A case of monocephalus, tetrabrachious and tetrapod in female newborn goat

All conjoined twins are originally born as a result of fertilizing one zygote (egg) and also called monozygotic twins experiencing an incomplete division of an embryo into two portions of the embryo usually causing the formation of the primary streak stage. The main reason for the creation of this defect is not obvious. Dead twin goat with one head, one trunk, four anterior limbs, and four posterior organs was referred to the Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, Iran. The radiographic and three-dimensional images showed one normal skull and pelvic bone vertebral column. The ribs and sternum of the newborn goat were quite normal and confirmed two pairs of extra limbs. There were no doubles in describing the internal organs. This report seems to be the first report regarding a case of a monocephalus, tetrabrachius, and tetrapod newborn goat.

A case of monocephalusrachipagus tribrachius tetrapus in a puppy

Caudal duplication (dipygus) is an uncommon pathologic of conjoined twinning. The conjoined malformation is classified according to the nature and site of the union. We report the presence of this malformation in a female crossbreed puppy. The puppy was delivered by caesarean section following a prolonged period of dystocia. External findings showed a single head (monocephalus) and a normal cranium with no fissure in the medial line detected. The thorax displayed a caudal duplication arising from the lumbosacral region (rachipagus). The puppy had three upper limbs, a right and left, and a third limb in the dorsal region where the bifurcation began. The subsequent caudal duplication appeared symmetrical. Necropsy revealed internal abnormalities consisting of a complete duplication of the urogenital system and a duplication of the large intestines arising from a bifurcation of the caudal ileum . Considering the morphophysiological description the malformation described would be classified as the first case in the dog of a monocephalusrachipagustribrachius tetrapus.

A detailed systematic anatomical study of monocephalic conjoined symmetric twin lambs

A case of conjoined twins with monocephalus, thoracopagus, partial abdominopagus, tetrabrachius and tetrascelus in lambs complicated with several defects of skeletal, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and urogenital systems is reported. The twins were dead and delivered by cesarean section. This case report highlights the detailed anatomical study of defects in different systems due to an abnormal birth defect.