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Samson MH, Abildgaard AM, Espelund U, Rasmussen TR, Folkersen B, Frystyk J, Nexo E. Circulating trefoil factors in relation to lung cancer, age and lung function: a cross-sectional study in patients referred for suspected lung cancer. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2021; 81:446-450. [PMID: 34242119 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2021.1943757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The trefoil factor family proteins: TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 are secreted by epithelial cells in the respiratory tract. Here, we explore circulating concentrations of the trefoil factors in relation to lung cancer, age and lung function. We included 751 patients suspected of lung cancer. Lung cancer diagnosis was based on data reported to a national database. Serum TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 concentrations were measured by ELISA, and spirometry was performed within ±3 days of blood sampling. Forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) in relation to forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC (a parameter used to quantify reduced lung function) was recorded. Lung cancer was diagnosed in 163 (22%) patients. Circulating concentrations of TFF3 (p = .021), but not TFF1 and TFF2, were significantly elevated in cancer patients. All three trefoil factors showed an increase in concentration with increasing age (p < .001) and declining lung function (p < .004). In the present cohort, concentrations of all three peptides were elevated compared with previous results published for healthy individuals. In conclusion, we report higher concentrations of TFF3 in patients with lung cancer, while increasing age and reduced lung function are associated with increasing concentrations of all trefoil factors in this specific patient population. The results emphasize that age and lung function should be taken into consideration when evaluating concentrations of trefoil factors in patients. However, the increases in trefoil factor concentrations were relatively small, and consequently, it is unlikely that circulating trefoil factor concentrations may have a role in the diagnosis of lung cancer and lung function impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie H Samson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders M Abildgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ulrick Espelund
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben R Rasmussen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Folkersen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ebba Nexo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Gonzaga IM, Soares Lima SC, Nicolau MC, Nicolau-Neto P, da Costa NM, de Almeida Simão T, Hernandez-Vargas H, Herceg Z, Ribeiro Pinto LF. TFF1 hypermethylation and decreased expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and histologically normal tumor surrounding esophageal cells. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:130. [PMID: 29296124 PMCID: PMC5738900 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the 10 most incident cancer types in the world, and it is mainly associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption. ESCC mortality rates stand very close to its incidence, which is a direct consequence of a late diagnosis and an inefficient treatment. Although this scenery is quite alarming, the major molecular alterations that drive this carcinogenesis process remain unclear. We have previously shown through the first ESCC methylome analysis that TFF1 promoter is frequently hypermethylated in ESCC. Here, to evaluate TFF1 methylation as a potential biomarker of early ESCC diagnosis, we investigated the status of TFF1 promoter methylation and its expression in ESSC and histologically normal tumor surrounding tissue of ESCC patients in comparison to healthy esophagus of non-cancer individuals. Results Analysis of TFF1 promoter methylation, and gene and protein expression in 65 ESCC patients and 88 controls revealed that TFF1 methylation levels were already increased in histologically normal tumor surrounding tissue of ESCC patients when compared to healthy esophagus of non-cancer individuals. This increase in DNA methylation was followed by the reduction of TFF1 mRNA expression. Interestingly, TFF1 expression was capable of distinguishing tumor surrounding normal tissue from normal mucosa of healthy individuals with 92% accuracy. In addition, TFF1 protein was undetectable both in tumor and surrounding mucosa by immunohistochemistry, while submucosa glands of the healthy esophagus showed positive staining. Furthermore, treatment of TE-1 and TE-13 ESCC cell lines with decitabine led to a reduction of promoter methylation and consequent upregulation of TFF1 gene and protein expression. Finally, using TCGA data we showed that TFF1 loss is observed in ESCC, but not in esophageal adenocarcinoma, highlighting the different molecular mechanisms involved in the development of each histological subtype of esophageal cancer. Conclusions This study shows that TFF1 expression is silenced in early phases of ESCC development, which seems to be mediated at least in part by promoter hypermethylation, and provides the basis for the use of TFF1 expression as a potential biomarker for early ESCC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Martins Gonzaga
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37–6° andar, Bairro de Fátima, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 20231-050 Brazil
| | - Sheila Coelho Soares Lima
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37–6° andar, Bairro de Fátima, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 20231-050 Brazil
| | - Marina Chianello Nicolau
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37–6° andar, Bairro de Fátima, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 20231-050 Brazil
| | - Pedro Nicolau-Neto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37–6° andar, Bairro de Fátima, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 20231-050 Brazil
| | - Nathalia Meireles da Costa
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37–6° andar, Bairro de Fátima, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 20231-050 Brazil
| | - Tatiana de Almeida Simão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro 87 fundos, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20551-013 Brazil
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Epigenetics Group, Section of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, CEDEX 08 Lyon, France
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, Section of Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, CEDEX 08 Lyon, France
| | - Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37–6° andar, Bairro de Fátima, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 20231-050 Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro 87 fundos, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20551-013 Brazil
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Eder P, Stawczyk-Eder K, Korybalska K, Czepulis N, Luczak J, Lykowska-Szuber L, Krela-Kazmierczak I, Linke K, Witowski J. Trefoil factor-3 is not a useful marker of mucosal healing in Crohn's disease treated with anti-TNF-α antibodies. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:135-140. [PMID: 28104989 PMCID: PMC5221277 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i1.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate whether repeated serum measurements of trefoil factor-3 (TFF-3) can reliably reflect mucosal healing (MH) in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) antibodies.
METHODS Serum TFF-3 was measured before and after anti-TNF-α induction therapy in 30 CD patients. The results were related to clinical, biochemical and endoscopic parameters. MH was defined as a ≥ 50% decrease in Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s disease (SES-CD).
RESULTS SES-CD correlated significantly with CD clinical activity and several standard biochemical parameters (albumin, leukocyte and platelet counts, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fibrinogen). In contrast, SES-CD did not correlate with TFF-3 (P = 0.54). Moreover, TFF-3 levels did not change significantly after therapy irrespectively of whether the patients achieved MH or not. Likewise, TFF-3 did not correlate with changes in fecal calprotectin, which has been proposed as another biochemical marker of mucosal damage in CD.
CONCLUSION Serum TFF-3 is not a convenient and reliable surrogate marker of MH during therapy with TNF-α antagonists in CD.
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Yusup A, Huji B, Fang C, Wang F, Dadihan T, Wang HJ, Upur H. Expression of trefoil factors and TWIST1 in colorectal cancer and their correlation with metastatic potential and prognosis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:110-120. [PMID: 28104986 PMCID: PMC5221274 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To detect the expression of trefoil factors (TFFs) and TWIST1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and analyze their correlation with metastasis and survival.
METHODS This study examined the expression of TFF1, TFF3 and TWIST1 in a total of 75 tumor samples, 47 matched normal samples (15 cm from the lesion margin), 30 metastatic lymph nodes, and 10 liver metastatic cancer samples from patients with CRC. The relationship was then analyzed between the protein expression and different clinical records. TFF1, TFF3, TWIST1,E-cadherin, vimentin and β-catenin mRNA and protein expression levels were measured in colon cancer cell lines with different metastatic potentials (HIEC, HT29, SW620, and LoVo cells), and the correlation of the expression levels with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was discussed.
RESULTS It was found that 66.7% (50/75), 78.7% (59/75) and 54.7% (41/75) of tumor tissue samples exhibited positive staining for TFF1, TFF3 and TWIST1 and so did 27.3% (13/47), 100% (47/47) and 17% (8/47) of adjacent normal colorectal tissues. Compared with adjacent normal tissues, significant differences were found in the expression of all three proteins in different cancerous tissues (P < 0.05). Higher expression of TFF3 and TWIST1 was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.034, P = 0.000), advanced stage (P = 0.031, P = 0.003), and poorer survival (P = 0.042 for the TFF3 group, P = 0.003 for the TWIST1 group). The expression of TFF3 and TWIST1 in cancer cell lines was higher than that in HIEC (a normal human intestinal epithelial cell line)(P < 0.05), and the expression intensity demonstrated a tendency to rise with increased metastatic potential both at the protein and mRNA levels. However, TFF1 expression demonstrated the opposite tendency. It was also observed that the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin tended to decrease while that of vimentin, TWIST1 and Snail tended to rise with the increase in metastatic potential.
CONCLUSION The expression of TFF3 and TWIST1 might be associated with the survival of patients with CRC after curative resection and might be pivotal predictors of disease progression. TFF3 may be correlated to the invasiveness of CRC.
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Esposito R, Montefusco S, Ferro P, Monti MC, Baldantoni D, Tosco A, Marzullo L. Trefoil Factor 1 is involved in gastric cell copper homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 59:30-40. [PMID: 25486181 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil Factor 1 belongs to a group of small secreted proteins (the Trefoil Factor Family proteins), that are localized within the mucous granules and are expressed and secreted by epithelial cells that line mucous membranes. Trefoil factors are mainly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, where they normally contribute to maintain the integrity of the mucosa. We recently demonstrated a selective binding ability of Trefoil Factor 1 for copper ions, through its carboxy-terminal tail, and we also observed that copper levels influence the equilibrium between the monomeric and homodimeric forms of Trefoil Factor 1, thus modulating its biological activity. Here we report that transcriptional regulation of Trefoil Factor 1 is also affected by copper levels, through the modulated binding of the copper-sensing transcription factor Sp1 onto the responsive elements present in the regulatory region of the gene. In addition we demonstrate that copper overload causes an accumulation of the trefoil protein in the Trans-Golgi Network and that Trefoil Factor 1 levels can influence copper excretion and copper related toxicity. These findings suggest that the protein might play a role in the overall complex mechanisms of copper homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tissues.
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which comprises ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The trefoil factors 1, 2, and 3 (TFF1-3) are a family of peptides that play important roles in the protection and repair of epithelial surfaces, including the gastrointestinal tract. TFFs may be involved in IBD pathogenesis and are a potential treatment option. In the present review, we describe the TFF family and their potential role in IBD by summarizing the current knowledge of their expression, possible function and pharmacological role in IBD.
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Kosriwong K, Menheniott TR, Giraud AS, Jearanaikoon P, Sripa B, Limpaiboon T. Trefoil factors: Tumor progression markers and mitogens via EGFR/MAPK activation in cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1631-41. [PMID: 21472131 PMCID: PMC3070136 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i12.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate trefoil factor (TFF) gene copy number, mRNA and protein expression as potential biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).
METHODS: TFF mRNA levels, gene copy number and protein expression were determined respectively by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry in bile duct epithelium biopsies collected from individuals with CCA, precancerous bile duct dysplasia and from disease-free controls. The functional impact of recombinant human (rh)TFF2 peptide treatment on proliferation and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was assessed in the CCA cell line, KMBC, by viable cell counting and immunoblotting, respectively.
RESULTS: TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3 mRNA expression was significantly increased in CCA tissue compared to disease-free controls, and was unrelated to gene copy number. TFF1 immunoreactivity was strongly increased in both dysplasia and CCA, whereas TFF2 immunoreactivity was increased only in CCA compared to disease-free controls. By contrast, TFF3 immunoreactivity was moderately decreased in dysplasia and further decreased in CCA. Kaplan-Meier analysis found no association of TFF mRNA, protein and copy number with age, gender, histological subtype, and patient survival time. Treatment of KMBC cells with rhTFF2 stimulated proliferation, triggered phosphorylation of EGFR and downstream extracellular signal related kinase (ERK), whereas co-incubation with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PD153035, blocked rhTFF2-dependent proliferation and EGFR/ERK responses.
CONCLUSION: TFF mRNA/protein expression is indicative of CCA tumor progression, but not predictive for histological sub-type or survival time. TFF2 is mitogenic in CCA via EGFR/MAPK activation.
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