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Mathieu SL, Conlon EG, Waters AM, Farrell LJ. Perceived Parental Rearing in Paediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Examining the Factor Structure of the EMBU Child and Parent Versions and Associations with OCD Symptoms. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2020; 51:956-968. [PMID: 32146572 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-00979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Parental rearing behaviours characterised by high levels of rejection and overprotection have been implicated in the development and maintenance of child psychopathology, including paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (EMBU) is a commonly used measure of perceived parental rearing. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the factor structure of the EMBU child and parent versions were examined in a sample of children and youth with OCD (n = 176), and their mothers (n = 162). Associations between rearing and clinical correlates of OCD were explored. For parents, a 4-factor model provided the best fit. For children, a higher order model was the best fit. Greater parent and child perceived negative rearing behaviours and lower perceived positive behaviours were associated with greater OCD severity, comorbid symptoms and impairment. The EMBU has a conceptually meaningful factor structure and provides a useful measure for assessing perceived rearing behaviours within paediatric OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharna L Mathieu
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth G Conlon
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Allison M Waters
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
| | - Lara J Farrell
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia
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Mathieu SL, Conlon EG, Waters AM, McKenzie ML, Farrell LJ. Inflated Responsibility Beliefs in Paediatric OCD: Exploring the Role of Parental Rearing and Child Age. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2020; 51:552-62. [PMID: 31664631 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-019-00938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive-behavioural models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) propose that inflated responsibility beliefs are central to the maintenance of the disorder and are proposed to originate during early childhood via experiences of harsh and/or controlling parenting. The current study aimed to examine the associations between perceived parental rearing behaviours, inflated responsibility/threat beliefs, and OCD severity and impairment in children (aged 7-12 years) and adolescents (aged 13-17 years) with OCD (n = 136). Results indicated that for younger children, greater child perceptions of overprotection and anxious rearing were each associated with increased inflated responsibility beliefs. For older children, these positive associations remained, and furthermore, inflated responsibility beliefs mediated the association between perceived maternal anxious rearing and OCD impairment. Results highlight the role of the family in the development of inflated responsibility bias and OCD-related impairment.
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Meesters C, Muris P, Dibbets P, Cima M, Lemmens L. On the Link between Perceived Parental Rearing Behaviors and Self-conscious Emotions in Adolescents. J Child Fam Stud 2017; 26:1536-1545. [PMID: 28572716 PMCID: PMC5429908 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-017-0695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined relationships between the self-conscious emotions of guilt and shame in both clinical (N = 104) and non-clinical (N = 477) (young) adolescents aged 11-18 years, who completed a questionnaire to assess perceived parental rearing behaviors (EMBU-C) and a scenario-based instrument to measure proneness to guilt and shame (SCEMAS). Results indicated that parental rearing dimensions were positively related to self-conscious emotions. Regarding the non-clinical sample, both favourable (emotional warmth) and unfavourable (rejection) paternal and maternal rearing dimensions were significant correlates of guilt- and shame-proneness. The results for the clinical sample were less conclusive: only maternal emotional warmth and rejection were found to be significantly associated with guilt and shame. Interestingly, no associations between any of the paternal rearing dimensions and self-conscious emotions emerged. Taken together, these results are in keeping with the notion that parental rearing factors are involved in the development of both adaptive and maladaptive self-conscious emotions in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cor Meesters
- Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Muris
- Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Dibbets
- Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Cima
- Department Developmental Psychopathology, Radboud University, Brain Science Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Lemmens
- Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Lavell CH, Farrell LJ, Waters AM, Cadman J. Predictors of treatment response to group cognitive behavioural therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2016; 245:186-93. [PMID: 27544784 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating mental health disorder, occurring in 1-2% of children and adolescents. Current evidence-based treatments produce promising rates of remission; however, many children and youth do not fully remit from symptoms. The current study explored predictors of treatment response to a group cognitive-behavioural treatment program for pediatric OCD (N=43). Higher levels of child depression and parental rejection at baseline were found to be associated with higher OCD symptoms at post-treatment. Family accommodation was found to be associated with OCD symptom severity at 12-months follow-up. Further, children who were classified as treatment responders at 12-months follow-up had fewer depressive symptoms at baseline than non-responders at 12-months. Results indicate that child depression and adverse family factors may contribute to poorer treatment response for children and youth with OCD. This finding suggests current treatments should be refined for these young people in order to better suit their individual needs.
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Ibarra P, Alemany S, Fatjó-Vilas M, Córdova-Palomera A, Goldberg X, Arias B, González-Ortega I, González-Pinto A, Nenadic I, Fañanás L. The BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism modulates parental rearing effects on adult psychiatric symptoms: a community twin-based study. Eur Psychiatry 2014; 29:293-300. [PMID: 24768157 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether firstly, different parental rearing components were associated with different dimensions of psychiatric symptoms in adulthood, secondly BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism moderated this association and thirdly, this association was due to genetic confounding. METHOD Perceived parental rearing according to Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), psychiatric symptoms evaluated with the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and the BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism were analyzed in a sample of 232 adult twins from the general population. RESULTS In the whole sample, paternal care was negatively associated with depression. Maternal overprotection was positively associated with paranoid ideation, obsession-compulsion and somatization. Gene-environment interaction effects were detected between the BDNF-Val66Met polymorphism and maternal care on phobic anxiety, paternal care on hostility, maternal overprotection on somatization and paternal overprotection also in somatization. In the subsample of MZ twins, intrapair differences in maternal care were associated with anxiety, paranoid ideation and somatization. CONCLUSIONS Met carriers were, in general, more sensitive to the effects of parental rearing compared to Val/Val carriers in relation to anxiety and somatization. Contra-intuitively, our findings suggest that high rates of maternal care might be of risk for Met carriers regarding anxiety. Results from analyses controlling for genetic confounding were in line with this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ibarra
- Anthropology Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Biomedicine Institute of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Avenue Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Alemany
- Anthropology Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Biomedicine Institute of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Avenue Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Fatjó-Vilas
- Anthropology Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Biomedicine Institute of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Avenue Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Córdova-Palomera
- Anthropology Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Biomedicine Institute of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Avenue Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - X Goldberg
- Anthropology Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Biomedicine Institute of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Avenue Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - B Arias
- Anthropology Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Biomedicine Institute of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Avenue Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - I González-Ortega
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Alava University Hospital (Santiago), EHU/UPV, Kronikgune, Olaguibel 29, Vitoria, Spain
| | - A González-Pinto
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Alava University Hospital (Santiago), EHU/UPV, Kronikgune, Olaguibel 29, Vitoria, Spain
| | - I Nenadic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - L Fañanás
- Anthropology Unit, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Biomedicine Institute of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Avenue Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
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