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Sun D, Zou Y, Song L, Han S, Yang H, Chu D, Dai Y, Ma J, O'Driscoll CM, Yu Z, Guo J. A cyclodextrin-based nanoformulation achieves co-delivery of ginsenoside Rg3 and quercetin for chemo-immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:378-393. [PMID: 35127393 PMCID: PMC8799998 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint blockade therapy has profoundly revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy. However, despite great promise for a variety of cancers, the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors is still low in colorectal cancer (CRC). This is mainly due to the immunosuppressive feature of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging evidence reveals that certain chemotherapeutic drugs induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), demonstrating great potential for remodeling the immunosuppressive TME. In this study, the potential of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) as an ICD inducer against CRC cells was confirmed using in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches. The ICD efficacy of Rg3 could be significantly enhanced by quercetin (QTN) that elicited reactive oxygen species (ROS). To ameliorate in vivo delivery barriers associated with chemotherapeutic drugs, a folate (FA)-targeted polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticle (NP) was developed for co-encapsulation of Rg3 and QTN. The resultant nanoformulation (CD-PEG-FA.Rg3.QTN) significantly prolonged blood circulation and enhanced tumor targeting in an orthotopic CRC mouse model, resulting in the conversion of immunosuppressive TME. Furthermore, the CD-PEG-FA.Rg3.QTN achieved significantly longer survival of animals in combination with Anti-PD-L1. The study provides a promising strategy for the treatment of CRC.
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Key Words
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CI, combination index
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CRT, calreticulin
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4
- CXCL10, C-X-C motif chemokine 10
- CXCL9, C-X-C motif chemokine 9
- Chemotherapy
- Colorectal cancer
- Combination therapy
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
- EE, encapsulation efficiency
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FA, folate
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IFN-γ, interferon-gamma
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- IL-12, interleukin-12
- IL-4, interleukin-4
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IRE1, inositol-requiring enzyme 1
- Immunogenic cell death
- Immunotherapy
- LC, loading capacity
- MDSCs, myeloid derived suppressor cells
- MMR, mismatch repair
- MR, molar ratio
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- NP, nanoparticle
- Nano drug delivery system
- PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PERK, PKR-like ER kinase
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- QTN, quercetin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- TAAs, tumor-associated antigens
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- Tumor microenvironment
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- p-IRE1, phosphorylation of IRE1
- p-PERK, phosphorylation of PERK
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yifang Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Liu Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shulan Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Di Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yun Dai
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | | | - Zhuo Yu
- Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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