Application of computer tomography-based 3D reconstruction technique in hernia repair surgery

BACKGROUND

Hernia is a common condition requiring abdominal surgery. The current standard treatment for hernia is tension-free repair using meshes. Globally, more than 200 new types of meshes are licensed each year. However, their clinical applications are associated with a series of complications, such as recurrence (10% - 24%) and infection (0.5% - 9.0%). In contrast, 3D-printed meshes have significantly reduced the postoperative complications in patients. They have also shortened operating time and minimized the loss of mesh materials. In this study, we used the myopectineal orifice (MPO) data obtained from preoperative computer tomography (CT)-based 3D reconstruction for the production of 3D-printed biologic meshes.

AIM

To investigate the application of multislice spiral CT-based 3D reconstruction technique in 3D-printed biologic mesh for hernia repair surgery.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 60 patients who underwent laparoscopic tension-free repair for inguinal hernia in the Department of General Surgery of the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from September 2019 to December 2019. This study included 30 males and 30 females, with a mean age of 40 ± 5.6 years. Data on the MPO were obtained from preoperative CT-based 3D reconstruction as well as from real-world intraoperative measurements for all patients. Anatomic points were set for the purpose of measurement based on the definition of MPO: A: The pubic tubercle; B: Intersection of the horizontal line extending from the summit of the inferior edge of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis and the outer edge of the rectus abdominis, C: Intersection of the horizontal line extending from the summit of the inferior edge of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis and the inguinal ligament, D: Intersection of the iliopsoas muscle and the inguinal ligament, and E: Intersection of the iliopsoas muscle and the superior pubic ramus. The distance between the points was measured. All preoperative and intraoperative data were analyzed using the t test. Differences with P < 0.05 were considered significant in comparative analysis.

RESULTS

The distance between points AB, AC, BC, DE, and AE based on preoperative and intraoperative data was 7.576 ± 0.212 cm vs 7.573 ± 0.266 cm, 7.627 ± 0.212 cm vs 7.627 ± 0.212 cm, 7.677 ± 0.229 cm vs 7.567 ± 0.786 cm, 7.589 ± 0.204 cm vs 7.512 ± 0.21 cm, and 7.617 ± 0.231 cm vs 7.582 ± 0.189 cm, respectively. All differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The use of multislice spiral CT-based 3D reconstruction technique before hernia repair surgery allows accurate measurement of data and relationships of different anatomic sites in the MPO region. This technique can provide precise data for the production of 3D-printed biologic meshes.

Three-dimensional visualization and measurement of myopectineal orifice in non-inguinal hernia patients

PURPOSE

The myopectineal orifice (MPO) is a weak area at lower part of the anterior abdominal wall that directly determines the mesh size required in inguinal hernia repair. However, MPO data have mainly been acquired from measurements of cadavers or anesthetized patients. Furthermore, there are very few reports on the measurement of the MPO in Chinese patients. The present study aimed to use three-dimensional visualization technology to measure the MPO in live non-anesthetized Chinese patients, and to use this information to indicate the appropriate mesh size required for inguinal hernia repair.

METHODS

In this study, we used the parameters of the MPO and the pelvis that were measured in 40 patients with peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb arteries (80 inguinal regions) using Medraw software (Image Medraw Technology Co., Ltd., China).

RESULTS

The result showed that the average width and height of the MPO were 5.71 ± 0.99 cm and 4.96 ± 0.69 cm, respectively (5.22 ± 0.77 cm and 5.13 ± 0.63 cm in males, and 6.20 ± 0.95 cm and 4.80 ± 0.71 cm in females). The average projected area of the MPO was 16.06 ± 4.37 cm² on the left, and 15.61 ± 4.10 cm² on the right (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Three-dimensional visualization was used to measure the area, width, and height of the MPO in living non-anesthetized Chinese patients. MPO area was correlated with age, but not with pelvic parameters.

Appropriate mesh size in the totally extraperitoneal repair of groin hernias based on the intraoperative measurement of the myopectineal orifice

BACKGROUND

Insufficient coverage of the area of a possible groin hernia is an important risk factor in hernia recurrence. To prevent recurrence, it is important to use the appropriate mesh size based on the size of the myopectineal orifice (MPO), which is the weak area of the abdominal wall where inguinal hernias occur. We aimed to estimate the appropriate mesh size for groin hernias by investigating MPO size.

METHODS

Four hundred and six patients underwent groin hernia repair using a totally extraperitoneal (TEP) approach at the Zeze Hospital between July 2009 and December 2017. We investigated patients' backgrounds, MPO components dimensions, and hernia recurrence, and evaluated the appropriate mesh size.

RESULTS

The 359 male and 47 female patients had an average age of 63 ± 15 years. In 171, 147, and 88 cases, hernias were localized to the right, left, and bilaterally, respectively. The number of lateral, medial, femoral, and combined hernias was 317, 124, 11, and 42, respectively. The 95th percentile for the horizontal and vertical lengths in cases of hernia orifice ≥ 3 cm were 9.6 cm and 7.0 cm, respectively, while it was 9.2 cm and 6.4 cm in cases of hernia orifice < 3 cm. We added 2 cm and 3 cm to the 95th percentile for the length and width of the MPO, resulting in 13.2 × 10.4 cm and 15.6 × 13.0 cm in cases with hernia orifice < 3 cm and ≥ 3 cm, respectively. Relapse after TEP occurred in 1 patient (0.2%).

CONCLUSION

The appropriate mesh size for TEP repair, derived from intraoperative MPO measurements, was estimated as 13.2 × 10.4 cm and 15.6 × 13.0 cm when the hernia orifice was < 3 cm and ≥ 3 cm, respectively. Using appropriate mesh sizes based on MPO measurement may reduce groin hernia recurrence after TEP.

Preperitoneal femoral hernioplasty: an "umbrella" technique

INTRODUCTION

Tension-free inguinal mesh-plug hernioplasty is well established. However, femoral hernia repair remains challenging and controversial. We aimed to evaluate a preperitoneal approach of tension-free hernioplasty for femoral hernia upon the anatomy rationality.

METHODS

A prospective study of 62 patients between October 1999 and June 2011 received femoral hernioplasty in our hospital. This repair method involved a preperitoneal approach accomplished under regional or local anesthesia with mesh and plug; the emphasis was put on fulfilling the abdominal defect, i.e., the myopectineal orifice, with the plug flattened like an "umbrella", above the femoral ring but not to fill the femoral ring.

RESULTS

All cases receiving preperitoneal tension-free hernioplasty had a smooth recovery. There were no severe complications, and no recurrences were detected within a 0.5- to 4-year follow-up. No specific restrictions with regard to activity were placed on the patients after surgery. All cases were able to return to normal life, including work, within 2 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

The preperitoneal tension-free hernioplasty may be a more effective method of femoral hernia repair; meanwhile, we must re-understand the anatomy of femoral hernia correctly so as to restore the anatomic and physiologic functions at this region optimally.

Three-dimensional reconstruction under computed tomography and myopectineal orifice measurement under laparoscopy for quality control of inguinal hernia treatment

BACKGROUND

Inguinal hernias are common after surgery. Tension-free repair is widely accepted as the main method for managing inguinal hernias. Adequate exposure, coverage, and repair of the myopectineal orifice (MPO) are necessary. However, due to differences in race and sex, people's body shapes vary. According to European guidelines, the patch should measure 10 cm × 15 cm. If any part of the MPO is dissected, injury to the nerves, vascular network, or organs may occur during surgery, thereby leading to inguinal discomfort, pain, and seroma formation after surgery. Therefore, accurate localization and measurement of the boundary of the MPO are crucial for selecting the optimal patch for inguinal hernia repair.

AIM

To compare the size of the MPO measured on three-dimensional multislice spiral computed tomography (CT) with that measured via laparoscopy and explore the relevant factors influencing the size of the MPO.

METHODS

Clinical data from 74 patients who underwent laparoscopic tension-free inguinal hernia repair at the General Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology between September 2022 and July 2024 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Transabdominal preperitoneal was performed. Sixty-four males and 10 females, with an average age of 58.30 ± 12.32 years, were included. The clinical data of the patients were collected. The boundary of the MPO was measured on three-dimensional CT images before surgery and then again during transabdominal preperitoneal. All the preoperative and intraoperative data were analyzed via paired t-tests. A t-test was used for comparisons of age, body mass index, and sex between the groups. In the comparative analysis, a P value less than 0.05 indicated a significant difference.

RESULTS

The boundaries of the MPO on 3-dimensional CT images measured 7.05 ± 0.47 cm and 6.27 ± 0.61 cm, and the area of the MPO was 19.54 ± 3.33 cm2. The boundaries of the MPO during surgery were 7.18 ± 0.51 cm and 6.17 ± 0.40 cm. The errors were not statistically significant. However, the intraoperative BD (the width of the MPO, P = 0.024, P < 0.05) and preoperative AC (the length of the MPO, P = 0.045, P < 0.05) significantly differed according to sex. The AC and BD measurements before and during surgery were not significantly different according to age, body mass index, hernia side or hernia type (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The application of this technology can aid in determining the most appropriate dissection range and patch size.