At the Fulcrum in Health and Disease: Cdk5 and the Balancing Acts of Neuronal Structure and Physiology

Cdk5 has been implicated in a multitude of processes in neuronal development, cell biology and physiology. These influence many neurological disorders, but the very breadth of Cdk5 effects has made it difficult to synthesize a coherent picture of the part played by this protein in health and disease. In this review, we focus on the roles of Cdk5 in neuronal function, particularly synaptic homeostasis, plasticity, neurotransmission, subcellular organization, and trafficking. We then discuss how disruption of these Cdk5 activities may initiate or exacerbate neural disorders. A recurring theme will be the sensitivity of Cdk5 sequelae to the precise biological context under consideration.

Differential impact of two paradigms of early-life adversity on behavioural responses to social defeat in young adult rats and morphology of CA3 pyramidal neurons

Early life stress (ELS) is an important factor in programing the brain for future response to stress, and resilience or vulnerability to stress-induced emotional disorders. The hippocampal formation, with essential roles in both regulating the stress circuitry and emotionality, contributes to this adaptive programing. Here, we examined the effects of early handling (EH) and maternal deprivation (MD) as mild and intense postnatal stressors, respectively, on the behavioural responses to social defeat stress in young adulthood. We also evaluated the interaction of mild and intense ELS with later social defeat (SD) stress on the morphology and dendritic spine density of Golgi-cox-stained CA3 hippocampal neurons. SD stress in adult rats, as expected, increased anxiety and depressive-like behaviours in the open field, elevated plus-maze and forced swimming test. These effects were associated with reduction of dendritic spines and soma size of CA3 neurons. Both behavioural and structural alterations were significantly ameliorated in socially defeated rats that experienced early handling (EH-SD). Basal dendrites of CA3 neurons in EH-SD rats also showed longer dendrites and more intersections with Sholl circles in the distal portion, compared to both control and SD rats. On the other hand, in socially defeated rats with maternal deprivation experience (MD-SD) the stress-induced behavioural and structural alterations were generally intensified compared to SD rats. In MD-SD rats, apical dendrites of CA3 neurons demonstrated remarkable retraction; an effect that was not detected in SD rats. The reduction of dendritic spines density on the apical dendrites of CA3 neurons was also more pronounced in MD-SD rats compared to SD rats. Dendritic arbors and spines comprise the major neuronal substrate for the circuit connectivity, and cell region-specific alterations of dendrites and spines in CA3 neurons reveal plausible mechanisms that can underlie the impact of different ELSs on risk for affective disorders in response to social stress in adulthood.

Male-Dominant Effects of Chd8 Haploinsufficiency on Synaptic Phenotypes during Development in Mouse Prefrontal Cortex

CHD8 is a high penetrance, high confidence risk gene for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder that is substantially more prevalent among males than among females. Recent studies have demonstrated variable sex differences in the behaviors and synaptic phenotypes of mice carrying different heterozygous ASD-associated mutations in Chd8. We examined functional and structural cellular phenotypes linked to synaptic transmission in deep layer pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex in male and female mice carrying a heterozygous, loss-of-function Chd8 mutation in the C57BL/6J strain across development from postnatal day 2 to adulthood. Notably, excitatory neurotransmission was decreased only in Chd8+/- males with no differences in Chd8+/- females, and the majority of alterations in inhibitory transmission were found in males. Similarly, analysis of cellular morphology showed male-specific effects of reduced Chd8 expression. Both functional and structural phenotypes were most prominent at postnatal days 14-20, a stage approximately corresponding to childhood. Our findings suggest that the effects of Chd8 mutation are predominantly seen in males and are maximal during childhood.

Beyond vessels: unraveling the impact of VEGFs on neuronal functions and structure

Neurons rely on the bloodstream for essential nutrients and oxygen, which is facilitated by an intricate coupling of the neuronal and vascular systems. Central to this neurovascular interaction is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, a group of secreted growth factors traditionally known for their roles in promoting endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and survival in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. However, emerging evidence shows that VEGFs also play indispensable roles in the nervous system, extending beyond their canonical angiogenic and lymphangiogenic functions. Over the past two decades, VEGFs have been found to exert direct effects on neurons, influencing key aspects of neuronal function independently of their actions on vascular cells. In particular, it has become increasingly evident that VEGFs also play crucial functions in the development, regulation, and maintenance of neuronal morphology. Understanding the roles of VEGFs in neuronal development is of high scientific and clinical interest because of the significance of precise neuronal morphology for neural connectivity and network function, as well as the association of morphological abnormalities with neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. This review begins with an overview of the VEGF family members, their structural characteristics, receptors, and established roles in vasculature. However, it then highlights and focuses on the exciting variety of neuronal functions of VEGFs, especially their crucial role in the development, regulation, and maintenance of neuronal morphology.