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Kozlova MV, Ianutsevich EA, Danilova OA, Kamzolkina OV, Tereshina VM. Lipids and soluble carbohydrates in the mycelium and ascomata of alkaliphilic fungus Sodiomyces alkalinus. Extremophiles 2019; 23:487-94. [PMID: 31076918 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-019-01100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alkaliphilic fungi are fundamentally different from alkalitolerant ones in terms of mechanisms of adaptation. They accumulate trehalose in cytosol and phosphatidic acids (PA) in the membrane lipids, whereas alkalitolerants contain these compounds in low amounts. But it is unclear how the composition of osmolytes and lipids changes during cytodifferentiation. In this article the composition of lipids and soluble cytosol carbohydrates in the mycelium and fruit bodies of the alkaliphilic fungus Sodiomyces alkalinus was studied. In the mycelium, mannitol and trehalose dominated, while in fruit bodies only trehalose was predominant. Phosphatidylcholines (PC), PA and sterols were major membrane lipids of the mycelium, while PC and sterols were predominant in fruit bodies. The degree of fatty acids unsaturation of the main mycelium phospholipids (PC and PA) increased with age, while that of PC did not change regardless of the developmental stage. In young mycelium, storage lipids were represented mainly by free fatty acids, and in mature mycelium and fruit bodies-by triacylglycerols. Fruit bodies contained three times less membrane lipids and twice as many storage lipids as mycelium. Trehalose was the main cytosol carbohydrate in the mycelium and fruit bodies, which confirms its key value for alkaliphily.
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Grum-Grzhimaylo AA, Falkoski DL, van den Heuvel J, Valero-Jiménez CA, Min B, Choi IG, Lipzen A, Daum CG, Aanen DK, Tsang A, Henrissat B, Bilanenko EN, de Vries RP, van Kan JAL, Grigoriev IV, Debets AJM. The obligate alkalophilic soda-lake fungus Sodiomyces alkalinus has shifted to a protein diet. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:4808-4819. [PMID: 30368956 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sodiomyces alkalinus is one of the very few alkalophilic fungi, adapted to grow optimally at high pH. It is widely distributed at the plant-deprived edges of extremely alkaline lakes and locally abundant. We sequenced the genome of S. alkalinus and reconstructed evolution of catabolic enzymes, using a phylogenomic comparison. We found that the genome of S. alkalinus is larger, but its predicted proteome is smaller and heavily depleted of both plant-degrading enzymes and proteinases, when compared to its closest plant-pathogenic relatives. Interestingly, despite overall losses, S. alkalinus has retained many proteinases families and acquired bacterial cell wall-degrading enzymes, some of them via horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. This fungus has very potent proteolytic activity at high pH values, but slowly induced low activity of cellulases and hemicellulases. Our experimental and in silico data suggest that plant biomass, a common food source for most fungi, is not a preferred substrate for S. alkalinus in its natural environment. We conclude that the fungus has abandoned the ancestral plant-based diet and has become specialized in a more protein-rich food, abundantly available in soda lakes in the form of prokaryotes and small crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel L Falkoski
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,R&D Department, Novozymes Latin America, Araucária, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Byoungnam Min
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Geol Choi
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Chris G Daum
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Duur K Aanen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elena N Bilanenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Alfons J M Debets
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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