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Alroqi FJ, Alhezam MA, Almojali AI, Barhoumi T, Althubaiti N, Alharbi Y, Al Balwi MA, Alrasheed A. Novel Presentation of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Deficiency with Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:73. [PMID: 38424321 PMCID: PMC10904449 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II deficiency is one of the combined immune deficiency disorders caused by defects in the MHC class II regulatory genes leading to abnormal T cells development and function. Therefore, patients mainly present with increased susceptibility to infections, diarrhea, and failure to thrive. In this report, we present one MHC class II deficient patient with a novel presentation with Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). METHODS Immunophenotyping of lymphocyte subpopulations and HLA-DR expression was assess by flow cytometry. Gene mutational analysis was performed by whole exome and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS We reported a 7-year-old girl, who was diagnosed at age of 2 years with MHC class II deficiency by genetic testing and flow cytometry. Two years later, she developed disseminated BCGitis which was treated with proper antimicrobial agents. At the age of 7 years, she presented with clinical features fulfilling 6 diagnostic criteria of HLH including evidence of hemophagocytic activity in bone marrow aspiration. Accordingly, the diagnosis of HLH was established and the patient was started on IV Dexamethasone, Anakinra and IVIG. Eventually, patient started to improve and was discharged in good condition. Few months later, the patient was readmitted with severe pneumonia and sepsis leading to death. CONCLUSION Patients with MHC class II deficiency might present with disseminated BCGitis especially if the patient has severe T cell lymphopenia. Additionally, this immune defect might be added to the list of inborn errors of immunity that can be complicated with HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayhan J Alroqi
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia.
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Musaab A Alhezam
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah I Almojali
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tlili Barhoumi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Althubaiti
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Alharbi
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Al Balwi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alrasheed
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
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Mousavi Khorshidi MS, Seeleuthner Y, Chavoshzadeh Z, Behfar M, Hamidieh AA, Alimadadi H, Sherkat R, Momen T, Behniafard N, Eskandarzadeh S, Mansouri M, Behnam M, Mahdavi M, Heydarazad Zadeh M, Shokri M, Alizadeh F, Movahedi M, Momenilandi M, Keramatipour M, Casanova JL, Cobat A, Abel L, Shahrooei M, Parvaneh N. Clinical, Immunological, and Genetic Findings in Iranian Patients with MHC-II Deficiency: Confirmation of c.162delG RFXANK Founder Mutation in the Iranian Population. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:1941-1952. [PMID: 37584719 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) deficiency is a rare inborn error of immunity (IEI). Impaired antigen presentation to CD4 + T cells results in combined immunodeficiency (CID). Patients typically present with severe respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections at early ages. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative therapy. METHODS We describe the clinical, immunologic, and genetic features of eighteen unrelated Iranian patients with MHC-II deficiency. RESULTS Consanguinity was present in all affected families. The median age at the initial presentation was 5.5 months (range 7 days to 18 years). The main symptoms included failure to thrive, persistent diarrhea, and pneumonia. Autoimmune and neurologic features were also documented in about one-third of the patients, respectively. Thirteen patients carried RFXANK gene mutations, two carried RFX5 gene mutations, and three carried a RFXAP gene mutation. Six patients shared the same RFXANK founder mutation (c.162delG); limited to the Iranian population and dated to approximately 1296 years ago. Four of the patients underwent HSCT; three of them are alive. On the other hand, nine of the fourteen patients who did not undergo HSCT had a poor prognosis and died. CONCLUSION MHC-II deficiency is not rare in Iran, with a high rate of consanguinity. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of CID at any age. With the limited access to HSCT and its variable results in MHC-II deficiency, implementing genetic counseling and family planning for the affected families are mandatory. We are better determined to study the c.162delG RFXANK heterozygous mutation frequency in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadese Sadat Mousavi Khorshidi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yoann Seeleuthner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Zahra Chavoshzadeh
- Allergy and Immunology Department, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Behfar
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Alimadadi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Sherkat
- Immunodeficiency Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tooba Momen
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Behniafard
- Children Growth Disorder Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Shabnam Eskandarzadeh
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Mansouri
- Allergy and Immunology Department, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Behnam
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Dr. Shahrooei Lab, 22 Bahman St., Ashrafi Esfahani Blvd, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohadese Mahdavi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Heydarazad Zadeh
- Allergy and Immunology Department, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shokri
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alizadeh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Movahedi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mana Momenilandi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mohammad Keramatipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Shahrooei
- Dr. Shahrooei Lab, 22 Bahman St., Ashrafi Esfahani Blvd, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical and Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Nima Parvaneh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Children's Medical Centre, No 62 Gharib St, Tehran, 1419733152, Iran.
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