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Kumar K, Yadava P, Gupta M, Choudhary M, Jha AK, Wani SH, Dar ZA, Kumar B, Rakshit S. Narrowing down molecular targets for improving phosphorus-use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.). Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:12091-12107. [PMID: 35752697 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Conventional agricultural practices rely heavily on chemical fertilizers to boost production. Among the fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers are copiously used to ameliorate low-phosphate availability in the soil. However, phosphorus-use efficiency (PUE) for major cereals, including maize, is less than 30%; resulting in more than half of the applied phosphate being lost to the environment. Rock phosphate reserves are finite and predicted to exhaust in near future with the current rate of consumption. Thus, the dependence of modern agriculture on phosphatic fertilizers poses major food security and sustainability challenges. Strategies to optimize and improve PUE, like genetic interventions to develop high PUE cultivars, could have a major impact in this area. Here, we present the current understanding and recent advances in the biological phenomenon of phosphate uptake, translocation, and adaptive responses of plants under phosphate deficiency, with special reference to maize. Maize is one of the most important cereal crops that is cultivated globally under diverse agro-climatic conditions. It is an industrial, feed and food crop with multifarious uses and a fast-rising global demand and consumption. The interesting aspects of diversity in the root system architecture traits, the interplay between signaling pathways contributing to PUE, and an in-depth discussion on promising candidate genes for improving PUE in maize are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Delhi Unit Office, ICAR - Indian Institute of Maize Research, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Pranjal Yadava
- ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Mamta Gupta
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU Campus, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Mukesh Choudhary
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU Campus, Ludhiana, 141004, India.,School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Abhishek Kumar Jha
- Delhi Unit Office, ICAR - Indian Institute of Maize Research, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Center for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Khudwani, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmed Dar
- Dryland Agriculture Research Station, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Srinagar, Khudwani, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bhupender Kumar
- Delhi Unit Office, ICAR - Indian Institute of Maize Research, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sujay Rakshit
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU Campus, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
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Harrington RA, Fownes JH, Meinzer FC, Scowcroft PG. Forest growth along a rainfall gradient in Hawaii: Acacia koa stand structure, productivity, foliar nutrients, and water- and nutrient-use efficiencies. Oecologia 1995; 102:277-84. [PMID: 28306838 DOI: 10.1007/BF00329794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1994] [Accepted: 01/05/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether variation in growth of native koa (Acacia koa) forest along a rainfall gradient was attributable to differences in leaf area index (LAI) or to differences in physiological performance per unit of leaf area. Koa stands were studied on western Kauai prior to Hurricane Iniki, and ranged from 500 to 1130 m elevation and from 850 to 1800 mm annual precipitation. Koa stands along the gradient had basal area ranging from 8 to 42 m2/ha, LAI ranging from 1.4 to 5.4, and wood increment ranging from 0.7 to 7.1 tonnes/ha/year. N, P, and K contents by weight of sun leaves (phyllodes) were negatively correlated with specific leaf mass (SLM, g m-2) across sites; on a leaf area basis, N increased whereas P and K decreased with SLM. LAI, aboveground woody biomass increment, and production per unit leaf area (E) increased as phyllode δ13C became more negative. The δ13C data suggested that intrinsic water-use efficiency (ratio of assimilation to conductance) increased as water availability decreased. In five of the six sites, phyllode P contents increased as LAI increased, but biomass increment and E were not correlated with phyllode nutrient contents, suggesting that productivity was limited more by water than by nutrient availability. Because vapor pressure deficits increased with decreasing elevation, actual water-use efficiency (ratio of assimilation to transpiration) was lower at drier, low-elevation sites. There was a trade-off between intrinsic water-use efficiency and production per unit of canopy N or P across the gradient. In summary, koa responds to water limitation both by reducing stand LAI and by adjusting gas exchange, which results in increased intrinsic water-use efficiency but decreased E.
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