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Gao Y, Wang J, Sun M, Jing Y, Chen L, Liang Z, Yang Y, Zhang C, Yao J, Wang X. Tandem Catalysts Enabling Efficient C-N Coupling toward the Electrosynthesis of Urea. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402215. [PMID: 38581164 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The development of a methodology for synthesizing value-added urea (CO(NH2)2) via a renewable electricity-driven C-N coupling reaction under mild conditions is highly anticipated. However, the complex catalytic active sites that act on the carbon and nitrogen species make the reaction mechanism unclear, resulting in a low efficiency of C-N coupling from the co-reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrate (NO3 -). Herein, we propose a novel tandem catalyst of Mo-PCN-222(Co), in which the Mo sites serve to facilitate nitrate reduction to the *NH2 intermediate, while the Co sites enhance CO2 reduction to carbonic oxide (CO), thus synergistically promoting C-N coupling. The synthesized Mo-PCN-222(Co) catalyst exhibited a noteworthy urea yield rate of 844.11 mg h-1 g-1, alongside a corresponding Faradaic efficiency of 33.90 % at -0.4 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). By combining in situ spectroscopic techniques with density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that efficient C-N coupling is attributed to a tandem system in which the *NH2 and *CO intermediates produced by the Mo and Co active sites of Mo-PCN-222(Co) stabilize the formation of the *CONH2 intermediate. This study provides an effective avenue for the design and synthesis of tandem catalysts for electrocatalytic urea synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jingnan Wang
- Molecular Plus and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Menglong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Jing
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044, Beijing, P. R. China
- Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University, 063000, Tangshan, P. R. China
| | - Yijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044, Beijing, P. R. China
- Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University, 063000, Tangshan, P. R. China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, 100044, Beijing, P. R. China
- Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University, 063000, Tangshan, P. R. China
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Hu S, Wu D, Zhang M, Cheng Z. Exploration of a novel electrochemical CN coupling process: Urea synthesis from direct air carbon capture with nitrate wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2024; 913:169722. [PMID: 38163593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Direct air capture (DAC) can be used to decrease the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, but this requires substantial energy consumption. If residual waste carbon (in the form of bicarbonate solution) from DAC can be directly reused, it might present a novel method for overcoming the aforementioned challenges. Electrochemical CN coupling methods for synthesizing urea have garnered considerable attention for waste carbon utilization, but the carbon source is high-purity CO2. No research has been conducted regarding the application of bicarbonate solution as the carbon source. This study proposes a proof-of-concept electrochemical CN coupling process for synthesizing urea using bicarbonate solution from DAC as the carbon source and nitrate from wastewater as the nitrogen source. These results confirmed the feasibility of synthesizing urea using a three-electrode system employing TF and CuInS2/TF as the working electrodes via potentiostatic electrolysis. Under the optimal conditions (initial pH 5.0 and applied potential of -1.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl), the urea yield after 2 h of electrolysis reached 3017.2 μg h-1 mgcat.-1 and an average Faradaic efficiency of 19.6 %. The in-situ attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy indicated a gradual increase in the intensity of the -CONH bond signal on the surface of the CuInS2/TF electrode as the reaction progressed. This implied that this bond may be a key chemical group in this process. The density functional theory calculations demonstrated that *CONH was a pivotal intermediate during CN coupling, and a two-step CN coupling reaction path was proposed. *NH + *CO primarily transformed into *CONH, followed by the conversion reaction of *CONH + *NO to *NOCONH2. This study offers a groundbreaking approach for waste carbon utilization from DAC and holds the potential to furnish technical underpinnings for advancing electrochemical CN coupling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shujie Hu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Di Wu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Mengyue Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Zhiliang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China.
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Thomsen KL, Eriksen PL, Kerbert AJC, De Chiara F, Jalan R, Vilstrup H. Role of ammonia in NAFLD: An unusual suspect. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100780. [PMID: 37425212 PMCID: PMC10326708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistically, the symptomatology and disease progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remain poorly understood, which makes therapeutic progress difficult. In this review, we focus on the potential importance of decreased urea cycle activity as a pathogenic mechanism. Urea synthesis is an exclusive hepatic function and is the body's only on-demand and definitive pathway to remove toxic ammonia. The compromised urea cycle activity in NAFLD is likely caused by epigenetic damage to urea cycle enzyme genes and increased hepatocyte senescence. When the urea cycle is dysfunctional, ammonia accumulates in liver tissue and blood, as has been demonstrated in both animal models and patients with NAFLD. The problem may be augmented by parallel changes in the glutamine/glutamate system. In the liver, the accumulation of ammonia leads to inflammation, stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis, which is partially reversible. This may be an important mechanism for the transition of bland steatosis to steatohepatitis and further to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Systemic hyperammonaemia has widespread negative effects on other organs. Best known are the cerebral consequences that manifest as cognitive disturbances, which are prevalent in patients with NAFLD. Furthermore, high ammonia levels induce a negative muscle protein balance leading to sarcopenia, compromised immune function and increased risk of liver cancer. There is currently no rational way to reverse reduced urea cycle activity but there are promising animal and human reports of ammonia-lowering strategies correcting several of the mentioned untoward aspects of NAFLD. In conclusion, the ability of ammonia-lowering strategies to control the symptoms and prevent the progression of NAFLD should be explored in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Louise Thomsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
- UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Lykke Eriksen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Annarein JC. Kerbert
- UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco De Chiara
- UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, United Kingdom
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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Gao Y, Wang J, Yang Y, Wang J, Zhang C, Wang X, Yao J. Engineering Spin States of Isolated Copper Species in a Metal-Organic Framework Improves Urea Electrosynthesis. Nanomicro Lett 2023; 15:158. [PMID: 37341868 PMCID: PMC10284786 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic activities are generally believed to be relevant to the electronic states of their active center, but understanding this relationship is usually difficult. Here, we design two types of catalysts for electrocatalytic urea via a coordination strategy in a metal-organic frameworks: CuIII-HHTP and CuII-HHTP. CuIII-HHTP exhibits an improved urea production rate of 7.78 mmol h-1 g-1 and an enhanced Faradaic efficiency of 23.09% at - 0.6 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, in sharp contrast to CuII-HHTP. Isolated CuIII species with S = 0 spin ground state are demonstrated as the active center in CuIII-HHTP, different from CuII with S = 1/2 in CuII-HHTP. We further demonstrate that isolated CuIII with an empty [Formula: see text] orbital in CuIII-HHTP experiences a single-electron migration path with a lower energy barrier in the C-N coupling process, while CuII with a single-spin state ([Formula: see text]) in CuII-HHTP undergoes a two-electron migration pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingnan Wang
- Molecular Plus and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Yang
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Research Center for Magnetic and Spintronic Materials National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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Hultström M, Lipcsey M, Morrison DR, Nakanishi T, Butler-Laporte G, Chen Y, Yoshiji S, Forgetta V, Farjoun Y, Wallin E, Larsson IM, Larsson A, Marton A, Titze JM, Nihlén S, Richards JB, Frithiof R. Dehydration is associated with production of organic osmolytes and predicts physical long-term symptoms after COVID-19: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care 2022; 26:322. [PMID: 36271419 PMCID: PMC9585783 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04203-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that iatrogenic dehydration is associated with a shift to organic osmolyte production in the general ICU population. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the validity of the physiological response to dehydration known as aestivation and its relevance for long-term disease outcome in COVID-19. Methods The study includes 374 COVID-19 patients from the Pronmed cohort admitted to the ICU at Uppsala University Hospital. Dehydration data was available for 165 of these patients and used for the primary analysis. Validation was performed in Biobanque Québécoise de la COVID-19 (BQC19) using 1052 patients with dehydration data. Dehydration was assessed through estimated osmolality (eOSM = 2Na + 2 K + glucose + urea), and correlated to important endpoints including death, invasive mechanical ventilation, acute kidney injury, and long COVID-19 symptom score grouped by physical or mental. Results Increasing eOSM was correlated with increasing role of organic osmolytes for eOSM, while the proportion of sodium and potassium of eOSM were inversely correlated to eOSM. Acute outcomes were associated with pronounced dehydration, and physical long-COVID was more strongly associated with dehydration than mental long-COVID after adjustment for age, sex, and disease severity. Metabolomic analysis showed enrichment of amino acids among metabolites that showed an aestivating pattern. Conclusions Dehydration during acute COVID-19 infection causes an aestivation response that is associated with protein degradation and physical long-COVID. Trial registration: The study was registered à priori (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04316884 registered on 2020-03-13 and NCT04474249 registered on 2020-06-29). Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-022-04203-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hultström
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, ANOPIVA, Ing70, 2Tr, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Miklos Lipcsey
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, ANOPIVA, Ing70, 2Tr, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Hedenstierna Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dave R. Morrison
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Tomoko Nakanishi
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative Program in Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan ,grid.54432.340000 0001 0860 6072Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guillaume Butler-Laporte
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Yiheng Chen
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Satoshi Yoshiji
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative Program in Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan ,grid.54432.340000 0001 0860 6072Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,5 Prime Sciences, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Yossi Farjoun
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,5 Prime Sciences, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA USA ,Fulcrum Genomics, Bolder, CO USA
| | - Ewa Wallin
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, ANOPIVA, Ing70, 2Tr, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ing-Marie Larsson
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, ANOPIVA, Ing70, 2Tr, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adriana Marton
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke- NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jens Marc Titze
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke- NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.189509.c0000000100241216Division of Nephrology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Sandra Nihlén
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, ANOPIVA, Ing70, 2Tr, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J. Brent Richards
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Twin Research, King’s College London, London, UK ,5 Prime Sciences, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Robert Frithiof
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, ANOPIVA, Ing70, 2Tr, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhang M, Song P, Jiang H, Li M. The argininosuccinate synthetase can differentially regulate nitric oxide synthase in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 127:991-1000. [PMID: 35868475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fish are at high risk of exposure to ammonia in aquaculture systems. When ammonia stress occurs, fish are more prone to disease outbreaks, but the mechanism is not very clear. The argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) plays an important role in the regulation of urea synthesis and nitric oxide synthesis. We speculated that there must be some relationship between ASS expression and disease outbreak. In this study, ASS was cloned from the yellow catfish. The full-length cDNAs of ASS was 1558 bp, with open reading frames of 1236 bp. The mRNA expression of ASS gene was the highest in liver, kidney and brain. This study consists of two parts: 1) For ammonia challenge in vivo, yellow catfish (15.00 ± 1.50 g) were divided into control group, low ammonia group (1/10 96 h LC50), and high ammonia group (1/2 96 h LC50). The experiment continued for 192 h. The results showed that ammonia stress elevated serum ammonia content, and inhibited urea synthesis enzymes activities but up-regulated the expression levels of related genes except ARG, and induced arginine accumulation and nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and iNOS) different expression, and decreased resistance to Aeromonas hydrophage; 2) For ammonia challenge in vitro, the primary culture of liver cell was divided into four groups: control group, BPP group (Bj-BPP-10c was added as ASS activator), Amm group (96 h LC50), and Amm + BPP group. The experiment continued for 96 h. The results showed that the Bj-BPP-10c can inhibit nNOS activity and improve cell survival rate, and enhance iNOS activity and immune response (lysozyme, complement, respiratory burst, and phagocytic index) by activate ASS when ammonia stress occurred. Our results indicated that targeted regulation of ASS can improve iNOS activity, and enhance the immune response of yellow catfish under ammonia stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Penwei Song
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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De Chiara F, Heebøll S, Marrone G, Montoliu C, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Ferrandez A, Andreola F, Rombouts K, Grønbæk H, Felipo V, Gracia-Sancho J, Mookerjee RP, Vilstrup H, Jalan R, Thomsen KL. Urea cycle dysregulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2018; 69:905-15. [PMID: 29981428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the function of urea cycle enzymes (UCEs) may be affected, resulting in hyperammonemia and the risk of disease progression. We aimed to determine whether the expression and function of UCEs are altered in an animal model of NASH and in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and whether this process is reversible. METHODS Rats were first fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 10 months to induce NASH, before being switched onto a normal chow diet to recover. In humans, we obtained liver biopsies from 20 patients with steatosis and 15 with NASH. Primary rat hepatocytes were isolated and cultured with free fatty acids. We measured the gene and protein expression of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) and carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPS1), as well as OTC activity, and ammonia concentrations. Moreover, we assessed the promoter methylation status of OTC and CPS1 in rats, humans and steatotic hepatocytes. RESULTS In NASH animals, gene and protein expression of OTC and CPS1, and the activity of OTC, were reversibly reduced. Hypermethylation of Otc promoter genes was also observed. Additionally, in patients with NAFLD, OTC enzyme concentration and activity were reduced and ammonia concentrations were increased, which was further exacerbated in those with NASH. Furthermore, OTC and CPS1 promoter regions were hypermethylated. In primary hepatocytes, induction of steatosis was associated with Otc promoter hypermethylation, a reduction in the gene expression of Otc and Cps1, and an increase in ammonia concentration in the supernatant. CONCLUSION NASH is associated with a reduction in the gene and protein expression, and activity, of UCEs. This results in hyperammonemia, possibly through hypermethylation of UCE genes and impairment of urea synthesis. Our investigations are the first to describe a link between NASH, the function of UCEs, and hyperammonemia, providing a novel therapeutic target. LAY SUMMARY In patients with fatty liver disease, the enzymes that convert nitrogen waste into urea may be affected, leading to the accumulation of ammonia, which is toxic. This accumulation of ammonia can lead to scar tissue development, increasing the risk of disease progression. In this study, we show that fat accumulation in the liver produces a reversible reduction in the function of the enzymes that are involved in detoxification of ammonia. These data provide potential new targets for the treatment of fatty liver disease.
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