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McGuire C, Boundouki G, Hockley JRF, Reed D, Cibert-Goton V, Peiris M, Kung V, Broad J, Aziz Q, Chan C, Ahmed S, Thaha MA, Sanger GJ, Blackshaw LA, Knowles CH, Bulmer DC. Ex vivo study of human visceral nociceptors. Gut 2018; 67:86-96. [PMID: 27654583 PMCID: PMC5754853 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of effective visceral analgesics free of deleterious gut-specific side effects is a priority. We aimed to develop a reproducible methodology to study visceral nociception in human tissue that could aid future target identification and drug evaluation. DESIGN Electrophysiological (single unit) responses of visceral afferents to mechanical (von Frey hair (VFH) and stretch) and chemical (bradykinin and ATP) stimuli were examined. Thus, serosal afferents (putative nociceptors) were used to investigate the effect of tegaserod, and transient receptor potential channel, vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) modulation on mechanical responses. RESULTS Two distinct afferent fibre populations, serosal (n=23) and muscular (n=21), were distinguished based on their differences in sensitivity to VFH probing and tissue stretch. Serosal units displayed sensitivity to key algesic mediators, bradykinin (6/14 units tested) and ATP (4/10), consistent with a role as polymodal nociceptors, while muscular afferents are largely insensitive to bradykinin (0/11) and ATP (1/10). Serosal nociceptor mechanosensitivity was attenuated by tegaserod (-20.8±6.9%, n=6, p<0.05), a treatment for IBS, or application of HC067047 (-34.9±10.0%, n=7, p<0.05), a TRPV4 antagonist, highlighting the utility of the preparation to examine the mechanistic action of existing drugs or novel analgesics. Repeated application of bradykinin or ATP produced consistent afferent responses following desensitisation to the first application, demonstrating their utility as test stimuli to evaluate analgesic activity. CONCLUSIONS Functionally distinct subpopulations of human visceral afferents can be demonstrated and could provide a platform technology to further study nociception in human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian McGuire
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - George Boundouki
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James R F Hockley
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David Reed
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Vincent Cibert-Goton
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Victor Kung
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John Broad
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Qasim Aziz
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Chan
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shafi Ahmed
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mohamed A Thaha
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Sanger
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - L Ashley Blackshaw
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Charles H Knowles
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David C Bulmer
- National Centre for Bowel Research and Surgical Innovation, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Castro J, Harrington AM, Garcia-Caraballo S, Maddern J, Grundy L, Zhang J, Page G, Miller PE, Craik DJ, Adams DJ, Brierley SM. α-Conotoxin Vc1.1 inhibits human dorsal root ganglion neuroexcitability and mouse colonic nociception via GABA B receptors. Gut 2017; 66:1083-1094. [PMID: 26887818 PMCID: PMC5532460 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE α-Conotoxin Vc1.1 is a small disulfide-bonded peptide from the venom of the marine cone snail Conus victoriae. Vc1.1 has antinociceptive actions in animal models of neuropathic pain, but its applicability to inhibiting human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuroexcitability and reducing chronic visceral pain (CVP) is unknown. DESIGN We determined the inhibitory actions of Vc1.1 on human DRG neurons and on mouse colonic sensory afferents in healthy and chronic visceral hypersensitivity (CVH) states. In mice, visceral nociception was assessed by neuronal activation within the spinal cord in response to noxious colorectal distension (CRD). Quantitative-reverse-transcription-PCR, single-cell-reverse-transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry determined γ-aminobutyric acid receptor B (GABABR) and voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV2.2, CaV2.3) expression in human and mouse DRG neurons. RESULTS Vc1.1 reduced the excitability of human DRG neurons, whereas a synthetic Vc1.1 analogue that is inactive at GABABR did not. Human DRG neurons expressed GABABR and its downstream effector channels CaV2.2 and CaV2.3. Mouse colonic DRG neurons exhibited high GABABR, CaV2.2 and CaV2.3 expression, with upregulation of the CaV2.2 exon-37a variant during CVH. Vc1.1 inhibited mouse colonic afferents ex vivo and nociceptive signalling of noxious CRD into the spinal cord in vivo, with greatest efficacy observed during CVH. A selective GABABR antagonist prevented Vc1.1-induced inhibition, whereas blocking both CaV2.2 and CaV2.3 caused inhibition comparable with Vc1.1 alone. CONCLUSIONS Vc1.1-mediated activation of GABABR is a novel mechanism for reducing the excitability of human DRG neurons. Vc1.1-induced activation of GABABR on the peripheral endings of colonic afferents reduces nociceptive signalling. The enhanced antinociceptive actions of Vc1.1 during CVH suggest it is a novel candidate for the treatment for CVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Castro
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea M Harrington
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sonia Garcia-Caraballo
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica Maddern
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luke Grundy
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Guy Page
- Anabios, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - David J Craik
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David J Adams
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Group, Centre for Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Demir IE, Tieftrunk E, Schorn S, Saricaoglu ÖC, Pfitzinger PL, Teller S, Wang K, Waldbaur C, Kurkowski MU, Wörmann SM, Shaw VE, Kehl T, Laschinger M, Costello E, Algül H, Friess H, Ceyhan GO. Activated Schwann cells in pancreatic cancer are linked to analgesia via suppression of spinal astroglia and microglia. Gut 2016; 65:1001-14. [PMID: 26762195 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of glia cells during GI carcinogenesis and in cancer pain is unknown. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism how Schwann cells (SCs) become activated in the pancreatic cancer (PCa) microenvironment and influence spinal activity and pain sensation. DESIGN Human SCs were exposed to hypoxia, to pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) and/or to T-lymphocytes. Both SC and intrapancreatic nerves of patients with PCa with known pain severity were assessed for glial intermediate filament and hypoxia marker expression, proliferation and for transcriptional alterations of pain-related targets. In conditional PCa mouse models with selective in vivo blockade of interleukin (IL)-6 signalling (Ptf1a-Cre;LSL-Kras(G12D)/KC interbred with IL6(-/-) or sgp130(tg) mice), SC reactivity, abdominal mechanosensitivity and spinal glial/neuronal activity were quantified. RESULTS Tumour hypoxia, PCC and/or T-lymphocytes activated SC via IL-6-signalling in vitro. Blockade of the IL-6-signalling suppressed SC activation around PCa precursor lesions (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN)) in KC;IL6(-/-) (32.06%±5.25% of PanINs) and KC;sgp130(tg) (55.84%±5.51%) mouse models compared with KC mice (78.27%±3.91%). Activated SCs were associated with less pain in human PCa and with decreased abdominal mechanosensitivity in KC mice (von Frey score of KC: 3.9±0.5 vs KC;IL6(-/-) mice: 5.9±0.9; and KC;sgp130(tg): 10.21±1.4) parallel to attenuation of spinal astroglial and/or microglial activity. Activated SC exhibited a transcriptomic profile with anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive features. CONCLUSIONS Activated SC in PCa recapitulate the hallmarks of 'reactive gliosis' and contribute to analgesia due to suppression of spinal glia. Our findings propose a mechanism for how cancer might remain pain-free via the SC-central glia interplay during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elke Tieftrunk
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Schorn
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ömer Cemil Saricaoglu
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Paulo L Pfitzinger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Teller
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Hepatic, Biliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Christine Waldbaur
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena U Kurkowski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Maria Wörmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Victoria E Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, The Liverpool Cancer Research UK Centre, Liverpool, UK
| | - Timo Kehl
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Laschinger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eithne Costello
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, The Liverpool Cancer Research UK Centre, Liverpool, UK Liverpool NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hana Algül
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Cao DY, Bai G, Ji Y, Traub RJ. Epigenetic upregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 in the spinal cord attenuates oestrogen-induced visceral hypersensitivity. Gut 2015; 64:1913-20. [PMID: 25378524 PMCID: PMC4562903 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epigenetic mechanisms are potential targets to relieve somatic pain. However, little is known whether epigenetic regulation interferes with visceral pain. Previous studies show that oestrogen facilitates visceral pain. This study aimed to determine whether histone hyperacetylation in the spinal cord could attenuate oestrogen-facilitated visceral pain. DESIGN The effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on the magnitude of the visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distention was examined in ovariectomised rats with/without oestrogen replacement. An additional interaction with the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR2/3) antagonist LY341495 was tested. The levels of acetylated histone and mGluR2 mRNA and protein were analysed. The binding of acetylated H3 and oestrogen receptor α (ERα) to the GRM2 promoter was measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with qPCR. RESULTS In ovariectomised rats, 17β-estradiol (E2), but not safflower oil, increased the magnitude of the VMR to colorectal distention. SAHA attenuated the E2-facilitated VMR, but had no effect in safflower oil-treated rats. Subsequent spinal administration of LY341495 reversed the antinociceptive effect of SAHA in E2 rats. In addition, SAHA increased mGluR2 mRNA and protein in the spinal dorsal horn following E2, but not vehicle, treatment. In contrast, neither E2 nor SAHA alone altered mGluR2 mRNA. SAHA increased binding of H3K9ac and ERα to the same regions of the GRM2 promoter in E2-SAHA-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Histone hyperacetylation in the spinal cord attenuates the pronociceptive effects of oestrogen on visceral sensitivity, suggesting that epigenetic regulation may be a potential approach to relieve visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yuan Cao
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guang Bai
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yaping Ji
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard J Traub
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Substantial evidence implicates mast cells and their main constituent histamine in the pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity. We explored the specific contribution of histamine H4 (H4R) and H1 (H1R) receptors to visceral hypersensitivity in a postinflammatory rat model. DESIGN Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis was monitored individually by colonoscopy: first on day 3 to confirm the presence of colitis and then every 4 days, starting from day 10, to monitor convalescence and determine the exact timepoint of endoscopic healing in each rat. Experiments were performed 3 days after endoscopic resolution of colitis. Visceral sensitivity was assessed by quantifying visceromotor responses (VMRs) to colorectal distension. Colonic mast cell numbers, histamine release and H4R and H1R mRNA expression were quantified. JNJ7777120 (H4R antagonist) and/or levocetirizine (H1R antagonist) were administered 30 min prior to VMR assessment or histamine release assay. RESULTS Postcolitis rats displayed a higher number of colonic mast cells, excessive histamine release and significantly enhanced VMRs. Heightened VMRs were dose-dependently reduced by JNJ7777120 and levocetirizine; combined administration of JNJ7777120 and levocetirizine potentiated the antinociceptive effect. In the colon, both H4R and H1R mRNA were present; in the dorsal root ganglia, only H1R mRNA was found. Only colonic H4R mRNA expression was increased in postcolitis rats. Excessive histamine release in postcolitis rats was attenuated by the highest dose of JNJ7777120. CONCLUSIONS H4R and H1R antagonists dose-dependently reduce and even normalise postinflammatory visceral hypersensitivity via different underlying mechanisms but with a synergistic effect. Both receptor subtypes represent promising targets for the treatment of postinflammatory visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemie Deiteren
- Division of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris G De Man
- Division of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nathalie E Ruyssers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom G Moreels
- Division of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Department of Gastroenterology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul A Pelckmans
- Division of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Department of Gastroenterology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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