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Chettri D, Verma AK. Biological significance of carbohydrate active enzymes and searching their inhibitors for therapeutic applications. Carbohydr Res 2023; 529:108853. [PMID: 37235954 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are the most abundant and diverse group of biomolecules with a crucial role in all the biological processes. Their structural and functional diversity is not genetically encoded, but depends on Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZymes) which carry out all catalytic activities in terms of synthesis, modification, and degradation. CAZymes comprise large families of enzymes with specific functions and are widely used for various commercial applications ranging from biofuel production to textile and food industries with impact on biorefineries. To understand the structure and functional mechanism of these CAZymes for their modification for industrial use, together with knowledge of therapeutic aspects of their dysfunction associated with various diseases, CAZyme inhibitors can be used as a valuable tool. In search for new inhibitors, the screening of various secondary metabolites using high-throughput techniques and rational design techniques have been explored. The inhibitors can thus help tune CAZymes and are emerging as a potential research interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixita Chettri
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Anil Kumar Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India.
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Cho JS, Russell B, Kosaisavee V, Zhang R, Colin Y, Bertrand O, Chandramohanadas R, Chu CS, Nosten F, Renia L, Malleret B. Unambiguous determination of Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte invasion by flow cytometry. Int J Parasitol 2015; 46:31-9. [PMID: 26385436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The invasion of CD71+ reticulocytes by Plasmodium vivax is a crucial yet poorly characterised event. The application of flow cytometry to ex vivo invasion assays promises to facilitate the quantitative analysis of P. vivax reticulocyte invasion. However, current protocols suffer from a low level of sensitivity due to the absence of a particular design for P. vivax cell tropism. Importantly, merozoite invasion into contaminating red blood cells from the schizont inoculum (auto-invasion) may confound the analysis. Here we present a stable two-color flow cytometry assay for the accurate quantification of P. vivax merozoite invasion into intracellularly labelled CD71+ reticulocytes. Various enzymatic treatments, antibodies and invasion inhibitory molecules were used to successfully demonstrate the utility of this method. Fluorescent labelling of red blood cells did not affect the invasion and early intra-erythrocytic development of P. vivax. Importantly, this portable field assay allows for the economic usage of limited biological material (parasites and reticulocytes) and the intracellular labeling of the target cells reduces the need for highly purified schizont inoculums. This assay will facilitate the study of P. vivax merozoite biology and the testing of vaccine candidates against vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Sun Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Bruce Russell
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Varakorn Kosaisavee
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Rou Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Yves Colin
- INSERM, UMR_S1134, INTS 6, rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75739 Paris, France; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, F-15013 Paris, France; Universite Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris cite, F-15-13 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Bertrand
- INSERM, UMR_S1134, INTS 6, rue Alexandre Cabanel, 75739 Paris, France; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, F-15013 Paris, France; Universite Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris cite, F-15-13 Paris, France
| | - Rajesh Chandramohanadas
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology & Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Cindy S Chu
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 68/30 Bantung Road, Mae Sot 63110, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 68/30 Bantung Road, Mae Sot 63110, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Renia
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A(∗)STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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