N region, the belt-zone signature is weaker. At latitudes out to ±40°, there is an ammonia-rich layer from cloud base down to 2 bars which we argue is caused by falling precipitation. Below, there is an ammonia-poor layer with a minimum at 6 bars. Unanswered questions include how the ammonia-poor layer is maintained, why the belt-zone structure is barely evident in the ammonia distribution outside 0-20°N, and how the internal heat is transported through the ammonia-poor layer to the ammonia cloud base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Ingersoll
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Virgil Adumitroaie
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | | | - Sushil Atreya
- Climate and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amadeo A Bellotti
- Center for Space Technology and Research, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Scott J Bolton
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - Shannon T Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Samuel Gulkis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Michael A Janssen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Steven M Levin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Cheng Li
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | | | - Glenn S Orton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Fabiano A Oyafuso
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Paul G Steffes
- Center for Space Technology and Research, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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23
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Gladstone GR, Versteeg MH, Greathouse TK, Hue V, Davis MW, Gérard J, Grodent DC, Bonfond B, Nichols JD, Wilson RJ, Hospodarsky GB, Bolton SJ, Levin SM, Connerney JEP, Adriani A, Kurth WS, Mauk BH, Valek P, McComas DJ, Orton GS, Bagenal F. Juno-UVS approach observations of Jupiter's auroras. Geophys Res Lett 2017; 44:7668-7675. [PMID: 28989207 PMCID: PMC5606505 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl073377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Juno ultraviolet spectrograph (UVS) observations of Jupiter's aurora obtained during approach are presented. Prior to the bow shock crossing on 24 June 2016, the Juno approach provided a rare opportunity to correlate local solar wind conditions with Jovian auroral emissions. Some of Jupiter's auroral emissions are expected to be controlled or modified by local solar wind conditions. Here we compare synoptic Juno-UVS observations of Jupiter's auroral emissions, acquired during 3-29 June 2016, with in situ solar wind observations, and related Jupiter observations from Earth. Four large auroral brightening events are evident in the synoptic data, in which the total emitted auroral power increases by a factor of 3-4 for a few hours. Only one of these brightening events correlates well with large transient increases in solar wind ram pressure. The brightening events which are not associated with the solar wind generally have a risetime of ~2 h and a decay time of ~5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. R. Gladstone
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | | | | | - V. Hue
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - M. W. Davis
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - J.‐C. Gérard
- STAR Institute, LPAPUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | | | - B. Bonfond
- STAR Institute, LPAPUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - J. D. Nichols
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - R. J. Wilson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - G. B. Hospodarsky
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | | | - S. M. Levin
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - A. Adriani
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia SpazialiRomeItaly
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - B. H. Mauk
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - P. Valek
- Southwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - D. J. McComas
- Office of the VP for PPPL and Department of Astrophysical SciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | - G. S. Orton
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - F. Bagenal
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
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24
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Ingersoll AP, Adumitroaie V, Allison MD, Atreya S, Bellotti AA, Bolton SJ, Brown ST, Gulkis S, Janssen MA, Levin SM, Li C, Li L, Lunine JI, Orton GS, Oyafuso FA, Steffes PG. Implications of the ammonia distribution on Jupiter from 1 to 100 bars as measured by the Juno microwave radiometer. Geophys Res Lett 2017; 44:7676-7685. [PMID: 33100420 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl073159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The latitude-altitude map of ammonia mixing ratio shows an ammonia-rich zone at 0-5°N, with mixing ratios of 320-340 ppm, extending from 40-60 bars up to the ammonia cloud base at 0.7 bars. Ammonia-poor air occupies a belt from 5-20°N. We argue that downdrafts as well as updrafts are needed in the 0-5°N zone to balance the upward ammonia flux. Outside the 0-20°N region, the belt-zone signature is weaker. At latitudes out to ±40°, there is an ammonia-rich layer from cloud base down to 2 bars which we argue is caused by falling precipitation. Below, there is an ammonia-poor layer with a minimum at 6 bars. Unanswered questions include how the ammonia-poor layer is maintained, why the belt-zone structure is barely evident in the ammonia distribution outside 0-20°N, and how the internal heat is transported through the ammonia-poor layer to the ammonia cloud base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Ingersoll
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Virgil Adumitroaie
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | | | - Sushil Atreya
- Climate and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amadeo A Bellotti
- Center for Space Technology and Research, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Scott J Bolton
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - Shannon T Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Samuel Gulkis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Michael A Janssen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Steven M Levin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Cheng Li
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | | | - Glenn S Orton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Fabiano A Oyafuso
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Paul G Steffes
- Center for Space Technology and Research, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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25
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Zhang M, Dai X, Lu Y, Miao Y, Zhou C, Cui Z, Liu H, Xiong B. Melatonin protects oocyte quality from Bisphenol A-induced deterioration in the mouse. J Pineal Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28178360 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) has been reported to adversely affect the mammalian reproductive system in both sexes. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding how BPA disrupts the mammalian oocyte quality and how to prevent it have not been fully defined. Here, we document that BPA weakens oocyte quality by impairing both oocyte meiotic maturation and fertilization ability. We find that oral administration of BPA (100 μg/kg body weight per day for 7 days) compromises the first polar body extrusion (78.0% vs 57.0%, P<.05) by disrupting normal spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, and kinetochore-microtubule attachment. This defect could be remarkably ameliorated (76.7%, P<.05) by concurrent oral administration of melatonin (30 mg/kg body weight per day for 7 days). In addition, BPA administration significantly decreases the fertilization rate of oocytes (87.2% vs 41.1%, P<.05) by reducing the number of sperm binding to the zona pellucida, which is consistent with the premature cleavage of ZP2 as well as the mis-localization and decreased protein level of ovastacin. Also, the localization and protein level of Juno, the sperm receptor on the egg membrane, are strikingly impaired in BPA-administered oocytes. Finally, we show that melatonin administration substantially elevates the in vitro fertilization rate (63.0%, P<.05) by restoring above defects of fertilization proteins and events, which might be mediated by the improvement of oocyte quality via reduction of ROS levels and inhibition of apoptosis. Collectively, our data reveal that melatonin has a protective action against BPA-induced deterioration of oocyte quality in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianqun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajuan Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yilong Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changyin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaokang Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Abstract
Fertilization is the culminating event in sexual reproduction and requires the recognition and fusion of the haploid sperm and egg to form a new diploid organism. Specificity in these recognition events is one reason why sperm and eggs from different species are not normally compatible. One notable exception is the unusual ability of zona-free eggs from the Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) to recognize and fuse with human sperm, a phenomenon that has been exploited to assess sperm quality in assisted fertility treatments. Following our recent finding that the interaction between the sperm and egg recognition receptors Izumo1 and Juno is essential for fertilization, we now demonstrate concordance between the ability of Izumo1 and Juno from different species to interact, and the ability of their isolated gametes to cross-fertilize each other in vitro. In particular, we show that Juno from the golden hamster can directly interact with human Izumo1. These data suggest that the interaction between Izumo1 and Juno plays an important role in cross-species gamete recognition, and may inform the development of improved prognostic tests that do not require the use of animals to guide the most appropriate fertility treatment for infertile couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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27
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Abstract
Sexual reproduction is used by many different organisms to create a new generation of genetically distinct progeny. Cells originating from separate sexes or mating types segregate their genetic material into haploid gametes which must then recognize and fuse with each other in a process known as fertilization to form a diploid zygote. Despite the central importance of fertilization, we know remarkably little about the molecular mechanisms that are involved in how gametes recognize each other, particularly in mammals, although the proteins that are displayed on their surfaces are almost certainly involved. This paucity of knowledge is largely due to both the unique biological properties of mammalian gametes (sperm and egg) which make them experimentally difficult to manipulate, and the technical challenges of identifying interactions between membrane-embedded cell surface receptor proteins. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge of animal gamete recognition, highlighting where important contributions to our understanding were made, why particular model systems were helpful, and why progress in mammals has been particularly challenging. We discuss how the development of mammalian in vitro fertilization and targeted gene disruption in mice were important technological advances that triggered progress. We argue that approaches employed to discover novel interactions between cell surface gamete recognition proteins should account for the unusual biochemical properties of membrane proteins and the typically highly transient nature of their interactions. Finally, we describe how these principles were applied to identify Juno as the egg receptor for sperm Izumo1, an interaction that is essential for mammalian fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Enrica Bianchi
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
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28
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Chalbi M, Barraud-Lange V, Ravaux B, Howan K, Rodriguez N, Soule P, Ndzoudi A, Boucheix C, Rubinstein E, Wolf JP, Ziyyat A, Perez E, Pincet F, Gourier C. Binding of sperm protein Izumo1 and its egg receptor Juno drives Cd9 accumulation in the intercellular contact area prior to fusion during mammalian fertilization. Development 2014; 141:3732-9. [PMID: 25209248 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that induce gamete fusion during mammalian fertilization. After initial contact, adhesion between gametes only leads to fusion in the presence of three membrane proteins that are necessary, but insufficient, for fusion: Izumo1 on sperm, its receptor Juno on egg and Cd9 on egg. What happens during this adhesion phase is a crucial issue. Here, we demonstrate that the intercellular adhesion that Izumo1 creates with Juno is conserved in mouse and human eggs. We show that, along with Izumo1, egg Cd9 concomitantly accumulates in the adhesion area. Without egg Cd9, the recruitment kinetics of Izumo1 are accelerated. Our results suggest that this process is conserved across species, as the adhesion partners, Izumo1 and its receptor, are interchangeable between mouse and human. Our findings suggest that Cd9 is a partner of Juno, and these discoveries allow us to propose a new model of the molecular mechanisms leading to gamete fusion, in which the adhesion-induced membrane organization assembles all key players of the fusion machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Chalbi
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8550, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Virginie Barraud-Lange
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Service d'Histologie Embryologie Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, Hopital Cochin, AP-HP24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Benjamin Ravaux
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8550, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Kevin Howan
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8550, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nicolas Rodriguez
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Laboratoire des biomolécules, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pierre Soule
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Laboratoire des biomolécules, Paris 75005, France
| | - Arnaud Ndzoudi
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Service d'Histologie Embryologie Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, Hopital Cochin, AP-HP24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Claude Boucheix
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1004, 14 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif 94800, France Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1004, 14 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif 94800, France Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Jean Philippe Wolf
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Service d'Histologie Embryologie Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, Hopital Cochin, AP-HP24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Ahmed Ziyyat
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Service d'Histologie Embryologie Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, Hopital Cochin, AP-HP24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Eric Perez
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8550, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Frédéric Pincet
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8550, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christine Gourier
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8550, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Cambridge, UK
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