Whole-body MRI compared with standard pathways for staging metastatic disease in lung and colorectal cancer: the Streamline diagnostic accuracy studies

BACKGROUND

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging is advocated as an alternative to standard pathways for staging cancer.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives were to compare diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, patient acceptability, observer variability and cost-effectiveness of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and standard pathways in staging newly diagnosed non-small-cell lung cancer (Streamline L) and colorectal cancer (Streamline C).

DESIGN

The design was a prospective multicentre cohort study.

SETTING

The setting was 16 NHS hospitals.

PARTICIPANTS

Consecutive patients aged ≥ 18 years with histologically proven or suspected colorectal (Streamline C) or non-small-cell lung cancer (Streamline L).

INTERVENTIONS

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. Standard staging investigations (e.g. computed tomography and positron emission tomography-computed tomography).

REFERENCE STANDARD

Consensus panel decision using 12-month follow-up data.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome was per-patient sensitivity difference between whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and standard staging pathways for metastasis. Secondary outcomes included differences in specificity, the nature of the first major treatment decision, time and number of tests to complete staging, patient experience and cost-effectiveness.

RESULTS

Streamline C - 299 participants were included. Per-patient sensitivity for metastatic disease was 67% (95% confidence interval 56% to 78%) and 63% (95% confidence interval 51% to 74%) for whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and standard pathways, respectively, a difference in sensitivity of 4% (95% confidence interval -5% to 13%; p = 0.51). Specificity was 95% (95% confidence interval 92% to 97%) and 93% (95% confidence interval 90% to 96%) respectively, a difference of 2% (95% confidence interval -2% to 6%). Pathway treatment decisions agreed with the multidisciplinary team treatment decision in 96% and 95% of cases, respectively, a difference of 1% (95% confidence interval -2% to 4%). Time for staging was 8 days (95% confidence interval 6 to 9 days) and 13 days (95% confidence interval 11 to 15 days) for whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and standard pathways, respectively, a difference of 5 days (95% confidence interval 3 to 7 days). The whole-body magnetic resonance imaging pathway was cheaper than the standard staging pathway: £216 (95% confidence interval £211 to £221) versus £285 (95% confidence interval £260 to £310). Streamline L - 187 participants were included. Per-patient sensitivity for metastatic disease was 50% (95% confidence interval 37% to 63%) and 54% (95% confidence interval 41% to 67%) for whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and standard pathways, respectively, a difference in sensitivity of 4% (95% confidence interval -7% to 15%; p = 0.73). Specificity was 93% (95% confidence interval 88% to 96%) and 95% (95% confidence interval 91% to 98%), respectively, a difference of 2% (95% confidence interval -2% to 7%). Pathway treatment decisions agreed with the multidisciplinary team treatment decision in 98% and 99% of cases, respectively, a difference of 1% (95% confidence interval -2% to 4%). Time for staging was 13 days (95% confidence interval 12 to 14 days) and 19 days (95% confidence interval 17 to 21 days) for whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and standard pathways, respectively, a difference of 6 days (95% confidence interval 4 to 8 days). The whole-body magnetic resonance imaging pathway was cheaper than the standard staging pathway: £317 (95% confidence interval £273 to £361) versus £620 (95% confidence interval £574 to £666). Participants generally found whole-body magnetic resonance imaging more burdensome than standard imaging but most participants preferred the whole-body magnetic resonance imaging staging pathway if it reduced time to staging and/or number of tests.

LIMITATIONS

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging was interpreted by practitioners blinded to other clinical data, which may not fully reflect how it is used in clinical practice.

CONCLUSIONS

In colorectal and non-small-cell lung cancer, the whole-body magnetic resonance imaging staging pathway has similar accuracy to standard staging pathways, is generally preferred by patients, improves staging efficiency and has lower staging costs. Future work should address the utility of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging for treatment response assessment.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN43958015 and ISRCTN50436483.

FUNDING

This project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 23, No. 66. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Differential Effects of Variations at Codon 106 on Sprouty2 Functions in Lung Cancer-Derived Cells

Sprouty2 is a modulator of receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signalling with an important role during lung carcinogenesis. Here, we characterize a Sprouty2 variant harbouring a substitution of proline 106 with serine. Serine substitution fails to influence expression, but accumulation of slower migrating phosphatase-sensitive forms indicates that its presence facilitates phosphorylation. In normal lung cells the serine variant is slightly more potent in inhibiting proliferation and migration. Additionally non-malignant cells expressing the major Sprouty2 variant attach more effective to fibronectin, while the serine variant only weakly stimulates cell adhesion. Mechanistically, the serine variant interferes less effectively with mitogen-activated protein kinase induction in response to serum. Concerning the positive Sprouty2 effect on epidermal growth factor receptor activation the serine variant is more potent. In all lung cancer-derived cell lines proliferation is more effectively inhibited if the Sprouty2 protein harbours the serine. In contrast, an increased interference of the serine Sprouty2 variant is only observed in cells with unaltered K-Ras. In cells harbouring a K-Ras mutation the serine conversion weakens the reduction of migration velocity indicating that dependent on the status of K-Ras the serine influences Sprouty2 functions differently. Accordingly, cell adhesion in cells with unaffected K-Ras is only stimulated by a Sprouty2 protein harbouring proline, while a serine conversion improves the attachment of the cells with constitutive active Ras. In summary our studies demonstrate that substitution of proline by serine at position 106 has biological significance and that the observed effects of this conversion depend on the activation status of endogenous K-Ras. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1822-1832, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.