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Stefanek E, Samiei E, Kavoosi M, Esmaeillou M, Roustai Geraylow K, Emami A, Ashrafizadeh M, Perrin D, Gordon JW, Akbari M, Ghavami S. A bioengineering method for modeling alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma and assessing chemotherapy responses. MethodsX 2021; 8:101473. [PMID: 34430344 PMCID: PMC8374652 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common pediatric soft-tissue malignant tumor. Treatment of RMS usually includes primary tumor resection along with systemic chemotherapy. Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems and animal models have been extensively used for investigating the potential efficacy of new RMS treatments. However, RMS cells behave differently in 2D culture than in vivo, which has recently inspired the adoption of three-dimensional (3D) culture environments. In the current paper, we will describe the detailed methodology we have developed for fabricating a 3D engineered model to study alveolar RMS (ARMS) in vitro. This model consists of a thermally cross-linked collagen disk laden with RMS cells that mimics the structural and bio-chemical aspects of the tumor extracellular matrix (ECM). This process is highly reproducible and produces a 3D engineered model that can be used to analyze the cytotoxicity and autophagy induction of drugs on ARMS cells. The most improtant bullet points are as following:We fabricated 3D model of ARMS. The current ARMS 3D model can be used for screening of chemotherapy drugs. We developed methods to detect apoptosis and autophagy in ARMS 3D model to detect the mechansims of chemotherapy agents.
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Key Words
- 2D, Two-dimensional
- 3D, Three-dimensional
- AKT, Protein Kinase B
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- Biofabrication
- Cell death
- DAPI, 4’,6-Diami- dino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride
- DFS, Disease-free survival
- DMEM, Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EM, Engineered model
- EthD-1, Ethidium homodimer-1
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- FOXO1, Forkhead box protein O1
- HEPES, (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid)
- ICC, Immunocytochemistry
- IgG, Immunoglobulin G
- LC3, Microtubule associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3
- MEK, Mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- MYOD1, Myogenic muscle differentiation transcription factor 1
- PAX, Paired box gene
- PDMS, Polydimethylsiloxane
- PNIPAAm, Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide
- RGD, Arginylglycylaspartic acid
- RMS, Rhabdomyosarcoma
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- RT, Room temperature
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- TMZ, Temozolomide
- dECM, Decellularized extracellular matrix
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Stefanek
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Ehsan Samiei
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Mahboubeh Kavoosi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Research and Science Branch of Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | | | - Arya Emami
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Health, York University, ON, Canada.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - David Perrin
- Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Joseph W Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme of the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.,Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MBR3E 0V9, Canada.,Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, Katowice, Poland
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Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is an oral alkylating agent used to treat glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and astrocytomas. However, at least 50% of TMZ treated patients do not respond to TMZ. This is due primarily to the over-expression of O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) and/or lack of a DNA repair pathway in GBM cells. Multiple GBM cell lines are known to contain TMZ resistant cells and several acquired TMZ resistant GBM cell lines have been developed for use in experiments designed to define the mechanism of TMZ resistance and the testing of potential therapeutics. However, the characteristics of intrinsic and adaptive TMZ resistant GBM cells have not been systemically compared. This article reviews the characteristics and mechanisms of TMZ resistance in natural and adapted TMZ resistant GBM cell lines. It also summarizes potential treatment options for TMZ resistant GBMs.
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Key Words
- AGT (also known as MGMT), O6-methylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- APE1, apurinic/apyrimidine endonuclease/redox factor-1
- APNG, Alkylpurine-DNA-N-glycosylase
- Adaptive
- BBB, blood-brain-barrier
- BCRP1, breast cancer resistance protein 1
- BER, base excision repair
- BG, benzylguanine
- C8orf4, Chromosome 8 open reading frame 4
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK1/2, Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinases 1 and 2
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GBM, glioblastoma multiforme or glioblastoma
- Glioblastoma
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- IFN-β, Interferon-β
- Intrinsic
- JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase
- KDM, Histone lysine demethylase
- LC50, 50% cell death concentration
- LIF, Leukemia inhibitory factor
- MGMT, O6-methylguanine methyltransferase
- MMR, DNA mismatch repair
- MSH6, mutS homolog 6
- MTIC, 5-(3-methyltriazen-1-yl) imidazole-4-carboxamide
- NAMPT, nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-Kappa B
- NHA, normal human astrocytes
- PARP, poly ADP ribose polymerase
- Resistance
- SAHA, N-hydroxy-N′-phenyl-octanediamide
- STAT3, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3
- TMZ, Temozolomide
- TNFAIP3, Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 3
- Temodar
- Temozolomide
- VPA, Valproic acid
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Y Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Krishnamurthy N, Liu L, Xiong X, Zhang J, Montano MM. Downregulation of hPMC2 imparts chemotherapeutic sensitivity to alkylating agents in breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:518-27. [PMID: 25849309 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1016661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer cell lines have been reported to be resistant to the cyotoxic effects of temozolomide (TMZ). We have shown previously that a novel protein, human homolog of Xenopus gene which Prevents Mitotic Catastrophe (hPMC2) has a role in the repair of estrogen-induced abasic sites. Our present study provides evidence that downregulation of hPMC2 in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells treated with temozolomide (TMZ) decreases cell survival. This increased sensitivity to TMZ is associated with an increase in number of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in the DNA. We also show that treatment with another alkylating agent, BCNU, results in an increase in AP sites and decrease in cell survival. Quantification of western blot analyses and immunofluorescence experiments reveal that treatment of hPMC2 downregulated cells with TMZ results in an increase in γ-H2AX levels, suggesting an increase in double strand DNA breaks. The enhancement of DNA double strand breaks in TMZ treated cells upon downregulation of hPCM2 is also revealed by the comet assay. Overall, we provide evidence that downregulation of hPMC2 in breast cancer cells increases cytotoxicity of alkylating agents, representing a novel mechanism of treatment for breast cancer. Our data thus has important clinical implications in the management of breast cancer and brings forth potentially new therapeutic strategies.
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Tan KW, Evrard M, Tham M, Hong M, Huang C, Kato M, Prevost-Blondel A, Donnadieu E, Ng LG, Abastado JP. Tumor stroma and chemokines control T-cell migration into melanoma following Temozolomide treatment. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e978709. [PMID: 25949877 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.978709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of T lymphocytes within tumors is associated with better outcomes in cancer patients, yet current understanding of factors that influence T-lymphocyte infiltration into tumors remains incomplete. In our study, Temozolomide (TMZ), a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat metastatic melanoma, induced T-cell infiltration into transplanted melanoma and into genitourinary (GU) tumors in mice developing spontaneous melanoma. In contrast, TMZ treatment did not increase T-cell infiltration into cutaneous tumors, despite similar increases in the expression of the (C-X-C) chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 in all sites after TMZ exposure. Our findings reveal that the matrix architecture of the GU tumor stroma, and its ability to present CXCL9 and CXCL10 after TMZ treatment played a key role in favouring T-cell infiltration. We subsequently demonstrate that modifications of these key elements by combined collagenase and TMZ treatment induced T-cell infiltration into skin tumors. T cells accumulating within GU tumors after TMZ treatment exhibited T helper type-1 effector and cytolytic functional phenotypes, which are important for control of tumor growth. Our findings highlight the importance of the interaction between tumor stroma and chemokines in influencing T-cell migration into tumors, thereby impacting immune control of tumor growth. This knowledge will aid the development of strategies to promote T-cell infiltration into cancerous lesions and has the potential to markedly improve treatment outcomes.
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Key Words
- CTL, cytolytic T lymphocyte
- CXCL, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- GU, genitourinary
- GZB, Granzyme B
- HSPG, heparan sulphate proteoglycan
- IFNγ, interferon γ
- TAF, tumor-associated fibroblast
- TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
- TMZ, Temozolomide
- Th, T helper
- Treg, T regulatory
- WT, wild-type
- chemokines
- temozolomide
- tumor stroma
- tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Wai Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network; BMSI; A-STAR ; Singapore ; Department of Clinical Research; Singapore General Hospital ; Singapore
| | | | - Muly Tham
- Singapore Immunology Network; BMSI; A-STAR ; Singapore
| | - Michelle Hong
- Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Program; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School ; Singapore
| | - Caleb Huang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine ; Japan
| | - Armelle Prevost-Blondel
- Institut Cochin; INSERM Unit 1016; CNRS UMR 8104; Université Paris Descartes ; Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Institut Cochin; INSERM Unit 1016; CNRS UMR 8104; Université Paris Descartes ; Paris, France
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network; BMSI; A-STAR ; Singapore
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Marrero L, Wyczechowska D, Musto AE, Wilk A, Vashistha H, Zapata A, Walker C, Velasco-Gonzalez C, Parsons C, Wieland S, Levitt D, Reiss K, Prakash O. Therapeutic efficacy of aldoxorubicin in an intracranial xenograft mouse model of human glioblastoma. Neoplasia 2014; 16:874-82. [PMID: 25379024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor with a median survival of 12 to 15 months after diagnosis. Acquired chemoresistance, high systemic toxicity, and low penetration of the blood brain barrier by many anticancer drugs contribute to the failure of anti-GBM therapies. To circumvent some of these obstacles, we tested a novel prodrug approach to evaluate anti-GBM efficacy by utilizing serum albumin-binding doxorubicin (Doxo), aldoxorubicin (Aldoxo), which is less toxic, is released from albumin in an acidic environment and accumulates in tumor tissues. A human GBM cell line that expresses a luciferase reporter (U87-luc) was stereotactically injected into the left striatum of the brain of immunodeficient mice. Following initial tumor growth for 12 days, mice were injected once a week in the tail-vein with Aldoxo [24 mg/kg or 18 mg/kg of doxorubicin equivalents—3/4 maximum tolerated dose (MTD)], Doxo [6 mg/kg (3/4 MTD)], or vehicle. Aldoxo-treated mice demonstrated significantly slower growth of the tumor when compared to vehicle-treated or Doxo-treated mice. Five out of eight Aldoxo-treated mice remained alive more than 60 days with a median survival of 62 days, while the median survival of vehicle- and Doxo-treated mice was only 26 days. Importantly, Aldoxo-treated mice exhibited high levels of Doxo within the tumor tissue, accompanied by low tumor cell proliferation (Ki67) and abundant intratumoral programmed cell death (cleaved caspase-3). Effective accumulation of Aldoxo in brain tumor tissues but not normal brain, its anti-tumor efficacy, and low toxicity, provide a strong rationale for evaluating this novel drug conjugate as a treatment for patients afflicted with GBM.
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Massaoka MH, Matsuo AL, Figueiredo CR, Girola N, Faria CF, Azevedo RA, Travassos LR. A novel cell-penetrating peptide derived from WT1 enhances p53 activity, induces cell senescence and displays antimelanoma activity in xeno- and syngeneic systems. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:153-61. [PMID: 24490140 PMCID: PMC3907745 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wilms tumor protein 1 (WT1) transcription factor has been associated in malignant melanoma with cell survival and metastasis, thus emerging as a candidate for targeted therapy. A lysine-arginine rich peptide, WT1-pTj, derived from the ZF domain of WT1 was evaluated as an antitumor agent against A2058 human melanoma cells and B16F10-Nex2 syngeneic murine melanoma. Peptide WT1-pTj quickly penetrated human melanoma cells and induced senescence, recognized by increased SA-β-galactosidase activity, enhanced transcriptional activity of p53, and induction of the cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27. Moreover, the peptide bound to p53 and competed with WT1 protein for binding to p53. WT1-pTj treatment led to sustained cell growth suppression, abrogation of clonogenicity and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Notably, in vivo studies showed that WT1-pTj inhibited both the metastases and subcutaneous growth of murine melanoma in syngeneic mice, and prolonged the survival of nude mice challenged with human melanoma cells. The 27-amino acid cell-penetrating WT1-derived peptide, depends on C(3) and H(16) for effective antimelanoma activity, inhibits proliferation of WT1-expressing human tumor cell lines, and may have an effective role in the treatment of WT1-expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luiz R. Travassos
- Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil
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