The readiness of public primary health care (PUSKESMAS) for cardiovascular services in Makasar city, Indonesia

BACKGROUNDS

The increasing burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a major challenge globally, including in Indonesia. Understanding the readiness of primary health care facilities is necessary to confront the challenge of providing access to quality CVD health care services. Our study aimed to provide information regarding readiness to deliver CVD health services in public primary health care namely Puskesmas.

METHODS

The study questionnaire was adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO) Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA), modified based on the package of essentials for non-communicable disease (PEN) and the Indonesian Ministry of health regulation. Data were collected from all Puskesmas facilities (N = 47) located in Makassar city. We analysed relevant data following the WHO-SARA manual to assess the readiness of Puskesmas to deliver CVD services. Human resources, diagnostic capacity, supporting equipment, essential medication, infrastructure and guidelines, and ambulatory services domain were assessed based on the availability of each tracer item in a particular domain. The mean domain score was calculated based on the availability of tracer items within each domain. Furthermore, the means of all domains' scores are expressed as an overall readiness index. Higher scores indicate greater readiness of Puskesmas to deliver CVD-related health care.

RESULTS

Puskesmas delivers health promotion, disease prevention, and prompt diagnosis for cardiovascular-related diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke. Meanwhile, basic treatments were observed in the majority of the Puskesmas. Long-term care for hypertension and diabetes patients and rehabilitation for CHD and stroke were only observed in a few Puskesmas. The readiness score of Puskesmas to deliver CVD health care ranged from 60 to 86 for. Furthermore, there were 11 Puskesmas (23.4%) with a score below 75, indicating a sub-optimal readiness for delivering CVD health services. A shortage of essential medicines and a low capacity for diagnostic testing were the most noticeable shortcomings leading to suboptimal readiness for high-quality CVD health services.

CONCLUSION

Close cooperation with the government and other related stakeholders is required to tackle the identified shortcomings, especially the continuous monitoring of adequate supplies of medicines and diagnostic tools to achieve better CVD care for patients in Indonesia.

The role of primary healthcare physicians in violence against Women intervention program in Indonesia

Background

Violence against women (VAW) has many impacts on health, but the role of the primary healthcare physicians in the intervention program is lacking. This research aimed to explore the primary healthcare physician role in a comprehensive intervention program of VAW in Malang City, Indonesia.

Methods

This qualitative research was conducted using a phenomenology approach. A focused group discussion followed by in-depth interviews were carried out involving six primary healthcare physicians in Puskesmas (Primary Healthcare Center) and two stakeholders. Legal document related to VAW was reviewed to measure up the role of the primary healthcare physicians.

Result

Our study revealed that the role of physicians in primary healthcare centers on the VAW intervention program was limited. This was due to the insufficient knowledge of the physicians on the VAW program, physicians’ constraint on counseling skill, unsupportive infrastructure, and a limited number of physicians in Puskesmas. Some barriers related to the VAW program management were also discovered and needed intervention at the decision-maker level.

Conclusion

The role of primary healthcare physicians in the comprehensive intervention of the VAW program is not optimum. The source of the problem involves the physician capability and program management aspects in all levels of decision-makers. Local government awareness and commitment are needed to improve the overall management of the VAW intervention program in this city.

Jakartans' Perceptions of Health Care Services

Health Care Services (HCSs) should implement ongoing innovation and continuously improve their quality. However, in evaluating the quality of HCSs, too little attention has been given to the experience of the users concerning the acquired services. This study focused on how the community values the current services in order to improve HCSs in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta. Four focus group discussions were conducted among 45 community members in the Grogol Petamburan sub-district, in Jakarta. Participants were recruited using a convenience sampling and the data were analyzed using a combination of human coding and NVivo-12. Overall, we found that participants had a negative view of the government-mandated Community Health Centers (CHCs) and they preferred to visit private clinics and hospitals over the CHCs. Participants associated CHCs with unfriendly staffs, longer waiting times, shorter opening hours, and crowded visitors. At the same time, participants had a positive view on the affordability of the CHCs. Additionally, we found the reasoning of Jakartans' (i.e., the citizens of Jakarta city) on using self- and traditional treatments before visiting HCSs and they also expressed the need for psychological services at CHCs. The discussion focuses on the results as feedback on how the government and health care providers may facilitate the community's needs in providing HCSs in Indonesia, especially Jakarta. In brief, we recommend the policy-makers to improve the hospitality of the staff members and the quality of the medical equipment; also, to provide psychological services at CHCs. These efforts need to be done while paying more attention to the cultural aspects of medicinal uses.

Association of personal factors with increased risks of accidents in the workplace among health workers in nine Puskesmas in Kediri City, Indonesia

Public Health Center hereinafter referred to as the Puskesmas is a health service facility that organizes public health efforts and first-level individual health efforts by prioritizing promotive and preventive efforts in their work areas. If the results of the examination cannot be handled promotively and preventively, they will be referred to more complete health facilities such as hospitals. Standard action in Puskesmas is still high and often ignored, this is very dangerous if left unchecked it will have an impact on the safety and health of health workers, patients, and patients' families. The objective of this study is to analyze the correlation of personal factors with the unsafe actions of health workers in nine Puskesmas in Kediri City, Indonesia. The population for this study was health workers including nurses, midwives, laboratories, and cleaners, totaling 410. This study is analytical with a cross-sectional design, While statistical analysis consists of univariate, bivariate, and logistic regression. The results show a correlation between fatigue and unsafe actions of health workers Ignoring safety procedures, the knowledge of health workers, and unsafe actions of health workers Ignoring safety procedures, and not using personal protective equipment. There is a correlation between personal factors (knowledge, fatigue) and unsafe actions and strong correlation. The results of the analysis using logistic regression produced a significance value of 0.000, which means that there is an influence of the knowledge and fatigue variables on unsafe acts. It is recommended that a safety talk in the mornings on a regular basis would increase health vigilance at work.

The Information and Communication Technology Maturity Assessment at Primary Health Care Services Across 9 Provinces in Indonesia: Evaluation Study

Background

Indonesia has rapidly embraced digital health, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, with over 15 million daily health application users. To advance its digital health vision, the government is prioritizing the development of health data and application systems into an integrated health care technology ecosystem. This initiative involves all levels of health care, from primary to tertiary, across all provinces. In particular, it aims to enhance primary health care services (as the main interface with the general population) and contribute to Indonesia's digital health transformation.

Objective

This study assesses the information and communication technology (ICT) maturity in Indonesian health care services to advance digital health initiatives. ICT maturity assessment tools, specifically designed for middle-income countries, were used to evaluate digital health capabilities in 9 provinces across 5 Indonesian islands.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to March 2022, in 9 provinces across Indonesia, representing the country's diverse conditions on its major islands. Respondents included staff from public health centers (Puskesmas), primary care clinics (Klinik Pratama), and district health offices (Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota). The survey used adapted ICT maturity assessment questionnaires, covering human resources, software and system, hardware, and infrastructure. It was administered electronically and involved 121 public health centers, 49 primary care clinics, and 67 IT staff from district health offices. Focus group discussions were held to delve deeper into the assessment results and gain more descriptive insights.

Results

In this study, 237 participants represented 3 distinct categories: 121 public health centers, 67 district health offices, and 49 primary clinics. These instances were selected from a sample of 9 of the 34 provinces in Indonesia. Collected data from interviews and focus group discussions were transformed into scores on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 indicating low ICT readiness and 5 indicating high ICT readiness. On average, the breakdown of ICT maturity scores was as follows: 2.71 for human resources' capability in ICT use and system management, 2.83 for software and information systems, 2.59 for hardware, and 2.84 for infrastructure, resulting in an overall average score of 2.74. According to the ICT maturity level pyramid, the ICT maturity of health care providers in Indonesia fell between the basic and good levels. The need to pursue best practices also emerged strongly. Further analysis of the ICT maturity scores, when examined by province, revealed regional variations.

Conclusions

The maturity of ICT use is influenced by several critical components. Enhancing human resources, ensuring infrastructure, the availability of supportive hardware, and optimizing information systems are imperative to attain ICT maturity in health care services. In the context of ICT maturity assessment, significant score variations were observed across health care levels in the 9 provinces, underscoring the diversity in ICT readiness and the need for regionally customized follow-up actions.

Obstacles in Basic Health Service When Dealing with COVID-19: A Reflection for Improvement

Background & Aims

COVID-19 has been in control since mass vaccination and other coordinated efforts have been conducted. The WHO has even made an announcement to stop the public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) toward COVID-19. Because of the very massive impacts of COVID-19, it is necessary to have a reflection toward what we have gone through to obtain information from inside the health service by interviewing the health officers who were the frontliners in fighting the disease during the pandemic. This research attempts to reveal the practical experiences of the officers when the COVID-19 pandemic took place.

Methods

This research conducted in-depth interviews with the Heads of Puskesmas (a Public Health Center) and the staff of Puskesmas in Medan. The total sample number of informants is 30 people. The data were managed by preparing the suitable themes with the inductive approach.

Results

There are three main themes obtained from the analysis results. Those three themes are 1) the condition of Puskesmas, 2) the impacts of the health service, and 3) the COVID-19 control. Those three themes show the fundamental problems affecting the efforts to overcome COVID-19. It is revealed that funding, personnel quantity, and bureaucracy cause the effort to overcome COVID-19 to have been impeded. Meanwhile, based on external factors, the officers had to deal with negative issues on COVID-19. Therefore, whether we like it or not to admit the fact, the health service has not been conducted maximally.

Conclusion

It is necessary to have comprehensive revision and change to evaluate the condition of health service, particularly in Puskesmas. A wider and deeper reflection is required so that the pandemic preparation in the future can be improved further.

Evaluation of the public health clinical rotation in medical school: a qualitative case study design

Public health clinical rotation in the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia, was conducted in Puskesmas (community health center). This study aims to evaluate the public health clinical rotation in Puskesmas, part of the clinical clerkship of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia. Several concerns have been highlighted regarding the implementation of clinical rotations in public health in Puskesmas. A briefing session before placement in the village must be coherent with a guidebook. The placement of students in the village was based on community health issues determined by the Puskesmas supervisor. Priority in the curriculum was given to converting the alertness village (Desa Siaga) into a Program Indonesia Sehat-Pendekatan Keluarga (Healthy Indonesia Program-Family Education) program throughout implementation. Moreover, scheduling after four major clinical programs was difficult, and the writing of reports served as a guide for establishing the correct format. Therefore, the objective of the evaluation was to assess knowledge, skill, and psychomotor, and the burden of assignment in Puskesmas was difficult to accomplish a primary task in the community.